final for biology (exams 4 and 5)
the main site of water and mineral absorption in the human digestive system is the
,large intestine
After death, muscles remain in a stiff position for several hours. why does this occur?
ATP is required to break the bond between actin and myosin
if you see B cells, you know that a humeral response is understand.
true
muscle rich in slow-twice fibers is darker than muscle rich in fast-twice fibers.
true
reabsorption is one of the three steps in making urine
true
the chambers of the heart that push blood to the lungs or body are the ventricles
true
what does human reproductive systems create
genetically unique offsping
the signal for the heart to contract begins at the sinoatrial (SA) node
true
a nutrient is a substance that an organism uses for
growth, metabolism, maintenance, and repair of tissues.
the protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen is
hemoglobin
animals that eat only plants are called
herbivores
the hormone that is detected in most pregnancy tests is
human chorionic gonadotropin
The hormone released from the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of LH and FSH in both males and females is called:
human growth hormone
the type of skeleton that consists of fluid contained within a layer of flexable tissue is an
hydrostatic skeleton
A caterpillar turning into a butterfly is an example of
indirect development
In order of their occurrence, the four major steps that organisms use to obtain and use food are:
ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
which description is correctly matched with its term
innate defense : able to defend against any pathogen
which of the following ranks immune reactions in the order they respond to a pathogen
innate response, primary response, secondary response
an area where two bones meet is called an
joint
the major excretory organ of the urinary system is the
kidney
What organ produces bile?
liver
Air moves into the lungs when the air pressure in the lungs is ___ than the air pressure outside of the lungs. This occurs when muscles of the diaphragm ____.
lower; contract
B cells and T cells are
lymphocytes
Why do lymph nodes often become swollen during an infection?
macrophages move to lymph nodes after engulfing pathogens
a think filament in a muscle cell is composed mainly of the protein
myosin
the functional unit of the kidney is the
nephron
animals that eat a variety of foods, including plants and animals, are called
omnivores
the cells in the ovary that I've rise to the mature egg cells are the
oocytes
the process used to control the level of water and salt in the body is called
osmoegulation
the process in the body that controls the water and salt balance is called
osmoregulation
a condition in which bones become less dense is
osteoporosis
which is NOT a major part of the immune system
pancreas
Rhythmic smooth muscle contractions occurring in the digestive system that push food along the systems is called:
peristalsis
Birth control pills contain estrogen and progesterone. How does this prevent pregnancy?
prevents ovulation
A diaphragm is a contraceptive device that covers the cervix. How does this prevent pregnancy?
prevents sperm from reaching the egg
the endoskeleton fuctions in
production of blood cells, support of the body, protection of the body, movement
The structure that secretes a thin, milky alkaline fluid that activates the sperm to swim is the:
prostate gland
Where are blood cells produced?
red bone marrow
in the human male, the sac-like structure that contains the testes is the
scrotum
A disease-causing agent that does not usually infect and cause disease in a person with a healthy immune system is termed a(n)
secondary pathogen
The tightly coiled structures inside the testes that produce the sperm cells are the
seminiferous tubules
humans (and all mammals) excrete nitrogenous wastes as what
urea
humans excrete nitrogen wastes as what
urea
The main site of food absorption in the human digestion system is the:
small intestine
The tightly coiled structure that stores and releases sperm in the male reproductive system is called the:
spididymis
in humans, the tube that takes urine from the kidney to the bladder is called the
ureter
The tube that connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the human body is called the:
urethra
HIV causes immunodeficiency by attacking
Helper T cells
a woman feels contractions in the muscular sac-like organ called the
uterus
what causes a muscle cell to contract
Myosin heads attached to actin and bend
which of the following is NOT part of the axial skeleton?
Pelvic Girdle.
what is a lymph?
the plasma that leaks out of blood vessels
which is correct about sexually transmitted diseases
STDs can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi and other organisms
A vasectomy is a surgical procedure in which the vas deferens are cut and tied. How does this cause sterility?
