final online quiz

An experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include A. an extraneous cough. B. two similar-sounding letters (e.g., "T" and "C"). C. a categorical perception task. D. a garden-path sentence.

A. an extraneous cough.

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This property is known as A. hierarchical structure. B. relational organization. C. parallel organization. D. propositional representation.

A. hierarchical structure.

Noam Chomsky proposed that A. humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language. B. language is learned through the mechanism of reinforcement. C. as children learn language, they produce only sentences they have heard before. D. the underlying basis of language is different across cultures.

A. humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

Pinker thinks there is a critical period for language development because A. our language acquisition device turns off at about age 6 or 7. B. our language acquisition device turns off at about age 15 or 16. C. neural plasticity decreases as we age. D. other knowledge interferes with learning language.

A. our language acquisition device turns off at about age 6 or 7.

Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery? A. Imagery is based on spatial mechanisms like those involved in perception. B. Thought is always accompanied by imagery. C. People can rotate images of objects in their heads. D. Imagery is closely related to language.

B. Thought is always accompanied by imagery.

Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. However, their revised model was not immune to criticism. One criticism of Collins and Loftus' semantic network theory is that it A. cannot explain exceptions to category properties (e.g., account for the fact that an ostrich can't fly while most birds can). B. is of little explanatory value because it can explain just about any result. C. is so inflexible that it has been easy to falsify. D. explains the length of links as resulting from a person's past experiences.

B. is of little explanatory value because it can explain just about any result.

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children A. of different cultures vary in their language development - some learn words before babbling, etc. B. produce sentences they have never heard. C. are rewarded for using correct language. D. are able to state the complex grammatical rules of their language.

B. produce sentences they have never heard.

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed a. the priming effect was most robust for global level categories. b. the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories. c. no measurable priming effect. d. the priming effect was the same for specific and basic level categories.

b. the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.

The word "dog" has ______ morpheme(s). A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

A. 1

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex? A. Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics." B. Imagine your car first from far away and then how it looks as you walk closer to it. C. Imagine a typical unsharpened pencil. Approximate its length in inches. D. Imagine a tic-tac-toe game proceeding from start to finish.

A. Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that A. a carrot would be named before eggplant. B. an eggplant would be named before carrot. C. a carrot and eggplant would have an equal likelihood of being named first. D. the order of examples is completely random, varying from participant to participant

A. a carrot would be named before eggplant.

According to the view that language is NOT innate, the critical period that is seen in language development is due to A. a decrease in neural plasticity. B. the turning off of the language acquisition device in the brain. C. the cutting of neural connections. D. a mis-wiring of neural circuitry.

A. a decrease in neural plasticity.

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside A. a fly. B. another rabbit. C. an elephant. D. a coyote

A. a fly.

Mental-scanning experiments found A. a positive linear relationship between scanning time and distance on the image. B. a negative linear relationship between scanning time and distance on the image. C.a constant scanning time for all locations on an image. D. that imagery does not represent spatial relations in the same way perceptual information does.

A. a positive linear relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.

How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property _____ is stored at the _____ node. A. can fly; bird B. can fly; canary C. has feathers; ostrich D. can fly; animal

A. can fly; bird

Mental imagery involves A. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input. B. mental representations of the current sensory inputs. C. sensory representations of a stimulus. D. all of these

A. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that A. had a large number of sophisticated language systems. B. had languages that were more primitive than languages of most non-isolated societies. C. communicated by hand signals but not verbal language as we know it. D. had just a few language systems that were all governed by similar rules.

A. had a large number of sophisticated language systems.

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their network model. A. spreading activation B. cognitive economy C. typicality D. back propagation

A. spreading activation

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to the network's A. weights. B. nodes. C. hidden units. D. output units.

A. weights.

Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify A. 100% of the words spoken by their own voices. B. 50% of the words spoken by their own voices. C. 50% of the words spoken by others with an accent similar to theirs. D. none of the words spoken by others.

B. 50% of the words spoken by their own voices.

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique? A. Hierarchical structure B. Communication C. Governed by rules D. Productivity

B. Communication

Which of the following represents a basic level item? A. Musical instrument B. Guitar C. Rock guitar D. Paul McCartney's bass guitar

B. Guitar

In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that A. perception and imagery processes do not share the same brain mechanisms. B. it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images. C. imagery is more stable than perception. D. imagery occurs more automatically than perception

B. it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images.

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying A. language comprehension. B. language acquisition. C. speech production. D. speech parsing.

B. language acquisition.

The fact that children can regain language abilities after brain damage indicates that A. language is innate. B. language doesn't involve special processing. C. language involves special neurons that are located in various areas of the brain. D. language is a virus.

B. language doesn't involve special processing.

Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using A. image scanning. B. mental chronometry. C. epiphenomena. D. propositional representations.

B. mental chronometry.

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by A. the amount of information contained in each concept. B. the distance that must be traveled through the network. C. the typicality of the information contained in each concept. D. the representativeness of the information contained in each concept.

