Final Lecture Exam Chap 37-43

The metabolic breakdown of many proteins and nucleic acids produces nitrogenous wastes. Most nitrogens are removed in the form of ammonia (NH3). Some animals excrete ammonia directly, but other animals convert ammonia to a less toxic compound that is excreted. Match each animal below to the type of nitrogenous waste it excretes. There are two animals for each type of nitrogenous waste molecule listed.

Ammonia: -goldfish -lobsters Urea: -horses -sharks Uric Acid: -snakes -eagles

Indicate whether the following characteristics describe arteries or veins.

Arteries: - thick walls - transport oxygenated blood in systemic circulation - high elasticity Veins: - transport deoxygenated blood in systemic circulation - one-way valves - walls with little elastic tissue - low elasticity

What is the difference between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction?

Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring, whereas sexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically different from each other and from their parents.

Classify each major body section as part of either the axial region or the appendicular region.

Axial: -Neck -Trunk -Head Appendicular: -Left leg -Right leg -Right arm -Left arm

Determine whether the following statements describe B cells or T cells.

B Cells: -Produce antibodies against bacterial cells -Can differentiate into cells that are able to secrete antibodies -Named because they are produced in the bone marrow T Cells: -can recognize and destroy cells infected with a virus -named because they mature in the Thalmus -can activate other white blood cells such as macrophages

Determine whether the following statements describe B cells or T cells.

B-cells: -hey can differentiate into plasma cells or memory cells. -hey produce Antibodies against a specific antigens. -they recognize and binds to an native antigens. T-Cells: -they recognize fragments of an antigen bound to an MHC molecules -they can recognize and destroy virus infected cells. -activate antibody mediated immunity

Place the steps of urine formation in the correct order.

Blood enters capillaries of the glomerulus: -Solutes and water from blood plasma filters into the capsular space of glomerulus -Most substances are absorbed from the filterate back into the blood -Specific substances are secreted from blood into the the renal tubule -Water reabsorption conserves body fluids and concentrates the urine :Urine exits the collecting duct.

Throughout antiquity, doctors would test for diabetes mellitus by tasting their patients' urine for sweetness. What is the source of diabetic sufferers' sweet-tasting urine?

Blood glucose remains elevated due to a lack of insulin, so glucose is excreted in the urine.

Why would calcium deficiency limit muscle contractions?

Calcium binds to the troponin-tropomyosin complex, exposing actin\'s myosin-binding sites.

Classify the following muscle properties as pertaining to cardiac, skeletal, or smooth muscle.

Cardiac muscle - -is found in heart -Is autorhythmic -Has striation and a moderately regular structure Skeletal muscle- -Has striation and a highly regular structure -Attaches bones to one another -Must be stimulated by nerves Smooth muscle- -Has no striations -Is found in blood vessel walls -Can be autorhythmic or activated by nerves

Which hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface and which bind to receptors within the cell?

Cell-Surface Receptors: -Modified amino acids such as melatonin -Glycoprotein-based hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone -Oxytocin and other peptide hormones Receptors Inside Cell: -Steroid hormones ssuch as estrogen -Arthropod steroids such as ecdysone -Small, non-polar thyroid hormones such as thyroxine, T4

Which statement best explains why air flows into the lungs during inhalation?

Contraction of the diaphragm increases the size of the chest cavity. The lungs expand as well, and the resulting lower pressure draws air inward.

Classify the following components of the immune system into either innate immunity or adaptive immunity.

Innate Immunity: - Interferons - Complement proteins - Natural killer cells Adaptive Immunity: - Antibodies - B cells - T cells

Identify the main cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants.

Lack of sufficient surfactant increases surface tension and inhibits lung function.

Rank the following cellular elements of blood by their relative size.

Largest White Blood Cell Red Blood Cell Platelet Smallest

Starting with the mouth and ending with the alveoli in the lungs, place the following respiratory structures in order based on the path air takes through them during inhalation.

Mouth Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli

Match each definition to the appropriate muscle component.

Muscle Fiber: an indicvidual muscle cell Microfibril: an organelle that contains sarcomeres Myofilament: may be either actin or myosin

One way that the innate immune system helps protect the body is with an inflammatory response. Match the following inflammatory responses with the appropriate description of how it helps protect the body.

PAIN signals to the brain to use caution around the wound and care for the wound SWELLING increases permeability of capillaries to allow white blood cells, antimicrobial peptides, and other signaling molecules to enter tissues FEVER increases rates of phagocytosis and chemical reactions that lead to tissue repair

Use the Nephron Interactive to help you answer the following question. Why does the urine of people with diabetes contain glucose, whereas the urine of a healthy person does not?

People with diabetes reabsorb less glucose than is filtered, so glucose is instead expelled in the urine.

