final for biology (exams 4 and 5)

the main site of water and mineral absorption in the human digestive system is the

,large intestine

After death, muscles remain in a stiff position for several hours. why does this occur?

ATP is required to break the bond between actin and myosin

if you see B cells, you know that a humeral response is understand.

true

muscle rich in slow-twice fibers is darker than muscle rich in fast-twice fibers.

true

reabsorption is one of the three steps in making urine

true

the chambers of the heart that push blood to the lungs or body are the ventricles

true

what does human reproductive systems create

genetically unique offsping

the signal for the heart to contract begins at the sinoatrial (SA) node

true

a nutrient is a substance that an organism uses for

growth, metabolism, maintenance, and repair of tissues.

the protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen is

hemoglobin

animals that eat only plants are called

herbivores

the hormone that is detected in most pregnancy tests is

human chorionic gonadotropin

The hormone released from the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of LH and FSH in both males and females is called:

human growth hormone

the type of skeleton that consists of fluid contained within a layer of flexable tissue is an

hydrostatic skeleton

A caterpillar turning into a butterfly is an example of

indirect development

In order of their occurrence, the four major steps that organisms use to obtain and use food are:

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

which description is correctly matched with its term

innate defense : able to defend against any pathogen

which of the following ranks immune reactions in the order they respond to a pathogen

innate response, primary response, secondary response

an area where two bones meet is called an

joint

the major excretory organ of the urinary system is the

kidney

What organ produces bile?

liver

Air moves into the lungs when the air pressure in the lungs is ___ than the air pressure outside of the lungs. This occurs when muscles of the diaphragm ____.

lower; contract

B cells and T cells are

lymphocytes

Why do lymph nodes often become swollen during an infection?

macrophages move to lymph nodes after engulfing pathogens

a think filament in a muscle cell is composed mainly of the protein

myosin

the functional unit of the kidney is the

nephron

animals that eat a variety of foods, including plants and animals, are called

omnivores

the cells in the ovary that I've rise to the mature egg cells are the

oocytes

the process used to control the level of water and salt in the body is called

osmoegulation

the process in the body that controls the water and salt balance is called

osmoregulation

a condition in which bones become less dense is

osteoporosis

which is NOT a major part of the immune system

pancreas

Rhythmic smooth muscle contractions occurring in the digestive system that push food along the systems is called:

peristalsis

Birth control pills contain estrogen and progesterone. How does this prevent pregnancy?

prevents ovulation

A diaphragm is a contraceptive device that covers the cervix. How does this prevent pregnancy?

prevents sperm from reaching the egg

the endoskeleton fuctions in

production of blood cells, support of the body, protection of the body, movement

The structure that secretes a thin, milky alkaline fluid that activates the sperm to swim is the:

prostate gland

Where are blood cells produced?

red bone marrow

in the human male, the sac-like structure that contains the testes is the

scrotum

A disease-causing agent that does not usually infect and cause disease in a person with a healthy immune system is termed a(n)

secondary pathogen

The tightly coiled structures inside the testes that produce the sperm cells are the

seminiferous tubules

humans (and all mammals) excrete nitrogenous wastes as what

urea

humans excrete nitrogen wastes as what

urea

The main site of food absorption in the human digestion system is the:

small intestine

The tightly coiled structure that stores and releases sperm in the male reproductive system is called the:

spididymis

in humans, the tube that takes urine from the kidney to the bladder is called the

ureter

The tube that connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the human body is called the:

urethra

HIV causes immunodeficiency by attacking

Helper T cells

a woman feels contractions in the muscular sac-like organ called the

uterus

what causes a muscle cell to contract

Myosin heads attached to actin and bend

which of the following is NOT part of the axial skeleton?

Pelvic Girdle.

what is a lymph?

the plasma that leaks out of blood vessels

which is correct about sexually transmitted diseases

STDs can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi and other organisms

A vasectomy is a surgical procedure in which the vas deferens are cut and tied. How does this cause sterility?

