final psych exam
regarding panic disorder and agoraphobia, which of the following statements is false>
about 4.2 percent of all adults suffers from agoraphobia during their lifetime.
kelly is writing a paper on conformity for her psychology class. in order to find the research articles she need for the paper, the first step for her would be to get an overview of each of the articles that come up in her search. she should first read which part of each article?
abstract
concerning the effects of video games and television on aggression, which of the following statements is FALSE?
after watching television of playing a violent game, only young children show an increase in aggression, not adolescents nor adults
margarita has a stroke and is in the hospital. when her family members visit her there, margarita is unable to recognize any of their faces until she hears their voices. margarita has facial
agnosia
Typical signs of postpartum depression are
all of these
for most psychologists, control refers to
altering conditions that influence behavior
you have agreed to be hypnotized. you can expect the hypnotist to encourage you to all of the following EXCEPT
alternate tensing and releasing of your muscles
you tie a short length of string to a small ring and hole this ring at eye level, about a foot from your face. By focusing on the ring, you are able to make the ring swing back and forth. you are surprised by this movement. you most likely have experienced
autosuggestion
to produce extinction in the traditional Pavlovian experiment, an experimenter would present the
bell alone
prisoners in solitary confinement, arctic explorers, and long-distance truck drivers, who are faced with limited or monotonous stimulation for long periods of time tend to experience
bizarre or distorted perceptions
the basic building blocks that make up the core personality are called _______________ traits
central
Sierra constantly criticizes her appearance and her abilities and downplays her many accomplishments. these negative, self-defeating thoughts have led her long-standing depression, according to the ________________ theory.
cognitive
according to Gordon Allport, characteristics that are shared by most members of a culture are termed ______________ traits.
common
at the political convention, the people are crowded together on the convention floor. although the large group is a mixture of different gender, ages, and races with many different outfits, you easily group these people together based on the sign being held up in the middle of each group that bears their state's name. your grouping was the result of which perceptual principle?
common region
which receptor cells produce color sensations and fine details, work best in bright light, and lie mainly at the center of the eye?
cones
when you look at a distant object, the lines of vision from your eyes are parallel. You are normally not aware of it, but the muscles attached to the eyeball feed information on eye position to the brain to help it judge distances under 50 feet. this describes the binocular depth cue known as
convergence
to investigate the effects of a new drug for hyperactivity, one group of children is given this new drug, while the other group is given a placebo. the experimenter has his assistant label the drug and the placebo with letter names so that he will not know which group of children is getting the placebo and which group is getting the new drug until the end of the experiment. this researcher is using a
double-blind experiment to minimize research participant bias and researcher bias
according to freud, unconscious thoughts are often revealed by
dreams, emotions, and slips of the tongue
research using PET scans of human brains indicates that
each state of sleep shows distinctive pattern of electrical activity in the brain
the ears of bats can transduce and hear sound waves that humans cannot. this allows them to fly in complete darkness by using
echolocation
freud typified personality as a struggle in which one of the personality structures is caught in the middle of the conflict between the other two structures. this part caught in the middle is the
ego
which system is considered a parallel communication system to the nervous system in the body with its secretions passing directly into the bloodstream or lymph system?
endocrine
if you learn to make a response that will end an unpleasant or aversive situation, then youa re exhibiting
escape learning
for most smokers, withdrawal from nicotine causes all of the following symptoms EXCEPT for
excessive daytime sleepiness (hypersomnia)
all of the following are basic tools available to control simple learning except
extinction
which of the following is the weakening of a conditional response through the removal of the connection between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditional stimulus?
extinction
which of the following programs is considered controversial because it seems to support substance abusers in their addiction by supplying methadone and clean needles for drug injections, when, in reality, this type of program is often the only hope for addicts who would otherwise cause more harm to themselves and to others?
harm reduction strategy
which of the following aspects of freud's theory have been challenged by new research?
