Final MCAT quizlet

Benedict's reagent

-a solution that turns yellow-orange-rusty in the presence of SUGARS. (originally Blue)

Laws of thermodynamics

1. Conservation of energy 2. When energy is transferred entropy increases (energy is no longer available to do work)

IQ tests are normalized to

100 with a std of 15

What is the highest frequency humans can hear?

20,000 Hz

Give the total ATP created during cellular respiration

38 ATP created (2 net ATP in glycolysis , 2 GTP/ATP in Krebs , Electron Transport turn 10 NADH / 2 FADH2 into 34 ATP)

aliphatic

:Relating to organic compounds whose carbon atoms are linked in open chains, either straight or branched, rather than containing a benzene ring

introgenic

A complication or disease that arises due to medical treatmen, drug interaction, supplement, or after surgery

Context effects

A context effect is an aspect of cognitive psychology that describes the influence of environmental factors on one's perception of a stimulus. The impact of context effects is considered to be part of top-down design.

Escape learning

A definition of the term escape learning, is presented. It refers to a learning whereby an organism learns to escape a harmful stimulus by using a response referred to as an instrumental or operant response.

manipulation check

A measure used to determine whether the manipulation of the independent variable has had its intended effect on a subject

Synaptonemal complex

A network of proteins that holds non-sister chromatids together during synapsis in meiosis I; promotes crossing over

iron law of oligarchy

A principle of organizational life under which even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few individuals.

episodic buffer

An area of working memory that briefly stores a limited amount of sound-based information from the phonological loop and visual and spatial information from the visuospatial sketchpad with information retrieved from LTM, and integrates it into a single multi-dimensional representation or "episode".

social capital

An individual's social networks and connections that may confer economic and/or personal benefits.

Native page

Analyzes proteins in their native states. It is limited by mass-to-charge and mass-to-size ratios of cellular proteins. It is mostly used to compare size and charge.

Th2 activate

B cells

Types of DNA polymerase

Bacteria have 5 known DNA polymerases: Pol I: implicated in DNA repair; has 5'->3' (Polymerase) activity and both 3'->5' exonuclease (Proofreading) and 5'->3' exonuclease activity (RNA Primer removal). Pol II: involved in reparation of damaged DNA; has 3'->5' exonuclease activity. Pol III: the main polymerase in bacteria (elongates in DNA replication); has 3'->5' exonuclease proofreading ability. Pol IV: a Y-family DNA polymerase. Pol V: a Y-family DNA polymerase; participates in bypassing DNA damage. Eukaryotes have at least 15 DNA Polymerases: Pol α (also called RNA primase): forms a complex with a small catalytic (PriS) and a large noncatalytic (PriL) subunit, with the Pri subunits acting as a primase (synthesizing an RNA primer), and then with DNA Pol α elongating that primer with DNA nucleotides. After around 20 nucleotides elongation is taken over by Pol ε (on the leading strand) and δ (on the lagging strand). Pol β: Implicated in repairing DNA, in base excision repair and gap-filling synthesis. Pol γ: Replicates and repairs mitochondrial DNA and has proofreading 3'->5' exonuclease activity. Pol δ: Highly processive and has proofreading 3'->5' exonuclease activity. Thought to be the main polymerase involved in lagging strand synthesis, though there is still debate about its role. Pol ε: Also highly processive and has proofreading 3'->5' exonuclease activity. Highly related to pol δ, and thought to be the main polymerase involved in leading strand synthesis, though there is again still debate about its role. η, ι, κ, and Rev1 are Y-family DNA polymerases and Pol ζ is a B-family DNA polymerase. These polymerases are involved in the bypass of DNA damage. There are also other eukaryotic polymerases known, which are not as well characterized: θ, λ, φ, σ, and μ. None of the eukaryotic polymerases can remove primers (5'->3' exonuclease activity); that function is carried out by other enzymes. Only the polymerases that deal with the elongation (γ, δ and ε) have proofreading ability (3'->5' exonuclease).

Lyase

Cleave one molecule into two molecules without the use of water or oxidation-reduction

Hypothalamus- Anterior Pituitiary

Communication between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary occurs through chemicals (releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones) that are produced by the hypothalamus and delivered to the anterior pituitary through blood vessels in the infundibulum.

