Final Psych Review

Latent Psychosexual Stage

6-puberty sexual feelings are dormant conflicts in earlier stages are repressed in unconscious

Occipital Lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information processing visual symbols recognizing lines, angles, shapes, shadows, movement

Id

lies in the unconscious mind strives to satisfy basic primitive sexual and aggressive drives operates from the pleasure principle demanding immediate gratification repressed trauma repressed childhood memories

Psychometric psychologists

design and evaluate tests of mental abilities, aptitudes, interests, and personality math, interpreting tests

Antidepressant drugs

designed to treat depression by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin SSRI

Inferential statistics

determining the likelihood that the result of an experiment is due to the manipulation of the IV or variable or due by chance

Catatonic schizophrenia

disturbances of movement immovable or unresponsive stupor parrot lie repeating of another's speech or movements

Groups

experimental: manipulate IV control: measure DV

Social psychologists

explore how we view and affect one another family, religion, culture on behavior

Flooding

exposing patient to thing they fear/avoid by immediately facing it fear factor

Pseudo Memories

false memories that a person believes are true or accurate

Case study

numerous testing methods to gather as much data as possible common characteristic individual, can't be generalized

Naturalistic observation

observation of human or animal behavior or in its natural setting reflects actual behavior no interaction

Descriptive research

gather info that can be obtained using experimental method naturalistic observation case studies surveys interviews

Max Wertheimer (1880-1943)

gestalt psychology encourages looking at the shape or form of the whole

Psychiatrists are

go to medical school, receive MD degree, and then psychiatric residency; additional training in pharmacology, neurology, psychotherapy, and psychotherapeutic techniques

Hippocampus

involved in the processing and storage of memories central to learning and memory COLLEGE - CAMPUS - MEMORIES

Eclectic approach

involves combing and using techniques and ideas from many different therapeutic approaches

Recall

involves generating possible targets and identifying them correctly fill in the blank

Cones

less photoreceptor cells that detect blue, red, green photoreceptors that function in only bright light

Deep brain stimulation

less invasive creates opening in skull, insert electrode into brain stem, stimulate area, interrupts communication in that area, reducing behavioral system associated with that area epilepsy parkinsons tremors depression tourettes

Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930)

lessons from William James frist women president of American Psychological Association

Locus of control

a person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment

Short-term dynamic psychotherapy

a shortened version of psychoanalysis

Applications of classical conditioning

addiction - association (bad) with substances habits abuse marketing/advertising trauma

Beta waves

awake and alert

Conductive Hearing Loss

condition in which there is a poor transfer of sounds from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

PTSD and Cortisol

connections inhibited in the brain long time, neurotoxic destroys synapse and neurons block hippocampus save during life threatening situations, increased levels are bad makes hippocampus smaller

Brain stem

connects the brain and spinal cord

Freud and consciousness

conscious what we are thinking or feeling at any given moment preconscious (subconscious) part of mind that can be brought to feeling at any given time through focus attention unconscious lies outside our normal awareness, holds troubling or unacceptable impulse, memories, and instincts (PTSD) trigged by trauma

Supression

conscious process of deliberately trying to forget something causes distress

Population

consist of all individuals who can potentially participate in the study don't generalize, so make smaller groups

Parasympathetic - what it does

constricts pupils increases saliva production reduces heart rate constricts bronchia stimulates the activity of digestive organs stimulates activity of the pancreas stimulates the gall bladder contracts urinary bladder

Anxiety hierarchy

constructed by patient in which feared situations are arranged from least to most anxiety provoking; used to set sequence for therapy

Retina

contains photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) light sensitive layer at the back of the eye

Chameleon Effect

unconsciously mimicking others expressions, postures, and voice tones to help us feel what they are feeling

Cognitive Dissonance

unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs

Grouping: Connectedness

when something is uniform and linked we will perceive them as a single unit

Gambler's Fallacy

when you win... "you must have done something good"

Confidentialty

private information code numbers prevents bias

P-value

probability of getting experiment results closer to 0, less likely chance

Algorithims

problem solving step by step procedure that guarantees a solution trial and error computers

Wernicke's Area

processes speech sounds from passengers, other drivers, radio

SSRI

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treat depression increase levels of serotonin in brain block reuptake serotonin, leaving it in the synapse for longer

Free assoiation

technique that encourages clients to talk about any thoughts or images that enter their heads assumption is that this kind of free-flowing uncensored talking will provide clues to unconscious material

Passionate Love

temporary, intense, positive absorption present in the beginning

Size Constancy

tendency for the brain to perceive objects as the same size regardless of their distance from us unconscious inference (autmoatic)

Amphetamines

drugs used to increase wakefulness and enhance cognitive performance adderall used to treat ADHA - increases concentration dopamine in synapse, increases metabolism, mental clarity, wakefulness

Split brain

each side of brain acts independently without awareness of one another

Cognitive process old theory

early behaviorists believed that learned behaviors of various animals could be reduced to mindless mechanisms

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS(

electromagnetic wand alters magnetic fields that affect how the brain processes emotions

Industry vs. Inferiority

elementary school 6 - puberty question: can I make it in the world of people and things? relationship: school action: school and sports lear pleasure of applying themselves to tasks or feel inferior work hard at doing it right and being responsible seek praise and work hard critical for developing confidence

Sympathetic nervous system

emergency response fight, flight, freeze cardiac muscles

Moon Illusion

A visual illusion involving the misperception that the moon is larger when it is on the horizon than when it is directly overhead.