his portrayal of the elementary school years (latency period) as free from sexuality and unimportant for personality development
according to rogers, incongruence when there is a mismatch between any two of which entities
ideal self, self-image, and true self
learning the gender roes of one's culture is greatly influences by
identification and imitation
dr. satchel administered an objective personality test that has 567 questions and 10 clinical subscales. after she scores this test, she will chart the results graphically
in an MMPI-2 profile
to become a better "eyewitness" to life, you should do all of the following EXCEPT
increase your perceptual sets
in personality development, trait and psychoanalytic theories stress the importance of
inherited biological predispositions
researchers have found that students are more likely to prefer to meet and talk to people through the internet than face-to-face if they are hight in the trait of
introversion
the development of the self-image
involves all of these
which of the following occurs during REM sleep?
irregular heart rate and blood pressure
your friend dan states that to be comfortable in a particular job, a person's personality must match the nature of the work. dan believes that the behavior of people is strongly influenced by
lasting personal disposition
while freud believed that aggressive urges are "instinctual," behavioral theorists assume that a person's aggressiveness is the result of
learning
if damage to a specific part of the brain consistently leads to a specific loss of function, then we say that the function is
localized in the structure
regarding the culture-bound syndromes, which of the following statements is FALSE?
men in malaysia, laos, the philippines, and polynesia who believe they have been insulted develop the condition known as hikikmori
watching and imitating the actions of another person or noting the consequences of those actions is called observational learning, or
modeling
if you are riding in a car running low on gas, your attention will shift to gas stations. this is an example of influence of
motives
the somatic nervous system governs
muscle movements
the whitish, fatty substance that surrounds some axons and aids conduction of a nerve impulse down the axon is called
myelin
carmen has blurred vision because her eyeball is too long. Carmen has the condition called
myopia
the probability of repeating a response is increased by which of the following consequences?
negative reinforcement
because taking a drug reduces withdrawal symptoms, taking the drug is
negatively reinforced
the central and peripheral are the two main divisions of the _______________ system
nervous
problems not arising until adulthood, such as alzherimer's disease or parkinson's disease, would be classified as _________________ disorders.
neurocognitive
the symptoms of memory loss, trouble spelling words, depression, and moodiness exhibited by Dave Duerson and other NFL football players who had suffered concussions would be considered
neurological soft signs
naturalistic observation, correlational studies, the clinical method, and the survey method are considered ____________ methods
nonexperimental
Which aspect of the activated receptor tells the brain how strong and odor
number
which of the following is NOT a correct match between endocrine and gland and hormone?
pancreas-------corticoids
regarding night terrors, which of the following statements is FALSE?
people who have night terrors vividly remember the frightening images
assume that a scientist is working on a device to route sounds directly to the brain to provide a type of hearing for people who are completely deaf. which principle of sensory functioning would be most useful to the scientist in achieving her goal?
perception
a treatment for seasonal affective disorder that involves exposure to bright, full-spectrum light s called
phototherapy
sandra claims that antoine's anxiety unresolved sexual conflicts residing in his unconscious. sandra's interpretation of antoine's condition is consistent with the _____________ perspective.
psychodynamic
taking away a teen's privileges or using time out with younger children are examples of
punishment
according to research done to sleep restriction, if one misses an entire night's sleep, it is best to
restrict sleep to normal bedtime hours
which of the following is most characteristic of bipolar II disorder?
sadness and guilt, with at least one episode of hypomania
which of the following personality disorders describes a person who displays social isolation, extremely odd behavior, and disturbed thought patterns, but who is not actively psychotic?
schizotypal
when fatima detects the physical energies in her environment with her eyes, ears, and other sensory organs , she is engaging in the process known as
sensation
ecstasy causes brain cells to release extra amounts of
serotonin
fallon has been diagnosed with major depression. she is most likely deficient in which neurotransmitter?
serotonin
the left hemisphere processes information
simultaneously
almost any behavior can be judged to be normal or abnormal depending on the specific circumstances present. this qualification for judging whether or not a behavior is abnormal is referred to as
situational context
what do psychologists mean by the term "trait-situation interaction"
situations affect how traits are exhibited
you observe two cars of identical make and model. although one roars away and its image on your retina is now smaller, you still perceive the cars identical. this illustrates __________ constancy.
size
in the behaviorist view of development, the core of personality is shaped by early learning experiences and by praise, attention, and approval from others, which is also called
social reinforcement
before the doctor sees mina, the nurse asks mina a series of questions regarding her bodily complaints. mina tells the nurse that in the past week she has had vomiting, constipation, shortness of breath, difficultly swallowing, numbness in her feet at night, a painful tingling in her feet during the day, and headaches that keep her in bed most of the day. the nurse suspects that mina may have a(n)_______________ disorder.