Hypothalamus - Posterior pituitary

Communication between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary occurs through neurosecretory cells that span the short distance between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary (through the infundibulum). Hormones produced by the cell bodies of the neurosecretory cells are packaged in vesicles and transported through the axon, and stored in the axon terminals that lie in the posterior pituitary. When the neurosecretory cells are stimulated, the action potential generated triggers the release of the stored hormones from the axon terminals to a capillary network within the posterior pituitary. Two hormones, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), are produced and released in this way.

Face validity

Component of external validity; whether the test items simply look like they measure the construct.

role conflict

Conflicts that someone feels between roles because the expectation attached to one role are incompatible with the expectations of another role (gay priest)

Drive theory vs. Incentive theory

Drive theory is concerned with motivations from within individual like starvation. Incentive theory is concerned with motivations created by community or outside individual.

epimer vs. anomer

Epimer - differ from parent carb by being isomer at a chiral C, other than the anomeric; While an epimer is a stereoisomer that differs in configuration at any single stereogenic center, an anomer is a cyclic saccharide and an epimer that differs in configuration, specifically at the hemiacetal/acetal carbon, also called the anomeric carbon.

Escape vs. Avoidance Learning

Escape learning is when learns a means of escaping an aversive stimulus. Avoidance learning occurs when one is able to prevent the aversive stimulus occuring in the first place.

DNA polymerase I

Essential for removing the RNA primers from the fragments and replacing it with the required nucleotides

protists

Eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants are classified in a "catch-all" category called ______.

What is stronger G-C or A-T?

G-C is stronger

Give the NADH Count for cellular respiration for each part

Glycolysis : 2 PDC : 2 Krebs : 6 Total : 10

Give the FADH2 count for each component of cellular respiration

Glycolysis: 0 PDC : 0 Krebs : 2

Intensity of sound related to frequency and area

I = kA^2 * f^2

Shadowing

In a dichotic listening experiment, _________ refers to the procedure that is used to force participants to pay attention to a specific message among competing messages.

distal stimulus

In perception, it is the actual object or event out there in the world, as opposed to its perceived image.

proximal stimulus

In perception, it is the information our sensory receptors receive about the object.

Saponification

In the lab, triacylglycerols are cleaved into glycerol and fatty acids by the addition of NaOH. Used in the production of soap. The fatty acids become soap

Prevalence vs. Incidence

Incidence should not be confused with prevalence, which is the proportion of cases in the population at a given time rather than rate of occurrence of new cases. Thus, incidence conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease, whereas prevalence indicates how widespread the disease is.

flight of ideas

Is almost continuous flow of accelerated speech which a person changes abruptly from topic to topic. Changes usually based on understandable associations, plays on words or distracting stimuli but ideas do not progress to sensible conversation; associated with mania (bipolar disorder), and schizophrenia

Just-World Phenomenon vs. Optimism Bias

Just-world = good or bad outcomes are fair; Optimism = nothing bad will happen in the future

Language/Linguistic elements are processed in what hemisphere of the brain?

Left

Elimination reaction

Making an unsaturated molecule from a saturated molecule by removing 2 atoms or groups of atoms to form a double bond

Sound Intensity units

Mass/ Time^3

Thin Layer Chromatography

Mobile Phase : Less Polar than stationary phas Stationary Phase : More Polar Silica Gel High Rf Value means less polar material Really polar mobile phase will be attracted to stationary phase and thus don't travel far so have small Rf value. Rf = Mobile Distance / Solvent Distance Traveled

cultural capital

Privileges accompanying a social location that help someone in life; included are more highly educated parents, from grade school through high school being pushed to bring home high grades, and enjoying cultural experiences that translate into higher test scores, better jobs, and higher earnings

DNA polymerase 2

Proofreads each new nucleotide against the template nucleotide as soon as it is added. Removes wrong enzyme and continues synthesis. Mistakes only happen in 1 out of 10000, and after action of this enzyme, errors are 1 in a billion.