Sperm cannot reach the urethra to exit the body

the tube-like structure that acts as the birth canal is called the

vagina

the interaction of both muscular system and the skeletal system is necessary for animals to fly, run, and swim.

True

Antibody function requires that the shape of the _____ match to the shape of the antigen (invading pathogen).

variable region

the scientific name for the "windpipe" is the

trachea

The cap-like ____ covers the head of the sperm and releases enzymes that will help the sperm penetrate the egg.

acrosome

a thin filament in a muscle cell is composed mainly of the protein

actin

blood:

all of the above

Physical and chemical barriers that form the first line of innate defense include

all of these are correct

what is NOT part of the innate defense response

all of these are correct

which is a reason why fever is considered a defense mechanism

all of these are correct

An exaggerated attack on a harmless antigen by an overly sensitive immune system is termed a(n)

allergy

A Y-shaped protein that is produced in response to a specific antigen and recognizes these antigens is a(n)

antibody

A molecule that stimulates an immune system reaction by B cells and T cells is called a(n):

antigen

the largest vessels of the circulatory system that carry blood AWAY from the heart are

arteries

the upper chambers of the mammalian heart are the

atria

Adaptive immune defenses provide a rapid, broad defense against any infectious agent to which an organism has had a chance to react, while innate immunity is more broadly directed in its action.

true

Colorless urine usually indicates excessive water intake or the ingestion of diuretic medication.

true

Heterotrophs must eat food to obtain some organic compounds for energy.

true

Human development is an example of direct development, site the baby so clearly resembles the adult.

true

In an autoimmune disease, the immune system attacks the body's self antigens.

true

If a tumor metastasizes, this means that it has moved to another part of the body. Doctors often look in lymph nodes near a tumor for signs of metastasis. Why might cancer cells be found in lymph nodes?

because the lymphatic system collect fluids and cells from tissues

The human circulatory system transports blood in a one-directional circuit throughout the body.

true

Ligaments are connective tissues that connect____to____

bone;bone

immunological memory results from production of

both B and T memory cells

Histamine triggers vasodilation and leakiness in blood vessels during inflammation. Why would this be beneficial in fighting an infection by a pathogen?

both increased number of white blood cells and their migration to the site of infection

which of the following is NOT part of the appendicular skeleton

breastbone

The small vessels from which water and dissolved substances diffuse between the blood and interstitial fluid are:

capillaries

a phagocyte is a

cell that engulfs other cells and debris

Histamine acts on the ____, causing redness and swelling.

cells lining the blood vessels

the end of the uterus that widens during labor is called the

cervix

Air is pulled into the human respiratory tract mainly because of a change in the volume of the:

chest cavity

the semisolid mass of food and Patric juice in the human stomach is termed

chyme

Although the lymphatic system has many similarities to the circulatory system, what can the lymphatic system accomplish that the circulatory system cannot?

collect bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, and other large particles from body tissues

the primary function of a vaccine is to

create immunological memory without causing disease

A tubal legations a surgical procedure in which the fallopian tubes are cut and tied. How would this cause sterility?

eggs cannot move to the uterus

the function of bile is to

emulsify fats

the type of skeleton that is an internal support structure is an

endoskeleton

The structure that covers the opening to the trachea during swallowing, thereby preventing food from entering the air passage, is called the:

epiglottis

Goldfish practice ____, where females will lay unfertilized eggs and wait for a male to come a long to fertilize them.

external fertilization

fertilization in humans usally occurs in the

fallopian tube

Sperm production in the human male is controlled by estrogen and progesterone.

false

the ovarian cycle prepares the uterus for pregnancy

false

The process that unites the male and female gametes in sexually reproducing organism is called:

fertilization

the chemical composition of urine reflects the process of

filtration, reabsorption and secretion

the largest vessel that carry blood TOWARD the heart are

veins

the diploid first cell of a developing organism is a

zygote