Tympanic Membrane

a membrane forming part of the organ of hearing, which vibrates in response to sound waves. In humans and other higher vertebrates it forms the eardrum, between the outer and middle ear. ear drum vibration is called conduction

Encoding Failure

a memory was never formed in the first place in one ear, out the other

Cognitive map

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment latent learning

Availability Heuristic

a mental shortcut in which people make judgments about the probability of an event based on how quickly examples come to mind. general

Action potential

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon fluid outside axon = positive fluid inside axon = negative depolarization occurs, triggers domino effect

Interneuron

a neuron that carries nerve impulses from one neuron to another

Dopamine

a neurotransmitter that regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal

Priming

a nonconscious form of human memory concered with perceptual identification of words and objects the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory - can also be used to train someone's memory -

The Prisoner's Dilemma

a particular "game" between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial

Emotion

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

Ponzo Illusion

An illusion of size in which two objects of equal size that are positioned between two converging lines appear to be different in size. Also called the railroad track illusion.

Relative Clarity

a cue that makes clear objects appear closer than blurry or fuzzy objects farther something is from us, less detail it conveys

Learning Curve

a gradual upward slope representing increased retention of material as the result of learning

Forgetting Curve

a graphic depiction of how recall steadily declines over time

Adrenaline

a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, especially in conditions of stress, increasing rates of blood circulation, breathing, and carbohydrate metabolism and preparing muscles for exertion fight or flight

Client-centered therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.) assumes that each person has an actualizing tendency to develop one's full potential

Visual Cliff

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals study found that when babies learn to crawl, they also develop depth perception

Long-Term Potential

a lasting strengthening of synapses that increases neurotransmitters

Glutamate

a major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

Heuristics

a simple strategy to solve a problem quickly or more efficiently mental shortcut to ease load of cognitive problem solving example : rule of thumb, educated guess quick strategy, memory tricks, call phone if lost reduce mental effort needed to make decisions simplify complex and difficult questions fast and accurate way to Carrie at a conclusion help with problem solving

Night terrors

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

a state of tension is created when beliefs or behaviors conflict with one another; people are motivated to reduce this inconsistency (or dissonance) and thus eliminate unpleasant tension - we change our attitudes to coincide with our actions

Grammar

a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Sensory Habituation

a type of adaptation occurs in brain rather than body receptors -- no longer hear nearby traffic after living in an area shifting your attention away from the stimulus, and on to something else

Operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher the learner is not passive, learning based on consequences organisms learn associations between its behavior and its resulting events

Signal/Stimulus Detection Theory

a way to measure how we discern a faint stimulus that conveys information and separate it from random background stimulation separating important information from irrelevant information ability to detect signals diminishes after 30 minutes - new parent is more sensitive for a baby's cry

Maintenace Rehearsal

a working memory process in which information is merely repeated or reviewed to keep it from fading while in working memory. no active elaboration

Cocktail Party Effect

ability to attend to only one voice among many

Sharpening

ability to retain detail of original story and add vivid details (exaggerated/amplified) - separate prior memories/ info from new, discriminate between info

Pre frontal lobotomy

ablation to control behavior disconnecting prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain Dr. Walter Freeman

Presbyopia or Farsightedness

able to see things in the distance difficulty focusing on things that are close by snellen test

Formal Operational Stage

about 12 through adulthood abstract reasoning/logic - if this, then that moral questioning - potential for moral reasoning become concerned about issues concerning truth and justice

Behavior Therapy

also called behavior modification uses the principles of classical and operant conditioning to change disruptive behaviors and improve human functioning focuses on changing particular behaviors rather than the underlying mental events or possible unconscious factors systemic desensitization cognitive-behavior therapy exposure flooding aversion therapy

Type A Personality

also known as the coronary-prone behavior pattern are individuals who are hard-driving competitive, and try to overachieve

Bipolar disorder

alternating mood swings from debilitating depression to manic activity manic - euphoria, hyperactive, optimistic - easy to dismiss mania medication, not staying on it depressive and manic episode very dangerous

Intensity

amount of energy measured by amplitude or height

Saving Scores

amount of time saved when relearning behavior the second time

Top-Down Processing

an approach to processing information that is guided by our thoughts or higher-level mental processes when we create perceptions from our senses, drawing on our experience and expectation deductive reasoning

