Final MCAT quizlet
Benedict's reagent
-a solution that turns yellow-orange-rusty in the presence of SUGARS. (originally Blue)
Laws of thermodynamics
1. Conservation of energy 2. When energy is transferred entropy increases (energy is no longer available to do work)
IQ tests are normalized to
100 with a std of 15
What is the highest frequency humans can hear?
20,000 Hz
Give the total ATP created during cellular respiration
38 ATP created (2 net ATP in glycolysis , 2 GTP/ATP in Krebs , Electron Transport turn 10 NADH / 2 FADH2 into 34 ATP)
aliphatic
:Relating to organic compounds whose carbon atoms are linked in open chains, either straight or branched, rather than containing a benzene ring
introgenic
A complication or disease that arises due to medical treatmen, drug interaction, supplement, or after surgery
Context effects
A context effect is an aspect of cognitive psychology that describes the influence of environmental factors on one's perception of a stimulus. The impact of context effects is considered to be part of top-down design.
Escape learning
A definition of the term escape learning, is presented. It refers to a learning whereby an organism learns to escape a harmful stimulus by using a response referred to as an instrumental or operant response.
manipulation check
A measure used to determine whether the manipulation of the independent variable has had its intended effect on a subject
Synaptonemal complex
A network of proteins that holds non-sister chromatids together during synapsis in meiosis I; promotes crossing over
iron law of oligarchy
A principle of organizational life under which even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few individuals.
episodic buffer
An area of working memory that briefly stores a limited amount of sound-based information from the phonological loop and visual and spatial information from the visuospatial sketchpad with information retrieved from LTM, and integrates it into a single multi-dimensional representation or "episode".
social capital
An individual's social networks and connections that may confer economic and/or personal benefits.
Native page
Analyzes proteins in their native states. It is limited by mass-to-charge and mass-to-size ratios of cellular proteins. It is mostly used to compare size and charge.
Th2 activate
B cells
Types of DNA polymerase
Bacteria have 5 known DNA polymerases: Pol I: implicated in DNA repair; has 5'->3' (Polymerase) activity and both 3'->5' exonuclease (Proofreading) and 5'->3' exonuclease activity (RNA Primer removal). Pol II: involved in reparation of damaged DNA; has 3'->5' exonuclease activity. Pol III: the main polymerase in bacteria (elongates in DNA replication); has 3'->5' exonuclease proofreading ability. Pol IV: a Y-family DNA polymerase. Pol V: a Y-family DNA polymerase; participates in bypassing DNA damage. Eukaryotes have at least 15 DNA Polymerases: Pol α (also called RNA primase): forms a complex with a small catalytic (PriS) and a large noncatalytic (PriL) subunit, with the Pri subunits acting as a primase (synthesizing an RNA primer), and then with DNA Pol α elongating that primer with DNA nucleotides. After around 20 nucleotides elongation is taken over by Pol ε (on the leading strand) and δ (on the lagging strand). Pol β: Implicated in repairing DNA, in base excision repair and gap-filling synthesis. Pol γ: Replicates and repairs mitochondrial DNA and has proofreading 3'->5' exonuclease activity. Pol δ: Highly processive and has proofreading 3'->5' exonuclease activity. Thought to be the main polymerase involved in lagging strand synthesis, though there is still debate about its role. Pol ε: Also highly processive and has proofreading 3'->5' exonuclease activity. Highly related to pol δ, and thought to be the main polymerase involved in leading strand synthesis, though there is again still debate about its role. η, ι, κ, and Rev1 are Y-family DNA polymerases and Pol ζ is a B-family DNA polymerase. These polymerases are involved in the bypass of DNA damage. There are also other eukaryotic polymerases known, which are not as well characterized: θ, λ, φ, σ, and μ. None of the eukaryotic polymerases can remove primers (5'->3' exonuclease activity); that function is carried out by other enzymes. Only the polymerases that deal with the elongation (γ, δ and ε) have proofreading ability (3'->5' exonuclease).
Lyase
Cleave one molecule into two molecules without the use of water or oxidation-reduction
Hypothalamus- Anterior Pituitiary
Communication between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary occurs through chemicals (releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones) that are produced by the hypothalamus and delivered to the anterior pituitary through blood vessels in the infundibulum.