Young modulus

Provided that the stress is not too high, and that the limit of proportionality has not been exceeded, the ratio of stress divided by strain is a constant for a given material and is known as the young modulus

Psychophysical discrimination testing

Psychophysical research is focused on the influence and relationship between physical stimuli (such as sounds, visual stimuli such as lights, and tactile stimuli) and the sensation and perception of these stimuli by an organism.

Method of Limits

Psychophysical type of testing is the method of limits which is used in psychophysical research in order to measure a subject's perception of stimuli by determining at what level a stimulus is perceived by a subject. A stimulus is presented and increased or decreased until it is perceivable by the subject. Ascending is stimilus is started low and raised until detectable. Descending is the opposite.

Method of Constant

Psychosocial type of testing where stimulus is presented at random order to avoid creating expectations by patient.

Reducing vs. nonreducing sugar

Reducing sugar are those that have an hydroxy group at one of the anomeric carbons. Glucose is a reducing sugar. Those, like fructose, that have a CH2OH at the anomeric carbon are nonreducing.

specific gravity equation

SG= weight(g)/ volume(mL) = Density

General adaptation syndrome

Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion

visuospatial sketchpad

Similar to phonological loop, allows us to remember visuospatial information through use of mental images

institutional discrimination

Social institutions that employ policies that differentiate between people based on social grouping.

Velocity of standing wave

Square root of tension divided by linear mass density (=mass/length)

State-dependent memory

State-dependent memory, or state-dependent learning is the phenomenon through which memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed.

Method of Adjustment

Subject controls stimulus and raises/lowers it until is just barely noticeable

construct validity

The degree to which a test accurately measures the trait or skill it is designed to measure.

phenol test

The ferric chloride test is used to determine the presence or absence of phenols in a given sample (for instance natural phenols in a plant extract). Enols, hydroxamic acids, oximes, and sulfinic acids give positive results as well.

Parallel processing

The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

Spreading activation model

The spreading activation model is one way cognitive psychologists explain the priming effect, which is the observable phenomenon that a person is able to more quickly recall information about a subject once a related concept has been introduced. Spreading activation can be incorrect recall of related item; in other words, you may recall something never present or imaginary. Priming specifically is the correct recall of related item.

Velocity of sound in gas

V= 331 m/s + 0.6Tc

A-not-B error

When a child looks for an object in the same place, even though they have the knowledge that the object has moved.

tokenism

When a single member of a minority group is present in an office, workplace, or classroom and is seen as a representative of that minority group rather than as an individual

Hill coefficient

When it is >1, there is cooperative binding. <1 means no cooperative binding.

negative priming

When the presentation of a stimulus causes a decrease in speed and accuracy in the response to a test stimulus

Escape reinforcer

You lose $20 but complete response to gain back some of the $20

Impedance of capacitor

Z = 1/jωC

Impedance of resistor

Z = R

Impedance of inductor

Z = jωL where j is square root of -1, w is 2pi*frequency; and l is length of circuit

dysthymia

a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depression

oncogene

a gene that induces cancer, or uncontrolled cell proliferation

Voltmeter

a high resistance device used to measure the voltage drop across any portion or a combination or portions of a circuit and is connected in parallel with the part of the circuit being measured

Ammeter

a low-resistance device connected in series that is used to measure the electric current in any branch or part of a circuit

angular magnification

a ratio related to the focal lengths of the objective and eyepiece and given as M = − fo / fe

Sanger method

a technique used to determine the original sequence of a DNA where dideonucleotides (which lack a 3 prime hydroxyl and thus halt replication wherever they attach) are added to the mix along with everything else needed for replication (DNA polymerase, primer, RNA polymerase, DNA nucleic bases, RNA nucleic bases) to a tube; when the dd binds it halts replication and creates fragments at pretty much every point possible; when a gel is run the sequence of the DNA can thus be determined

Accommodation

adapting our current understandings to incorporate new information

DNA polymerase 3

adds a DNA nucleotide to the RNA primer and then continues adding DNA nucleotides, complementary to the parental DNA strand, to the growing end of the new DNA strand

phonological loop

allows us to repeat verbal information to help us remember it

What linkage is linear for glycogen?

alpha (1,4)

What linkage is branch for glycogen?

alpha(1,6)

intersectionality

an analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

Product of fermentation in animals vs. yeast

animals produce lactic acid in anaerobic conditions thus needing lactate dehydrogenase. Yeast produce ethanol in thus needing alcohol dehydrogenase.