Intuition

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Cannon-Bard Theory (Thalamic Theory)

an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion same time

Bias

an error resulting from the experimenter's unconscious expectation of results

Personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Memory

an information processing system that works constructively to encode, store, and retrieve information encoding, storage, retrieval

Meta-analysis

analyzing results of many studies that have measured the same variables complicated if you don not specify operational definition

Posterior pituitary gland

anti-diuretic hormone ADH water balance holds onto fluids - kidneys

Applications of observational learning

antisocial effects - columbine hyper-sexuality portrayed in media - desensitization to casual sexual behavior abuse - people are beat partners more likely to have had parents who were abusive television and violence - average child views 8,000 murders and 100,000 acts of violence before end of elementary

Anxiety disorders

anxiety and fear generalized anxiety disorders panic disorders panic attack anxiety-phobias anxiety related: OCD PTSD

Benzodiazepines

anxiety drugs that show the central nervous system leading to muscle relaxation and sedation

Memory Cues

any stimulus associated with a memory; usually enhance retrieval of a memory

Overgeneralization

applying grammar rules in areas they don't apply ("I writed a story"; goed; comed)

Memory Reconstruction

approach to understanding memory as a cognitive process and the errors that occur within it logical processing, reasoning, new info, perception, imagination, belief, cultural bias

Types of Conflict

approach-approach avoidance-avoidance approach-avoidance double approach-avodiance

Two-Word Stage

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements telegraphic speech

Babbling Stage

beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

Convergent Thinking

beginning with a problem and coming up with a single correct solution

Divergent Thinking

beginning with a problem and coming up with many different solutions

Inner Ear

begins where the stapes meets the oval window as part of the cochlea

Reaction Formation

behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite of one's true feelings you are angry with your boss and would like to quit but instead you're overly kind and generous and express a desire to keep working

Reinforcement

behavior

Mary Cover Jones

behaviorism/learning; pioneer in systematic desensitization, maintained that fear could be unlearned

Biology limits what can be learned

behaviorists must take species specific behaviors into account when attempting to condition their behavior

Aqueous Humor

behind pupil and iris chamber filled with a watery fluid

Neuroplasticity

being able to recover from only "half a brain" reorganization of neural pathways as a result of experience - reduces as you age

John Watson

believed human behavior is a collection of conditioned responses - little Albert experiment

Normal distribution

bell curve pattern of scores on one side is the mirror image of the pattern on the other side of the mean

Organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic

biological

Audition

biological process by which our ears process sound waves in psychology, in order to something to be sound, it has to be perceived

Statistical Learning

certain sounds (making words) are more likely to occur together and babies are sensitive to those probabilities extract structure and determine patterns

Sublimation

channeling of unacceptable impulses and thoughts and emotions into more acceptable ones a person may have sexual impulses they would like not to act upon, so they may instead focus on rigorous experience

Phenotype

characteristics as a person develops, taken together

Neurotransmitters

chemical messages neuron to neuron

Insecure Attachment

child will not engage with a stranger if parent is not in person anxious and ambivalent - cling to caregiver, high distress on departure, refuse to be comforted on return/resentful anxious and avoidant - little interaction with caregiver, tend to ignore departure and return, will not explore

Recipriocal determinism

children influence parent's behavior parents influence children's behavior - by interacting with the world around us we have a role in changing the environment we live in

Bandura's conclusion

children not exposed to adult model far less likely to act aggressively suggested that we are far more likely to imitate those who are similar to us, we admire or perceive as successful

Language Acquisition Device

chomsky's concept of an innate, prewired mechanism in the brain that allows children to acquire language naturally

Hindsight bias

claiming to have known the results all along

Principles of learning

classical conditioning operant conditioning observational learning

Cultural Differences

cultural context can influence what is perceived as stressful and coping strategies used individualistic culture collectivist culture

Cerebrospinal fluid

cushions and protects the brain

Ultra radian rhythm

cycle in which changes occur in shorter time than a day, but longer than an hour -blood circulation -hormonal changes

Glaucoma

damages the optic nerve and destroys vision

Outliers

data points that fall beyond 3 standard deviations from the mean

Histogram

data that is continuous rather than discrete no space between bars

Explicit Memory

declarative memory - semantic - episodic effortful processing occurs with conscious recall concerned with the storage of factual information facts, figures, and events etc

Punishment

decreases a behavior

Parasympathetic nervous system

default condition of ANS clam, relax, recuperate smooth muscles

Psychological disorders

defined by consistency and severity lies on a continuum when it interferes in life and love determined by the DMS-5

Opiates

drugs that reduce neurotransmission and temporarily lessen pain and anxiety - reducing GABA - brain releases more dopamine, euphoric feeling - endorphins - anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure physically): dopamine stops

Psychological dependence

drugs that reduce stress because important parts of users life "self medication" to relieve pain sociocultural psychological biological

Stimulants

drugs that speed up the body's function increased energy, mental alertness, and forced wakefulness caffeine nicotine cocaine amphetamine methamphetamine