Sperm cannot reach the urethra to exit the body
the tube-like structure that acts as the birth canal is called the
vagina
the interaction of both muscular system and the skeletal system is necessary for animals to fly, run, and swim.
True
Antibody function requires that the shape of the _____ match to the shape of the antigen (invading pathogen).
variable region
the scientific name for the "windpipe" is the
trachea
The cap-like ____ covers the head of the sperm and releases enzymes that will help the sperm penetrate the egg.
acrosome
a thin filament in a muscle cell is composed mainly of the protein
actin
blood:
all of the above
Physical and chemical barriers that form the first line of innate defense include
all of these are correct
what is NOT part of the innate defense response
all of these are correct
which is a reason why fever is considered a defense mechanism
all of these are correct
An exaggerated attack on a harmless antigen by an overly sensitive immune system is termed a(n)
allergy
A Y-shaped protein that is produced in response to a specific antigen and recognizes these antigens is a(n)
antibody
A molecule that stimulates an immune system reaction by B cells and T cells is called a(n):
antigen
the largest vessels of the circulatory system that carry blood AWAY from the heart are
arteries
the upper chambers of the mammalian heart are the
atria
Adaptive immune defenses provide a rapid, broad defense against any infectious agent to which an organism has had a chance to react, while innate immunity is more broadly directed in its action.
true
Colorless urine usually indicates excessive water intake or the ingestion of diuretic medication.
true
Heterotrophs must eat food to obtain some organic compounds for energy.
true
Human development is an example of direct development, site the baby so clearly resembles the adult.
true
In an autoimmune disease, the immune system attacks the body's self antigens.
true
If a tumor metastasizes, this means that it has moved to another part of the body. Doctors often look in lymph nodes near a tumor for signs of metastasis. Why might cancer cells be found in lymph nodes?
because the lymphatic system collect fluids and cells from tissues
The human circulatory system transports blood in a one-directional circuit throughout the body.
true
Ligaments are connective tissues that connect____to____
bone;bone
immunological memory results from production of
both B and T memory cells
Histamine triggers vasodilation and leakiness in blood vessels during inflammation. Why would this be beneficial in fighting an infection by a pathogen?
both increased number of white blood cells and their migration to the site of infection
which of the following is NOT part of the appendicular skeleton
breastbone
The small vessels from which water and dissolved substances diffuse between the blood and interstitial fluid are:
capillaries
a phagocyte is a
cell that engulfs other cells and debris
Histamine acts on the ____, causing redness and swelling.
cells lining the blood vessels
the end of the uterus that widens during labor is called the
cervix
Air is pulled into the human respiratory tract mainly because of a change in the volume of the:
chest cavity
the semisolid mass of food and Patric juice in the human stomach is termed
chyme
Although the lymphatic system has many similarities to the circulatory system, what can the lymphatic system accomplish that the circulatory system cannot?
collect bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, and other large particles from body tissues
the primary function of a vaccine is to
create immunological memory without causing disease
A tubal legations a surgical procedure in which the fallopian tubes are cut and tied. How would this cause sterility?
eggs cannot move to the uterus
the function of bile is to
emulsify fats
the type of skeleton that is an internal support structure is an
endoskeleton
The structure that covers the opening to the trachea during swallowing, thereby preventing food from entering the air passage, is called the:
epiglottis
Goldfish practice ____, where females will lay unfertilized eggs and wait for a male to come a long to fertilize them.
external fertilization
fertilization in humans usally occurs in the
fallopian tube
Sperm production in the human male is controlled by estrogen and progesterone.
false
the ovarian cycle prepares the uterus for pregnancy
false
The process that unites the male and female gametes in sexually reproducing organism is called:
fertilization
the chemical composition of urine reflects the process of
filtration, reabsorption and secretion
the largest vessel that carry blood TOWARD the heart are
veins
the diploid first cell of a developing organism is a
zygote