Classify the characteristics as applying to peptide hormones, steroid hormones, or amine hormones.

Peptide Hormone: -Chains of amino acids -Transported by dissolving in blood -Example include insulin and glucagon Steroid Hormone: -Cholesterol derived -Transported by proteins in blood -Examples include testosterone -bind to intracellular receptors Characteristics of Amine hormones: -Derived from single amino acid -Receptors usually on surface but may be inside of target cell -Example include epinephrine and melatonin

Why are plasma cells much larger than other B cells?

Plasma cells have extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum for mass production and secretion of antibodies.

Classify each statement as describing a primary immune response, a secondary immune response, or both.

Primary Immune Response: -occurs slowly -activates relatively few immune cells Secondary Immune Response: -occurs quickly -activates large numbers of immune cells Both: -large amounts of memory cells are produced -meditated by humoral immunity

Classify each of the structures as containing primarily smooth, skeletal, or cardiac muscles.

Smooth: intestine, vein Skeletal: Upper arm, thigh Cardiac: Heart

Pulmonary surfactant is a mixture of lipids and proteins found in the thin layer of liquid that lines the inner surface of the alveoli. Identify the purpose of surfactant in the lungs.

Surfactant provides stability to alveoli by decreasing attraction between molecules of the liquid lining.

People running a marathon and sweating profusely consume drinks containing electrolytes, such as Na , rather than plain water to combat dehydration. Why is it important that the runners replace electrolytes as well as water?

Sweat contains both water and electrolytes which need to be replenished to avoid diluting the remaining blood electrolytes.

Classify each statement as describing T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, or both cell types.

T Cells: -part of adaptive immunity -can activate B cells NK Cells: -part of innate immunity Both: -can kill cells -lymphocytes

Identify why the left side of the mammalian heart is larger than the right.

The left ventricle works harder to pump blood through the body than the right ventricle does to pump blood through the lungs.

The circulatory system of mammals is arranged in two separate circuits, the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit. In this double circulation system, blood is pumped through the heart twice. Identify the route of blood transport in the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.

The pulmonary circuit carries blood between the heart and the lungs, and the systemic circuit carries blood between the heart and the body.

Identify which chamber of the heart performs each function.

The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.

Identify the best description of how gills function.

Water passes over the gills in one direction, whereas gill capillary blood flows in the opposite direction, creating a countercurrent flow that allows for maximum diffusion of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide waste.

Zygote, gamete, and fertilization are key terms associated with sexual reproduction. Identify the definitions and examples of these three key terms.

Zygote: - a fertilized egg cell - cell resulting from the fusion of gametes Gamete: - cell produced by meiosis - sperm cell Fertilization: - a process fusing the nuclei of two gametes

The cells that make up multi cellular organims send, receive, and respond to a variety of signals. Endocrine signaling is a form of cell-to-cell communication in which...

a cell produces a signal released into the bloodstream to be carried to specific distant organ.

Identify the description of sickle-cell disease.

a heritable condition caused by a point mutation that alters the shape of hemoglobin, causing red blood cells to become crescent shaped under certain conditions

What is a hormone?

a signaling molecule secreted by the endocrine system that targets specific cells

Which of the following is the definition of a vaccine?

a substance made from a pathogen that increases immunity against that pathogen

What is an allergen?

a substance that produces an exaggerated or inappropriate inflammatory response by the immune system

What are interferons?

a type of cytokine produced by infected cells in response to viral infections

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for degrading the neurotransmitter that remains in the synaptic cleft after a muscle contracts?

acetylcholinesterase

Select the best example of anatomic dead space from the list below.

air that enters the body but not the alveoli

Mr. Kovalenko is a young man who had been an intravenous (IV) drug user for many years. He went to rehab and has been drug-free for 2 years. Lately, he has been in and out of the hospital more than normal due to a variety of different conditions, including recurrent pneumonia, lymphoma resulting from a viral infection, and painful swallowing resulting from a yeast infection. What could cause Mr. Kovalenko to develop these conditions frequently and why?

an immunodeficiency that cannot prevent infections from occurring throughout the body

Use The Nephron Interactive to help you answer the following question. How does thiazide diuretic increase urine output?

inhibits reabsorption of chloride from the distal convoluted tubule

Carbon monoxide is poisonous because

it binds to hemoglobin preferentially over oxygen, thus blocking oxygen from binding to hemoglobin for delivery to cells.

