FINAL MODERN INDIA

Bhadralok

Bengali elite; respectable people-merchants, clerks, government employees, rentiers, and upper caste who prospered under the British.

Can the subaltern speak?

Discussion of whether subalterns actually have a voice or if it is only the historian putting their voice over top of the subaltern

Shah Bano Case

In 1985, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Shah Bano, a Muslim woman, against her husband, who was backed by the re- ligious community. Shah Bano's husband had used the Muslim concept of triple talak divorce in order to abandon her. When the court ruled that he must pay her recompense, the Mus- lim community felt that it was under attack. Caused controversy over whether muslims should follow Islamic Law or the law of the land.

Postnational cuisine

There is no true "national" cuisine for any country; seeks to give women back their agency in creating cuisine because they would experiment and then recipes were passed down

Liberalization (1990s)

India opened up to outside industries, foreign investment, lower tariff barriers, etc

Chipko

India's "tree-hugger" movement that protects forests through reforestation and by supporting limited timber production.

IITs

Indian Institutes of Technology; Nehru's vision for India with technology and science; after graduation, most students leave India

Veerapan

Indian bandit, poacher, and smuggler who carried out his activities in the forests of the southern Indian states of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu

Bollywood

Indian version of Hollywood (film industry), centered in Mumbai (formerly Bombay)

Rajiv Gandhi

Indira's son (nehru's grandson) and was prime minister of india 1985-1989. Came into power after mother was assassinated. Had some reform of eonomy and gov't but also faced rebellion and was assassinated by Tamil Tigers by a suicide bomber.

Indira Gandhi

daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru; was PM of India and got rid of much of the President's power

bikas/vikas

expanding, progress, or development

Amitabh Bachchan

famous Bollywood actor known as one of the greatest and most influential actors in the history of Indian cinema

Aryabhatta

famous mathematician-astronomer from India's classical age; wrote Aryabhatiya in 499 CE

Lata Mangeshkar

famous playback singer for many Bollywood movies; "Nightingale of India" over 25,000 recordings

Manmohan Singh

first Sikh to be a PM and first PM re-elected after a 5 year term since Nehru

Punnapara-Vayalar Uprising (1948)

first armed uprising by the Communist Party in 1948

Khadi and charkha

handspun fabric, charkha is a spinning wheel Gandhi used to make thread

Ranajit Guha

influential Subaltern Studies historian

Subaltern Studies

looks at a range of subjects dealing with history of the underprivileged and marginalized

Hadi

low caste group

Dalit

low caste groups; typically prefer Buddhism

Green Revolution

movement in the 1960s-1980s; the goal was to revolutionize agriculture and make India self-sufficient for food

Tali

necklace given at Christian Indian wedding

Khilafat

pan-Islamist, political protest campaign launched by Muslims of British India to influence the British government not to abolish the Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman Empire was the symbolic center of the Muslim world

Planning Commission

part of the Indian government that creates 5 year plans

Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA)

political movement of people being against the creation of dams along the Narmada River

Toba Tek Singh

short story written by Saadat Hasan Manto. Focuses on patients in an insane asylum during the time of Partition. One man keeps asking where Toba Tek Singh is at and no one is able to answer him. During Partition, the patients are moved from Pakistan to India and Toba Tek Singh lays down between the two countries in the no-man's land.

Pokhran

site where India tested nuclear bombs

Baba Amte

social activist known for empowering people with leprosy

Turmeric (haldi)

spice used in Indian cooking

Ambassador car

the car created and produced by Hindustan Motors that had relatively no updates for decades because they were the only car manufacturers in India

Indian Administrative Service (IAS)

the most elite and prestigious all-India civil service, the IAS staffs virtually all the most senior positions in state and central governments, as well as many state enterprises. It is recruited mainly through a national and very competitive annual examination.

The Mahatma

the people's name for Gandhi; means a person regarded with reverence or loving respect; a holy person or sage.

Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha

the two legislative houses in the Indian government; Rajya Sabha- Council of States Lok Sabha- House of the people

L.B.Shastri/M. Desai/N. Rao/A.B.Vajpayee

various PM's of India

Bhagalpur (1989)

violence and riots between Hindus and Muslims in Bhagalpur

Nehruvian socialism

wanted a mixed economy with government control over many enterprises but still some private enterprise as well

Laurie Baker

was a British-born Indian architect, renowned for his initiatives in cost-effective energy-efficient architecture and designs that maximized space, ventilation and light and maintained an uncluttered yet striking aesthetic sensibility. Influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and his own experiences in the remote Himalayas, he promoted the revival of regional building practices and use of local materials; and combined this with a design philosophy that emphasized a responsible and prudent use of resources and energy.