Therapist's traits for client centered

empathy - ability to understand what the client ays, feels positive regard - ability to communicate caring, respect, regard genuineness - ability to be real and non-defensive in interaction

Gestalt Psychologists

emphasized the brain's tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

Acetylcholine (ACh)

enables muscle action, learning, and memory

Semantic Encoding

encoding of meaning/context - who was president during Civil War

Visual Encoding

encoding of picture images mnemonic devices - memory aids that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Acoustic Encoding

encoding of sound - enhances memorability -- Sara Bellum Balances on her Balance Beam

Deep Processing

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

Companionate Love

enduring, deep affectionate where lives are intertwined equity self-disclosure

Genome

entirety of that individual's hereditary information

When heritability is low

environment variability is high differences associated with environmental variation

When heritability is high

environment variability is low differences associated with genetic variation

Adrenal medulla gland

epinephrine : fight or flight

Sampling bias

error in sampling process that allows members of a population to be more or less likely than others to be included

Cognitive Biases

errors in memory or judgment that are caused by the inappropriate use of cognitive processes

Clinical psychologists

evaluate and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders

The Big Five

evaluating personality traits trait dimensions are important but eyesenicks theory doesn't tell the whole story this is what today's researchers uses most commonly referred to trait dimension analysis of personality

Empirical data

evidence that comes from observation, experience, and experimentation

Aid in survival; natural selection

evolutionary

Hypochondria

exaggerating the seriousness of minor physical complaints why don't trust doctors, no biological problem identified

Biopsychosocial Approach

examine biology, personality, social influence any combination

Inductive Reasoning

example of bottom-up processing an approach to logical thinking that beings with specific details or observations and forms broad perceptions or generalizations based on them

Deductive Reasoning

example of top-down processing an approach to logical thinking that begins with a general idea (hypothesis) , and then it develops specific evidence to support or refute it

Agonists

excite neuron firing (more likely to fire) compound that mimics the action of a neurotransmitters - cocaine and dopamine

Frontal lobe

executive functions decision making problem solving reasoning planning personality motivation will power prefrontal cortex: adolescence motor cortex: - voluntary movements, receiving information, working with other parts broca's area controls language broca's aphasia - difficulty articulating words

Longitudinal design

expensive can't control individuals at several points during life span depth over time

Double-blind study

experiment not the participants or the researcher know which group the participants belong to eliminates bias

Bipolar Cells

eye neurons that receive information from the retinal cells and distribute information to the ganglion cells

Resting Period Eyes

eyes can't take more stimulus persistent of vision - makes illusions possible, sneak by as your eye is not watching

Applied fields of psychology

face to face with clients, students, and patients psychiatrists clinical psychologists counseling psychologists human facts psychologists industrial-organizational psychologists school psychologists

Happiness

feel-good, do-good phenomenon the tendency of people to be helpful when they are in a good mood

Dendrites

fibers that receive information from the cell body

Psychophramacology

field of study that examines changes induced by drugs in mood, thinking and behavior

Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939)

first female president of APA animal behavior

Recognition

first part is already done, so you only have to decide if information is correct MC tests

G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924)

first president of APA first psychological lab

Educational psychologists

focus on how effective teaching and learning take place

Behavioral genetics

focuses on discovering how genes and experiences interact and lead to specific behaviors and mental abilities

Compliance

following a direct order

Random assingment

for groups equal chance of being placed in either group no systematic effect

Contigency theory

for learning to take place, a stimulus must provide the organism with a reliable signal that certain event willl take place

Divisions of the Brain

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Interviews

formal and informal dat a collection quick and cheap - subjective self report: overly positive view - demanded characteristics - social desirability

Driving - Hippocampus

formation of memories of road hazards for future trips song comes on that triggers a memory

Driving hippocampus

formation of memories of road hazards for future trips song comes on that triggers a memory

Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

founder of humanistic approach acknowledged environments limit individuals from reaching potential

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

founder of psychoanalysis, a controversial theory about the workings of the unconscious mind thermodynamics: libido- sexual pleasure/self preservation - source of psychological energy

Framing Effect

framing questions in a way that plants power of suggestions "so what kind of car am I going to sell you today?"

Love/Belonging

friendship, family, sexual intimacy

Limbic System

front and above hind brain NEW located at border of brainstem associated with: fear aggression food sex memory formation

Structure of the Cortex - Cerebrum

frontal lobe parietal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe separated by fissures

Impulse control

frontal lobe inhibitor to make proper judgements about what to do and not to do

Mirror neurons

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy

William James (1842-1910)

function of consciousness influenced by Charles Darwin stream of consciousness: functionalism - evolutionary adaptation to environment, made it possible to adapt and thrive

Pinna

funky-shaped outer ear design that allows it to catch sound waves and direct them into the ear canal

Calirvoyance

gaining info about objects or events with out the use of senses, EX: like knowing what a letter will say before reading it.