Hypothalamus - Posterior pituitary
Communication between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary occurs through neurosecretory cells that span the short distance between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary (through the infundibulum). Hormones produced by the cell bodies of the neurosecretory cells are packaged in vesicles and transported through the axon, and stored in the axon terminals that lie in the posterior pituitary. When the neurosecretory cells are stimulated, the action potential generated triggers the release of the stored hormones from the axon terminals to a capillary network within the posterior pituitary. Two hormones, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), are produced and released in this way.
Face validity
Component of external validity; whether the test items simply look like they measure the construct.
role conflict
Conflicts that someone feels between roles because the expectation attached to one role are incompatible with the expectations of another role (gay priest)
Drive theory vs. Incentive theory
Drive theory is concerned with motivations from within individual like starvation. Incentive theory is concerned with motivations created by community or outside individual.
epimer vs. anomer
Epimer - differ from parent carb by being isomer at a chiral C, other than the anomeric; While an epimer is a stereoisomer that differs in configuration at any single stereogenic center, an anomer is a cyclic saccharide and an epimer that differs in configuration, specifically at the hemiacetal/acetal carbon, also called the anomeric carbon.
Escape vs. Avoidance Learning
Escape learning is when learns a means of escaping an aversive stimulus. Avoidance learning occurs when one is able to prevent the aversive stimulus occuring in the first place.
DNA polymerase I
Essential for removing the RNA primers from the fragments and replacing it with the required nucleotides
protists
Eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants are classified in a "catch-all" category called ______.
What is stronger G-C or A-T?
G-C is stronger
Give the NADH Count for cellular respiration for each part
Glycolysis : 2 PDC : 2 Krebs : 6 Total : 10
Give the FADH2 count for each component of cellular respiration
Glycolysis: 0 PDC : 0 Krebs : 2
Intensity of sound related to frequency and area
I = kA^2 * f^2
Shadowing
In a dichotic listening experiment, _________ refers to the procedure that is used to force participants to pay attention to a specific message among competing messages.
distal stimulus
In perception, it is the actual object or event out there in the world, as opposed to its perceived image.
proximal stimulus
In perception, it is the information our sensory receptors receive about the object.
Saponification
In the lab, triacylglycerols are cleaved into glycerol and fatty acids by the addition of NaOH. Used in the production of soap. The fatty acids become soap
Prevalence vs. Incidence
Incidence should not be confused with prevalence, which is the proportion of cases in the population at a given time rather than rate of occurrence of new cases. Thus, incidence conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease, whereas prevalence indicates how widespread the disease is.
flight of ideas
Is almost continuous flow of accelerated speech which a person changes abruptly from topic to topic. Changes usually based on understandable associations, plays on words or distracting stimuli but ideas do not progress to sensible conversation; associated with mania (bipolar disorder), and schizophrenia
Just-World Phenomenon vs. Optimism Bias
Just-world = good or bad outcomes are fair; Optimism = nothing bad will happen in the future
Language/Linguistic elements are processed in what hemisphere of the brain?
Left
Elimination reaction
Making an unsaturated molecule from a saturated molecule by removing 2 atoms or groups of atoms to form a double bond
Sound Intensity units
Mass/ Time^3
Thin Layer Chromatography
Mobile Phase : Less Polar than stationary phas Stationary Phase : More Polar Silica Gel High Rf Value means less polar material Really polar mobile phase will be attracted to stationary phase and thus don't travel far so have small Rf value. Rf = Mobile Distance / Solvent Distance Traveled
cultural capital
Privileges accompanying a social location that help someone in life; included are more highly educated parents, from grade school through high school being pushed to bring home high grades, and enjoying cultural experiences that translate into higher test scores, better jobs, and higher earnings
DNA polymerase 2
Proofreads each new nucleotide against the template nucleotide as soon as it is added. Removes wrong enzyme and continues synthesis. Mistakes only happen in 1 out of 10000, and after action of this enzyme, errors are 1 in a billion.