Anion exchange column attracts

anions

Neutralization

antibody doesn't kill but blocks pathogen

What is the Jacob-Monod model of operon function?

came up with idea of operon, or regulation of transcription, discovered lac operon

role strain

conflicting expectations exist for a status. (a teacher being friends with students outside the classroom)

What amino acid indicates capability of forming dimer?

cysteine

Neuroticism

degree of emotional instability or stability

Dideoxynucleotides

deoxynucleotides that lack an OH group that causes temporary stalls in polymerase transcription, they are exploited in techniques such as the sanger technique

What creates the fast block to polyspermy?

depolarization of ovum

Reciprocal definition

doesn't just mean 1/x but also means both contribute to each other like isolation and depression might contribute to each other

Neuroleptics

first type of antipsychotic good at treating positive symptoms but excerbate negative symptoms

Total pressure = atmospheric pressure +

gauge pressure

6 Universal Emotions

happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, disgust, anger

Kinetic energy of a photoelectron is equal to

hf -3.4 eV

Place Theory

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated

Manic episodes can be caused by these biological shifts

increased serotonin and NE

Th1 release

interferon gamma cells that activate macrophages

parallel forms reliability

is a measure of reliability obtained by administering different versions of an assessment tool (both versions must contain items that probe the same construct, skill, knowledge base, etc.) to the same group of individuals. The scores from the two versions can then be correlated in order to evaluate the consistency of results across alternate versions.

Helper t cells secrete

lymphokines

What does counterbalancing do?

minimizes the effect that any ordering of stimuli might have on the study

Interposition

monocular visual cue in which two objects are in the same line of vision and one patially conceals the other, indicating that the first object concealed is further away

Protooncogene

normal genes important in cell division that have the potential to become cancerous if mutated

bomb calorimetry

occurs at constant VOLUME and measures change in ethalpy for a reaction

Opsonization

once bound to an antigen, antibodies can attract other leukocytes to phagocytize the antigens

What is colloid?

particles from 1-100 nm in diameter; consist of particle larger than those of a solution, but no large enough to settle out due to gravity, block light

Glycolysation is

process of adding sugars to proteins creating glycoproteins

Caspase activator

programmed cell death involves regulated (Bcl-2/Bax) release of caspase activator by the mitochondria

exchange-rational choice

refers to the theory that we are rational actors, who perform a cost-benefit analysis of our decisions

Foxp3 is present in what type of cells

regulatory/ suppressor T cell not helper T cell

Mediating variable

serves to clarify the nature of the relationship between the dependent and independent variable. For example, the relationship between social support and exercise adherence could be mediated by motivation: social support leads people to be more motivated which in turn leads them to adhere to an exercise programme.

Higher resolution is connect to what type of wavelength

smaller wavelength

Biometry

statistical calculation of the probable duration of human life

Young's modulus = Stress/Strain which is a measure of

stiffnes; so high young's modulus is a stiff material, low young's modulus is a flexible object

fatalism

the belief that all events are determined in advance by fate or destiny and therefore cannot be changed

Primary circular reaction in sensorimotor development

the first of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving the infant's own body. the infant senses motion, sucking, noise, and so on, and tries to understand them.

symbolic interactionism

the study of the ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols

Associative clustering

the tendency for items with preexisting associations in memory to be recalled together during the verbal recall of a word list

gamma globulins

these are also known as "immunoglobulins" and are synthesized by plasma cells. They are responsible for antibody production (immunity) meaning they make up the antibody structure

Less compact molecules travel slower on gel electrophoresis because

they experience more resistance

SDS Page

type of protein isolation that denatures the proteins and masks the native charge so that comparison of size is more accurate but the functional protein cannot be recaptured from the gel

Does the variable or constant region bind to the antigen?

variable region on antibody

Structural discrimination

when people discriminate against one another on an individual level, patterns of discrimination will build up into social structures like unemployment of criminals (not a one business policy discrimination of a group but rather the sum of individual actions)