Surveys

gaining info about people's opinions, attitudes, perceptions influence decisions random selection: equal opportunity to be chosen to participate wording matters quick and cheap

Stereotypes

generalized beliefs about a group of people

Biological/Nerobiological/Physiological Approach

genetics, nervous system, hormones, brain structure biological approach to psychology how the brain operates brain function, genetic predisposition, biochemistry

Proximity

geographic nearness breeds liking familiarity breeds fondness - people are drawn to people who have similar features as their own - you are most familiar with your own face (proximity)

Adrenal cortex gland

glucocorticoids anti-inflammatory

Asch's Conformity

go along with one group even if you don't agree with what they are saying, 3 OR MORE PEOPLE, UNANIMOUS chameleon effect mood linkage

Clinical psychologists are

go to graduate school in clinical psychology and earn a doctorate (PhD, PsyD, EdD)

Counseling psychologists are

go to graduate school in psychology or education and earn a doctorate degree (PhD, PsyD, EdD)

Myopia or Nearsightedness

good near vision difficulty focusing on things in the distance snellen test

Anterior pituitary gland

growth hormone GH cell growth

Moral Development

growth in the ability to tell right from wrong, control impulses, and act ethically

Corti

hair cells receptor cells on top of basilar membrane

Representative sample

has characteristics that are similar to those in the populated generalize results

Mediators of Stress

having multiple ways of coping availability of social support individual beliefs and values cultural differences

Semantic

having to do with the meaning of words or language

Panic attack

heart rater, hyperventilating, sympathetic NS physiological general anxiety can trigger panic attacks through overstimulation short severe, worries mind block fear of triggers

Counseling psychologists

help people adapt to change or make changes in their lifestyle strategies for coping

Driving - Prefrontal Cortex

helps to plan routes

Driving parietal lobe (r)

helps us determine if your car may fit into parking space

Driving - Parietal Lobe (r)

helps us determined if our car may fit into parking space

Driving and prefrontal cortex

helps us to plan routes

Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

hierarchy of needs bottom to top physiological safety social esteem self actualism

Hypothalamus Function

holds pleasure and reward centers controls and regulates body temp. sexual arousal hunger thirst endocrine system HUNGRY HUNGRY HYPO

Hypothalamus

holds pleasure and reward centers controls and regulates: body temperature sexual arousal hunger thirst helps govern endocrine system a message is also sent to the hypothalamus which coordinates the nervous system and controls the autonomic nervous system HUNGRY HUNGRY HYPO

Dualism

holds the point of view that the mind and brain are distant entities mind (nonphysical) brain (physical)

Statistical significance

how likely the result is due to manipulating IV or due to chance

Developmental psychologists

how people change and develop over life span children and elderly

Methodology

how you will measure data follows directly from the hypothesis, essential to good research measuring variables called operational definitions

Abraham Maslow Motivation

human tendency towards growth and mastery

Failure to drive to one's potential

humanistic

Recording Sensory Memory

iconic memory echoic

Drive Reduction Theory

idea that physiological need creates an aroused tension state (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need homeostasis need desire i'm hungry so i eat

Signal Detection Theory Response

if stimulus is present and the detection is accurate, then hit if the stimulus is present and the detection is inaccurate, then miss if the stimulus is not present, but there is a detection, then false alarm if the stimulus is not present and there is not detection, then correct rejection

Methamphetamine

illegal substance "super" stimulation used mainly as recreational drug methylated twice (faster activity, more portent, more dangerous) dehydration, suppresses immune system, impairs memory, disrupts sleep

Cocaine

illegal substance that blocks the reuptake of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine stays in synapse, acting as an agonists, increasing affects on next neurons

Nicotine

imitates acetylcholine by attaching to a type of acetylcholine receptor called a nicotine receptor

Sensory Memory

immediate brief recording of sensory information in the memory system holds sight, sound, smell, taste, touch no meaning only fraction of a second, fleeting

Sociocultural Approach

impact of culture, religion, ethnicity, income level overall environment cultural values and beliefs

Storing Long Term Memory

implicit explicit

PTSD and Adrenaline

implicit memory perceptual memory procedural memory bodily sensation glue for memory, physical memory of it, body remembers that fear

Context Dependent Memory

improved recall of specific episodes or information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same

Morpheme

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

Phoneme

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Classical conditioning key variables

in order for classical conditioning to work, the following variables must exist - strength - timing - frequency

Reciprocal inhibition

in psychology process of extinguishing an undesired response in its place

Humanistic Personality Theories

in the 1960s people became sick of Freud's negativity and trait psychology objective along came psychologists who wanted to focus on "healthy" people and how to help them strive to "be all that they can be" Maslow Rogers

Insomnia

inability to fall asleep or stay asleep, temporarily or chronic - stress, stimulations or medication, mental/physical pain

Color Blindness

inability to perceive color differences caused by lack of short, medium, or long wavelengths in the fovea genetic condition caused by a recessive trait on a chromosomes diagnosed using Ishihara test - dots, color, number more common in men than women