Zulfikr Ali Bhutto

was a President and Prime Minister of Pakistan and created the Pakistan People's Party

Pandita Ramabai

was a social reformer and fought for the rights of women; was a delegate to the Congress of 1889

Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain

wrote a book called Sultana's Dream where the roles of men and women were switched

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Azad

scientist who became the 11th President of India

Knanaya Christians

"Southist" group of the St. Thomas Christians

M. A. Jinnah

Founded the Muslim League, worked for more Muslim autonomy in British India (Pakistan Resolution), and was also known as, Quaid-i-Azam or Great Leader, would ultimately become the sole spokesman for the Muslim community in India.

M. F. Husain

Indian painter who helped found the Bombay Progressive Artists' Group

Operation Bluestar (1984)

Military operation to remove militant religious leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his armed followers from the buildings of the Harmandir Sahib complex in Amritsar, Punjab.

The Emergency (1975)

Period of time when PM Indira Gandhi declared India was in a state of Emergency and suspended many civil liberties and censored the press.

Muhammad Iqbal

became the national poet of Pakistan after Partition. Also considered one of the most important figures in Urdu literature.

B.R. Ambedkar

championed the cause of the Dalits and also supported women and labor

SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation)

was created in 1985 and it promotes economic and regional integration and created the South Asian Free Trade Area

Arundhati Roy

writer & social activist, supporter of Kashmir's independence

Salman Rushdie

wrote Midnight's Children which talks about India and Pakistan

Roop Kanwar

1987, widow burning victim. glorified culturally to the horror of feminists. shrine erected where she burned. catapulted the issue of sati to public debate over whether sati is murder or suicide, agent of her own actions vs. culturally compelled.

Panchsheel

Agreement between China and India stating: 1-Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty. 2-Mutual non-aggression. 3-Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs. 4-Equality and cooperation for mutual benefit. 5-Peaceful co-existence.

Amartya Sen

Economist who has made contributions to welfare economics, social choice theory, economic and social justice, and economic theories of famines

Diwali

Hindu festival of lights

Shiv Sena

Hindu right party centered in Maharashtra, founded by Bal Thackeray.

Question of Kashmir

Kashmir tried to remain neutral in the fight between which territories went to Pakistan and which territories went to India. They ended up being a highly debated territory anyways when Pakistan had an unofficial military force come in that tried to take over and India sent a force in to retaliate

Jayaprakash Narayan

Leader of movement who called for "total revolution" against Indira Gandhi, including her resignation after 1971 election corruption.

Dowry Deaths in India

Murders or suicides of brides (often by burning) when a dispute arises over dowry.

Pervez Musharraf

Pakistani general; he overthrew the elected government of Pakistan in 1999 and became president from 2001-2008

Naxalite

Person associated with the Communist Party of India; originally began in West Bengal.

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)

Political party currently in power in India under PM Modi. Right-wing nationalist tendencies. A conservative Hindu-based political party in India which often has been reluctant to compromise with Muslim and Sikh interests. This has slowed efforts by some to seek common approaches to development challenges.

Hindutva

Right-wing Hindu nationalist politics

The Partition

Separation of India and Pakistan into two separate nations

Tamil Question

Sri Lanka (ethnic group of Tamils in Sri Lanka - liberation Tigers/Tamil Tigers) led to decades of violence (there are no Tamil Tigers left)

Babri Masjid and Ram Janmabhoomi

Was a Muslim place of worship that many Hindus claimed was also the birthplace of Ram; Hindus also claimed that the Mughals destroyed a Hindu temple that had been there so in 1992 they demolished the Babri Masjid which led to much Muslim-Hindu conflict

Mahashweta Devi

Wrote short story "The Witch Hunt." She worked for the rights and empowerment of tribal people.

Bapsi Sidhwa

a Pakistani novelist who resides in the U.S.

Non-Alignment Movement

a group of states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc; created by Jawaharlal Nehru and Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito

Sangh Parivar

a right-wing Hindu who created the RSS (a volunteer service corp.), VHP (world Hindu association), and Bajrang Dal (a militant organization)

Vindaloo

a type of curry popular in Goa; has Portuguese influences

Mandal Commission

also known as the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission (SEBC) and was created by PM Desai to identify the socially or educationally backward classes of India

Mithai

an Indian dessert, sweets

Thali

an Indian meal made up of a selection of various dishes which are served on a platter

Santhal

an ethnic group and the largest indigenous tribe in Jharkhand in terms of population