somatic symptom
students who are reflective learners set goals that are
specific and measurable
although her family is unaware of her chronic feelings of hopelessness and despair, carmen is very unhappy. thus, she would be exhibiting psychopathology based on
subjective discomfort
the classification of central and secondary traits was determined
subjectively
in most cases, a person with an anxiety disorder
suffers from distress that seems greatly out of proportion to the circumstances
major depressive disorder is a mood disorder in which the person
suffers one or more intense episodes of depression
if a PET scan was done of your brain while you listened to your favorite song, your primary auditory area would be the first to light, followed by association areas in your _____________ lobes.
temporal
to be conscious means
that one is aware
which of the following is NOT a danger signal for SIDS?
the baby is placed on its back to sleep
a psychologist discovers that the blood of patients with schizophrenia contains a certain chemical not found in the general population. this means that
the chemical ad schizophrenia are related, but no casual relationship has been established
which of the following best describes maslow's concepts of self-actualization
the need to develop one's potential fully
regarding sleepwalkers, which of the following statements is FALSE?
the sleepwalker's eyes are usually closed
the corpus callosum is a thick band of fibers that connect
the two cerebral hemispheres
you caution a friend about eating so many foods that are high in fat content. your friend replies that his grandfather ate all the bacon and cheese he wanted, and he lived to be 93. which of the following is the BEST explanation for your friend's error in reasoning?
the use of individual cases
according to the big five model of personality, which is the best personality pattern?
there is no one "best" personality pattern
what do buddhists engaging in meditation practices, navaho elders drinking peyote tea, and new zealand maori priests preforming nightlong rituals to communicate with the mythical period the aborigines call "dreamtime" all have in common?
they are all meant to cleanse the mind and body and bring about altered awareness and personal revelation
which of the following reinforcers are used to provide immediate incentives for learning and to avoid the problem of satiation?
tokens
mike and jeff are brothers who have just moved with their parents into a beautiful old house. mike soon discovers that if he flushes the toilet while jeff is taking a shower, it will cause the water in the shower to become scalding hot. naturally, jeff screams as his reflexes cause him to leap backward in pan. after mike has repeated this procedure several time, jeff has begun to twitch involuntarily every time he hears any toilet flush. in this example, jumping backward to the pain of the hot water would be the
unconditional stimulus (US)
watching the night sky and seeking "a shooting star" is reinforced on which schedule of reinforcement?
variable interval
the opponent process theory of color vision explains
what happens in the optic pathways and brain after the information leaves the eye
after smoking a pack of cigarettes each day for over ten years, jackie decided to quit. unfortunately, she got bad headaches, felt tired, and experiences mood swings. these physical changes known as ________________ symptoms.
withdrawal
is a person suffering from schizophrenia has an identical twin, what percent chance does the other twin have of also becoming schizophrenic?
48 percent
in higher-order conditioning, the
CS is used as if it were a US
which technique produces the most detailed images of brain structures and allows and two-dimensional plane, or slide, of the body to be selected and displayed as an image on a computer screen?
MRI scan
regarding hearing, which of the following statements is FALSE?
The frequency is the physical "height" of a sound wave and tells how much energy it contains
which of the following is a system for managing and altering behavior through the immediate reinforcement of selected responses with poker chips or slips of paper that can be exchanged for food and/or special privilages
a token economy
greg has not been making any progress toward weight loss for the past six months. so, he and his wife draw up a formal agreement in which he states that he will meet weekly weight loss goals with the rewards for meeting these goals listed and the consequences he will incur if he does not meet his weekly goal. greg and his wife are utilizing which of the following to help greg lose weight?
a behavioral contract
after complimenting his wife helen on her new blue dress, sid proceeded to put on a red tie and a green coat, thinking they were both a yellowish brown. side mist likely has
a color weakness
mesmer's strange "treatments" are related to hypnosis because they actually relied on?
a deep sleep or trance-like state of consciousness
seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is characterized by
a lasting and disabling depression related to decreased exposure to sunlight
a stable, enduring quality that a person shows in most situations is
a personality trait