Fixation

inability to see a problem from a new perspective - tendency to be stuck! certain way, hard to do new things

Conscious awareness

included all sensations, perceptions, memories, and feelings you are aware of - waking consciousness -- normal, alert awareness, working memory

Dreams

includes all images, events, sound, and other sensations experienced during sleep

Subconscious

includes all information you have been exposed to but cannot recall

Nonconscious

includes all various biological processes that are taking place internally and constantly without noticing

Preconscious

includes stored information about yourself or your environment that you are not currently aware or thinking of, but can easily call to mind

Misinformation Effect

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event Elizabeth Lotus how we ask a question changes responses

Variance

indicates how widely spread scores are from once another and the mean standard deviation

Central tendency

indicates point in a distribution of scores around which all scores cluster mean median mode range

Passive Aggression

indirectly expressing aggression towards others rather than openly discussing frustration

Subjective Social Norms

individual's perception of whether other's approve & motivation to conform to those expectations ex: college: parents & friends expectations for you to go to college

Type B Personality

individuals are laid-back, never rush and tend to take things easy

Sight of Oncoming Car - Perception of Stimulus

james-lange theory - pounding heart (arousal) - fear (emotion) cannon-bard theory - pounding heart (arousal) and fear (emotion) schachter-singer two-factor theory - pounding heart (arousal) and cognitive label ("i'm afraid) - fear (emotion)

Personality psychologists

investigating our persistent traits

Dorthea Dix (1802-1887)

investigation of living conditions of poor people with mental illness advocacy led to first mental asylums

Cognitive behavior therapy

involves the application of principles of learning therapist focuses on the client's problem, identifies specific thoughts and behaviors that need to be changed, and provides techniques based on learning principles to make desired changes

Biomedical therapy use

involves the use of various psychoactive drugs to treat mental disorders by changing biological factors, such as the levels of the neurotransmitters

Astigmatism

irregularly shaped cornea blurriness at any distance

Vivid Cases

judging the frequency fo events by instances that readily come to mind availability heuristic

Movement

kinesthetic sense

Midbrain

located between forebrain and hindbrain, simple movements and sensory information

Otolith Organs

located in the inner ear and are sensitive to movement and acceleration

Medulla oblongata

located just above spinal chord responsible for maintaining and regulating heart rate breathing digestion swallowing MEDUSA - SCARED

Pons

located just above the medulla mass of nerve fibers that serves as relay station connects the hindbrain with the midbrain and forebrain produces chemical for sleep connects midbrain, medulla, cerebellum coordinates messages mini message center between parts PONS PUTS YOU TO SLEEP

Medulla Oblongata

located just above the spinal chord involved in the control of : blood pressure heart rate breathing when you are scared - MEDUA

Thalamus

located on top of the brainstem receives messages from sense (except smell) and directs messages to brain regions dealing with seeing, hearing, etc smell then goes directly to olfactory bulb MY PAL THAL RUNS RELAYS

Delta waves

long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep

Infradian rhythms

longer than a day - menstrual cycle

Endocrine system

slower sends signals by passing hormones through the bloodstream secreted from different parts of body and select parts of the brain - raising or lowering glucose - hungry or full - regulating metabolism and sleep - sex drives - effects last longer

Caffine

most used drug in the word affects adenosine, central nervous system neuromodulator that has receptors to slow down and induce sleepiness

Rorschach Inkblot Test

most widely used projective test set of 10 inkblots seeks to identify inner feelings by analyzing interpretations of inkblots

Classical conditioning : strength

stimuli (UCS, NS) must be noticeable enough to provide a noticeable response

Conditioned/secondary reinforcers

stimulus that gains reinforcing power through association with primary reinforcer similar to bell!!! - light that goes on before food is dispensed, rat works to make the light go on

Unconditioned stimulus (US/UCS)

stimulus that triggers a response naturally / automatically food

Long Term Memory

storehouse of the memory system capacity is unlimited holds over a billion bits of information can hold information for greater amounts of time (hours, days, years) - recalling 7 dwards includes knowledge, skills, experience, etc cerebral cortex and hippocampus

Reinforcer

strengthen event that strengthens behavior

Phi Phenomenon

stroboscopic movement the movement of a series of pictures at a rate that suggests motions

Paranoid schizophrenia

strong feelings of persecution someone watching them, someone out to get them

Social Facilitation

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others ex: adolescents wind fishing reel faster in the presence of others ex: driving speed when light turns green ex: home team advantage ex: crowded audience during a performance

Edward Titchener (1867-1927)

structuralism first school

Hindbrain Parts

structures on top of the spinal chord controls basic biological structures cerebellum, pons, medulla old brain

Macula

structures to ensure focused vision

Ego

mostly lies in the conscious mind mediates between the demands of the id and reality satisfies the id's desires that will realistically bring pleasure operates from reality principle plays into real world experience consciousness