Young modulus
Provided that the stress is not too high, and that the limit of proportionality has not been exceeded, the ratio of stress divided by strain is a constant for a given material and is known as the young modulus
Psychophysical discrimination testing
Psychophysical research is focused on the influence and relationship between physical stimuli (such as sounds, visual stimuli such as lights, and tactile stimuli) and the sensation and perception of these stimuli by an organism.
Method of Limits
Psychophysical type of testing is the method of limits which is used in psychophysical research in order to measure a subject's perception of stimuli by determining at what level a stimulus is perceived by a subject. A stimulus is presented and increased or decreased until it is perceivable by the subject. Ascending is stimilus is started low and raised until detectable. Descending is the opposite.
Method of Constant
Psychosocial type of testing where stimulus is presented at random order to avoid creating expectations by patient.
Reducing vs. nonreducing sugar
Reducing sugar are those that have an hydroxy group at one of the anomeric carbons. Glucose is a reducing sugar. Those, like fructose, that have a CH2OH at the anomeric carbon are nonreducing.
specific gravity equation
SG= weight(g)/ volume(mL) = Density
General adaptation syndrome
Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion
visuospatial sketchpad
Similar to phonological loop, allows us to remember visuospatial information through use of mental images
institutional discrimination
Social institutions that employ policies that differentiate between people based on social grouping.
Velocity of standing wave
Square root of tension divided by linear mass density (=mass/length)
State-dependent memory
State-dependent memory, or state-dependent learning is the phenomenon through which memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed.
Method of Adjustment
Subject controls stimulus and raises/lowers it until is just barely noticeable
construct validity
The degree to which a test accurately measures the trait or skill it is designed to measure.
phenol test
The ferric chloride test is used to determine the presence or absence of phenols in a given sample (for instance natural phenols in a plant extract). Enols, hydroxamic acids, oximes, and sulfinic acids give positive results as well.
Parallel processing
The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.
Spreading activation model
The spreading activation model is one way cognitive psychologists explain the priming effect, which is the observable phenomenon that a person is able to more quickly recall information about a subject once a related concept has been introduced. Spreading activation can be incorrect recall of related item; in other words, you may recall something never present or imaginary. Priming specifically is the correct recall of related item.
Velocity of sound in gas
V= 331 m/s + 0.6Tc
A-not-B error
When a child looks for an object in the same place, even though they have the knowledge that the object has moved.
tokenism
When a single member of a minority group is present in an office, workplace, or classroom and is seen as a representative of that minority group rather than as an individual
Hill coefficient
When it is >1, there is cooperative binding. <1 means no cooperative binding.
negative priming
When the presentation of a stimulus causes a decrease in speed and accuracy in the response to a test stimulus
Escape reinforcer
You lose $20 but complete response to gain back some of the $20
Impedance of capacitor
Z = 1/jωC
Impedance of resistor
Z = R
Impedance of inductor
Z = jωL where j is square root of -1, w is 2pi*frequency; and l is length of circuit
dysthymia
a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depression
oncogene
a gene that induces cancer, or uncontrolled cell proliferation
Voltmeter
a high resistance device used to measure the voltage drop across any portion or a combination or portions of a circuit and is connected in parallel with the part of the circuit being measured
Ammeter
a low-resistance device connected in series that is used to measure the electric current in any branch or part of a circuit
angular magnification
a ratio related to the focal lengths of the objective and eyepiece and given as M = − fo / fe
Sanger method
a technique used to determine the original sequence of a DNA where dideonucleotides (which lack a 3 prime hydroxyl and thus halt replication wherever they attach) are added to the mix along with everything else needed for replication (DNA polymerase, primer, RNA polymerase, DNA nucleic bases, RNA nucleic bases) to a tube; when the dd binds it halts replication and creates fragments at pretty much every point possible; when a gel is run the sequence of the DNA can thus be determined
Accommodation
adapting our current understandings to incorporate new information
DNA polymerase 3
adds a DNA nucleotide to the RNA primer and then continues adding DNA nucleotides, complementary to the parental DNA strand, to the growing end of the new DNA strand
phonological loop
allows us to repeat verbal information to help us remember it
What linkage is linear for glycogen?
alpha (1,4)
What linkage is branch for glycogen?
alpha(1,6)
intersectionality
an analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification
token economy
an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats
Product of fermentation in animals vs. yeast
animals produce lactic acid in anaerobic conditions thus needing lactate dehydrogenase. Yeast produce ethanol in thus needing alcohol dehydrogenase.