B. the distance that must be traveled through the network.

The word "dog" has ____ phoneme(s). A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

C. 3

In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves _____ processing and imagery starts as a _____ process. A. bottom-up; bottom-up B. top-down; top-down C. bottom-up; top-down D. top-down; bottom-up

C. bottom-up; top-down

The poverty of the stimulus argument is the assertion that A. the acoustic signal is ambiguous and incomplete, and, therefore, we must use top-down information to comprehend speech. B. the acoustic signal is unambiguous and complete, and, therefore, we can use bottom-up information only to comprehend speech. C. children are provided with relatively limited data in order to be able to learn language. D. language is unlearnable given the nature of the acoustic signal.

C. children are provided with relatively limited data in order to be able to learn language.

Connectionist networks are modeled after neural networks in the nervous system and incorporate all of the following features of the nervous system EXCEPT A. excitatory and inhibitory connections. B. strength of firing patterns determined by the number and type (excitatory/inhibitory) of inputs. C. concepts represented by activity in individual nodes. D. distributed coding.

C. concepts represented by activity in individual nodes.

People with Broca's aphasia often have intact cognition but impaired language abilities. People with William's syndrome have intact language abilities but impaired cognition. This implies that A. language is an extension of our general cognitive abilities. B. language and cognition are dependent on one another. C. language and cognition are separate and independent systems. D. both a and b.

C. language and cognition are separate and independent systems.

One argument that is used to refute that language is innate is that there is no universal grammar. This means that A. many languages of the world don't have grammar. B. many languages of the world don't have the same phonemes. C. many languages of the world don't have grammatical properties that they share with other languages. D. many languages of the world have primitive grammar as compared to European languages.

C. many languages of the world don't have grammatical properties that they share with other languages.

How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property _____ is stored at the _____ node. A. link. B. input unit. C. node. D. property unit.

C. node.

Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. In their modification, Collins and Loftus account for the typicality effect by A. creating a "typical" node linked to special concepts in a category. B. representing more typical concepts as higher in the categorical hierarchy. C. using shorter links to connect more closely related concepts. D. none of these

C. using shorter links to connect more closely related concepts.

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because A. some people have great difficulty forming visual images. B. visual images vary in detail. C. visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them. D. the imageless thought debate was unresolved.

C. visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.

Why does Pinker think the development of creole from pidgin provides evidence that language is innate? A. Children are using their own innately born grammatical knowledge in the development of creole. B. The development of creole from pidgin often happens in one generation and not gradually as one might expect if language was simply learned. C. Children can use grammar from their native languages to develop a creole language. D. Both a and b.

D. Both a and b

The phonemic restoration effect shows A. reading influences speech perception. B. lip reading can influence speech perception. C. speech perception is purely a bottom-up process. D. context can influence speech perception.

D. context can influence speech perception.

Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated A. how easy mental rotation is for humans. B. that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees. C. that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects. D. imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

D. imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

Results from ERP and fMRI studies indicate A. the V1 area of the occipital lobe is responsible for perception but not imagery. B. the V1 area of the occipital lobe is responsible for imagery but not perception. C. many areas of the brain are responsible for imagery but only a few areas of the brain are responsible for perception. D. imagery is created by the same visual system structures responsible for perception.

D. imagery is created by the same visual system structures responsible for perception.

When we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech, we see that the speech signal A. has breaks between phonemes. B. has breaks between morphemes. C. has breaks between words. D. is continuous.

D. is continuous.

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself walking in a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows A. neglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery. B. neglect occurred in imagery such that some objects in the plaza were never reported. C. neglect occurred in imagery so that the patient, imagining the walk from one direction and neglecting the left side of the plaza, was then unable to imagine walking the plaza from the other direction. D. neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was walking.

D. neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was walking.

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of Behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through A. parsing. B. genetical coding. C. syntatic framing. D. reinforcement.

D. reinforcement.

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _____ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird." A. faster than B. slower than C. faster than D. the same as

D. the same as

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds? a. Exemplar b. Prototype c. Definitional d. Network

a. Exemplar

According to the text, jumping from _______ categories results in the largest gain in information. a. global level to basic level b. basic level to global level c. specific level to basic level d. basic level to specific level

a. global level to basic level

According to the typicality effect, a. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group. b. objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another. c. objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered. d. we remember typical objects better than atypical objects.

a. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

Kosslyn's island experiment used the _____ procedure. a. mental scanning b. categorization c. priming d. mental walk

a. mental scanning

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization. a. exemplar b. prototype c. network d. parallel processing

b. prototype

According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience. a. global b. prototypical c. basic d. specific

c. basic

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization. a. prototype b. exemplar c. definitional d. family resemblance

c. definitional

If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level. a. global; specific b. global; basic c. specific; basic d. basic; specific

c. specific; basic

_______ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past. a. Icons b. Prototypes c. units d. Exemplars

d. Exemplars

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ____ representations. A. epiphenomenal B. propositional C. spatial D. unilateral

spatial