Maslow's Hierarchy of Motivation

motivation is determined by needs met on hierarchy physiological safety love/belonging esteem self-actualization all are NEEDS not DESIRES

Efferent neurons

motor brain to body

Broca's area

moves the muscles to create speech

Divided Attention

multitask focusing on two or more tasks or stimuli our brains can really only focus well on one thing at a time

evolutionary sentences

my ancestors

Behavioral sentences

my family taught me I learned

Humanistic sentences

my full potential is

Sociocultural sentences

my race of people

Problems in Vision

myopia or nearsightedness presbyopia or farsightedness astigmatism cataracts conjunctivitis (pink eye) glaucoma color blindness

Endorphins

natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure euphoria

Need

necessity, especially physiological

Ambiguous Figures

need an attentional shift to go back and forth two images

Motive

need or desire that energizes a behavior

Adolescence Identity

need to develop a sense of self and personal identity success leads to ability to stay true to oneself failure leads to role confusion and weak sense of self

Shadow

negative or dark aspects of our personality can be necessary in some situations good witch/bad witch sorta kinda maybe

Driving somatosensory cortex

negotiates the pressure of right food on the gas pedal or brake

Driving - Somatosensory Cortex

negotiates the pressure of right foot on the gas pedal or brake

Somatosensory Cortex

negotiates the pressure of right foot on the gas pedal or brake

Carl Jung

neo-freudian collective unconscious persona archetypes shadow ego

Feature Detectors

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

Jame- Lange Theory

our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

Absolute Threshold

our lowest levels of awareness of faint stimuli with no competing stimuli present stimulus has to be detected 50% of the time

Consciousness

our state of awareness of our existences, sensations, thoughts, and envoirnments

Adaptation-Level Phenomenon

our tendency to form judgements relative to a "neutral" level defined by prior experience re-calibration of happiness as you adapt to new levels different experiences = different levels of happiness

Cardiac rhythm distruption

out of sync sleep/wake system jet lag

Anatomy of the Ear

outer ear, middle ear, inner ear pinna, auditory canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, cochlea, auditory nerve, round window

Cornea

outer layer of eye, transparent convex structure that covers the frontal part of the eye bends light toward the center of the eyeball outer part

Cerebral cortex

outer layer of the brain sluci gyri wrinkles lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Sex glands

ovary : females - estrogen : female sex characteristics testes : male - testosterone : male sex characteristics

Overconfidence

overestimating the correctness of one's beliefs when problem solving

Referred pain

pain felt in a part of the body other than its actual source felt on the surface of the body away from the origin point

Visceral Pain

pain that originates from organs or smooth muscles

Taste Sense

papillae gustation

Parathyroid gland

parathyroid hormones raises blood calcium

Interposition or Occlusion

partial blocking of one object by another object leaving the viewer with the perspective that the blocking object is closer

Single blind study

participants don't know wether they belong to the control group or experimental group

Axons

pass messages to other neurons (the pathway)

Classical conditioning review

passive subjects learning associations between events that aren't controlled/responses automatic associations made between unconnected stimuli (bell/salivation) responses are involuntary/automatic

Trace Decay Theory

physical changes in nerve cells or brain activity that occurs when memories are stored

Conversion disorders

physical symptoms after a traumatic experience, but no biological problem can be identified neurological extreme pain

Displaying data

pie charts bar graph histogram frequency polygon

Theories of Sound and Hearing

place theory frequency theory

Light and Shadow

plays a role in depth perception because nearby objects reflex more light to our eyes than distance objects dimmer object, farther away shadows help our brain position an object in space create 3D effect

Lucifer Effect

point in which ordinary people cross the boundary between good and evil and engage in evil actions

Incentive Theory

positive/negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior intrinsic extrinsic - overjustification effect

PTSD

post-traumatic stress disorder anxiety disorders caused by a traumatic experience social withdrawal insomnia distortion of reality (flashbacks) triggers wear, abuse, mass shooting, constant and triggers, even and lifelong

Kohlberg's Stage of Moral Development

pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional

Materialism

propose that either matter or energy or matter and energy are all that can exist

Cataracts

proteins in the lens can break down and create increasing cloudiness in the eye

Psychology of Attraction

proximity physical attractiveness similarity

Gestalt Principles

proximity similarity enclosure symmetry closure continuity connection figure and ground

Types of therapists

psychiatrists clinical psychologists counseling psychologists

Types of insight therapy

psychoanalysis client centered cognitive humanistic

Dream interpretation

psychoanalytic technique based on the assumption that dreams contain underlying, hidden meanings and symbols that provide clues to unconscious thoughts and desires

Sigmund Freud

psychoanalytic theory of personality ice berg- mind consists of three parts ego superego id

Internal, unconscious drives

psychodynamic

Gonads

secrete hormones that regulate development of sex characteristics and sex type behaviors - androgen, estrogen, progesterone