In which type of environment is external fertilization most likely to occur?

lake

What is the name of the extracellular fluid in the body that contains white blood cells and that circulates in specialized vessels where it is filtered by localized nodes throughout the body?

lymph

Which phrase best describes the process of osmoregulation?

maintenance of salt balance by movement of water

Identify the scenario that best describes parthenogenesis.

male bees develop from unfertilized eggs

Ms. Zambrano is a 22-year-old female who was recently diagnosed with an osteosarcoma in her left femur. An osteosarcoma is a type of cancerous tumor that arises in bone. As Ms. Zambrano\'s doctor, you are concerned that the cancer has metastasized to other parts of her body. As part of a process called immune surveillance, nonspecific lymphocytes patrol for and kill cancer cells, preventing spread of the cancer. What are the nonspecific cells that mediate immune surveillance?

natural killer cells

Which of the following cell types is responsible for breaking down bone tissue?

osteoclast

Each unit of compact bone is composed of layers of inorganic bone with mature bone cells trapped between the layers. These living cells maintain the bone. What are the trapped, living cells in bone called?

osteocytes

During an Ebola virus outbreak, some new patients are treated with whole blood or plasma from surviving patients. The immunity that the person receiving this transfusion acquires is an example of which of the following?

passive immunity

What are antibodies?

proteins that bind to and help destroy substances such as toxins or bacteria

Where is the majority of NaCl and water reabsorbed within the nephron?

proximal convoluted tubule

What is the role of the thymus in human immunity?

site of T-cell maturation

What is the function of Sertoli cells found within the seminiferous tubules located within the testes?

support, nourish, and regulate the production of sperm

Which of the following is a function of lymph nodes?

to activate immune cells

In the Nephron Interactive, the background shading indicates the osmolarity of the interstitial fluid. The interactive shows increasing osmolarity in the interstitial fluid as the nephron loop dips into the medulla of the kidney. This is demonstrated by the gradual change in background color intensity from light at the top of the loop to dark at the bottom of the loop. What causes this concentration gradient?

transport of Na+ and Cl- from the loop filtrate to the interstitial fluid

Gout is a form of arthritis characterized by tender, swollen joints. Select the cause of gout.

uric acid crystals form in joints

What is the primary benefit for an animal to excrete nitrogenous waste as uric acid?

uric acid helps an animal conserve water

Use the Nephron Interactive to help you answer the following question. How does the osmolarity of urine change in response to changing levels of water intake?

urine osmolarity decreases as water intake increases

The kidney of a given land animal has particularly short loops of Henle. Predict the type of environment in which this animal lives.

wetland

Select examples of chemical barriers to infection in the human body.

- Enzymes in saliva break down pathogens entering the mouth. - The acidic surface of the skin prevents bacterial growth. - The low pH in the stomach kills pathogens entering the digestive system.

Identify the primary ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.

- as bicarbonate ions - chemically bound to hemoglobin - dissolved in the plasma

Select the phrases below that describe the structure of hemoglobin.

- has quaternary protein structure - undergoes conformational changes when oxygen is bound or released - contains four heme groups, each with one oxygen-binding iron atom

Identify the examples of physical barriers in the immune system.

- skin - hairs in nose and ears - mucus

Identify attributes of the skin that make it an effective barrier against pathogens.

-is home to beneficial microorganisms competing with pathogens for space -secretes chemical compounds that digest tough bacterial walls -ongoing regeneration of tough, elastic keratin-rich epidermal layer

Which of the following statements best describe spongy bone?

-spongy bone is lighter in weight than compact bone -spongy bone is composed of branches of trabeculae

Rank the order of events for an antibody-mediated immune response by occurance.

1. B - lymphocytes bind ti antigen 2. A T-cell identifies the B cell-antigen complex and activates it 3. B cells divide to form plasma cells 4. Plasma cells secrete antibodies 5. Antibody binds to a specific antigen 6. Antigen becomes inactive

What is the function of memory cells?

Memory cells are cloned to create a larger pool of cells for a second response.

What gland is responsible for producing both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)?

Pituitary Gland

Which of the following cells is a phagocyte?

neutrophil

Use the Nephron Interactive to help you answer the following question. How does an increase in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) decrease urine volume?

ADH increases water reabsorption at the collecting duct.

Which animal has the highest volume of urine production relative to body size?

bass fish in a pond

Blood vessels and nerves run through hollow spaces in compact bone. What are the hollow spaces called that lie parallel to the long axis of the bone?

central or Haversian canals

Flatworms derive their name from the fact that they must be "flat" to allow gas and nutrient exchange to occur via diffusion and cell-cell junctions. This method is necessary due to flatworms\' lack of ___________.

circulatory and respiratory systems

The graph below shows the number of cases of a disease over time after the introduction of a vaccine. The jagged, yellow line shows the actual numbers per 100,000 people. The straight, blue line is the trend line, which shows the relation between the number of cases of the disease over time. Complete the sentence below based on the graph. As year increases, number of disease cases...

decreases

Which of the following blood components is responsible for carrying the majority of oxygen found in blood?

hemoglobin

What is the name of the fluid that is pumped through an open circulatory system?

hemolymph

What type of immune response are plasma cells involved in?

humoral