Anion exchange column attracts
anions
Neutralization
antibody doesn't kill but blocks pathogen
What is the Jacob-Monod model of operon function?
came up with idea of operon, or regulation of transcription, discovered lac operon
role strain
conflicting expectations exist for a status. (a teacher being friends with students outside the classroom)
What amino acid indicates capability of forming dimer?
cysteine
Neuroticism
degree of emotional instability or stability
Dideoxynucleotides
deoxynucleotides that lack an OH group that causes temporary stalls in polymerase transcription, they are exploited in techniques such as the sanger technique
What creates the fast block to polyspermy?
depolarization of ovum
Reciprocal definition
doesn't just mean 1/x but also means both contribute to each other like isolation and depression might contribute to each other
Neuroleptics
first type of antipsychotic good at treating positive symptoms but excerbate negative symptoms
Total pressure = atmospheric pressure +
gauge pressure
6 Universal Emotions
happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, disgust, anger
Kinetic energy of a photoelectron is equal to
hf -3.4 eV
Place Theory
in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
Manic episodes can be caused by these biological shifts
increased serotonin and NE
Th1 release
interferon gamma cells that activate macrophages
parallel forms reliability
is a measure of reliability obtained by administering different versions of an assessment tool (both versions must contain items that probe the same construct, skill, knowledge base, etc.) to the same group of individuals. The scores from the two versions can then be correlated in order to evaluate the consistency of results across alternate versions.
Helper t cells secrete
lymphokines
What does counterbalancing do?
minimizes the effect that any ordering of stimuli might have on the study
Interposition
monocular visual cue in which two objects are in the same line of vision and one patially conceals the other, indicating that the first object concealed is further away
Protooncogene
normal genes important in cell division that have the potential to become cancerous if mutated
bomb calorimetry
occurs at constant VOLUME and measures change in ethalpy for a reaction
Opsonization
once bound to an antigen, antibodies can attract other leukocytes to phagocytize the antigens
What is colloid?
particles from 1-100 nm in diameter; consist of particle larger than those of a solution, but no large enough to settle out due to gravity, block light
Glycolysation is
process of adding sugars to proteins creating glycoproteins
Caspase activator
programmed cell death involves regulated (Bcl-2/Bax) release of caspase activator by the mitochondria
exchange-rational choice
refers to the theory that we are rational actors, who perform a cost-benefit analysis of our decisions
Foxp3 is present in what type of cells
regulatory/ suppressor T cell not helper T cell
Mediating variable
serves to clarify the nature of the relationship between the dependent and independent variable. For example, the relationship between social support and exercise adherence could be mediated by motivation: social support leads people to be more motivated which in turn leads them to adhere to an exercise programme.
Higher resolution is connect to what type of wavelength
smaller wavelength
Biometry
statistical calculation of the probable duration of human life
Young's modulus = Stress/Strain which is a measure of
stiffnes; so high young's modulus is a stiff material, low young's modulus is a flexible object
fatalism
the belief that all events are determined in advance by fate or destiny and therefore cannot be changed
Primary circular reaction in sensorimotor development
the first of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving the infant's own body. the infant senses motion, sucking, noise, and so on, and tries to understand them.
symbolic interactionism
the study of the ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols
Associative clustering
the tendency for items with preexisting associations in memory to be recalled together during the verbal recall of a word list
gamma globulins
these are also known as "immunoglobulins" and are synthesized by plasma cells. They are responsible for antibody production (immunity) meaning they make up the antibody structure
Less compact molecules travel slower on gel electrophoresis because
they experience more resistance
SDS Page
type of protein isolation that denatures the proteins and masks the native charge so that comparison of size is more accurate but the functional protein cannot be recaptured from the gel
Does the variable or constant region bind to the antigen?
variable region on antibody
Structural discrimination
when people discriminate against one another on an individual level, patterns of discrimination will build up into social structures like unemployment of criminals (not a one business policy discrimination of a group but rather the sum of individual actions)