Thyroid gland

secrets thyroxin: T3/T4 affects body metabolism - increases oxygen damage (poor sleep, fatigue, depression, cold, joint pain) speed up, slow down calcitonin - lowers blood calcium

Safety

security of body: employment, resources, morality, the family, health, property

Emotion-focused coping

seeking out the support of others trying to find a positive side to the stressor taking our minds off the problem

Paul Broca

studied patients who lost ability to speak broca's area

Carl Wernicke

studied patients who lost ability to understand language

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

studied the developing mental lives of children

Cognitive Approach

studies how we think and perceive influence our behavior - memory, problem solving, decision making, perception Jean Piaget thinking, reasoning, logic

Developmental Psychology

study changes in people over their lifespan cognitive physical social

Evolutionary psychology

study of evolution of the mind and behavior based on principles of natural selection

Psychophysics

study of the relationship between stimuli and our response to them

Neuroanatomy

study of the structures of the nervous system brain and nerves

Stratified sampling

subgroups in a population equal chance of becoming members of the sample

Multimodal Perception

supports the idea that our sense did not evolve separately, but rather in tandem to help create a complex web of perception of our world

Meninges

surrounds the brain dura mater (outmost layer) arachnoid mater (middle) pia mater (soft)

Withdrawal

symptoms associated with discontinuing s drug - reverse neuroadaptation cravings, tremors, anxiety, depression, seizures, death

Negative reinforcement

take away unpleasant removal of something unpleasant to increase behavior - seatbelt ding, parent nagging, taking aspirin to relive headache

Positive Transfer

takes place when mastery of one task aids learning or performing another math helps science

Computerized axial tomography (CAT)

taking 2D x-ray photographs from different angles use to create 3D representation of organ or body part

Papillae

taste receptors on the tongue thalamus and then to cortex

Descriptive statistics

technique for organizing and describing data sets

Context and Culture Effects

tendency or bias to perceive some aspects of stimuli and ignore others can be influenced by our expectations, emotions, motivations, culture, moods and circumstances can create top=down processing errors culture directs our attention shapes some stereotypes

Mental Set

tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often using a way that has been successful in the past - think about how perceptual set works

Fundamental Attribution Error

tendency to assume influence of personality (disposition) over situation (external) overestimate influence of disposition, underestimate influence of situation - more prominent in Western countries (more individualistic) - less prominent in Asian culture

Anchoring Effect

tendency to be influenced by a suggested reference point, pulling our response toward that point

Defensive

tendency to blame victims for their own misfortune ex: homeless are lazy and don't want to work

Homeostasis

tendency to maintain a balance or constant internal state

Grouping

tendency to organize stimuli into groups in order to process the complexity of the world proximity similarity continuity closure connectedness

Self Reference Effect Encoding

tendency to recall information better when we can relate to it ourselves

Eidetic Memory

the ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure

Depth Perception

the ability to see the world in 3 dimensions and know how far away an object is

Precongition

the ability to tell the future

Tunnel Vision

the absence of peripheral vision

Auditory Canal

the area that sound waves pass through to reach the eardrum ear canal

Memory Span

the average number of items an individual can remember across a series of memory span trials

Neurons

the basic units on which the entire brain and nervous system are built on

Growth Mindset

the idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow

Fixed Mindset

the idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change

Ganglion Cells

the specialized cells which lie behind the bipolar cells whose axons form the optic nerve which takes the information to the brain

One-Word Stage

the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Epigenetic

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

Parapsychology

the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis fraudulent field claims that people have perceptual powers or abilities outside the realm of existing scientific laws

Self-Serving Bias

the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors

Overconfidence phenomenon

the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs

Grouping: Closure

the tendency to look at the whole by filling in gaps in a perceptual field

Grouping: Continuity

the tendency to perceive that movement of an object continues once it appears to move in a particular direction

Grouping : Similarity

the tendency to place items that look similar into a group

Grouping: Proximity

the tendency to place objects that are physically close to each other in a group

Functional Fixedness

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their visual functions constrains our perception of objects and their function

Scapegoat Theory

theory where prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame temporary frustration intensifies prejudice individuals will restore self-esteem by lashing out ex: fear and anger projected towards Arab Americans following 9/11

Insight therapy

therapist and client talk about the client's symptoms and problems with the goal of reaching or identifying the cause of the problem

Self-Actualization Characteristics

they are self-aware and self-accepting open and spontaneous loving and caring not paralyzed by other's opinions they are secure in who they are

Metacognition

thinking about thinking

Cognitive psychologists

thinking and perception affect behavior, memory, problem solving

Perceptual Set

top-down processing skill refers to our disposition to perceive one aspect of a thing and not the other influences everything we perceive

Skin

touch pain hot cold somesthetic sense

Hans and Sybil Eysenck - Trait Perspective

traits/characteristics of personality can be reduced to two dimension of basic personality factors extraversion and introversion emotional stability - inability believed that these factors are genetically influenced

Auditory Nerve

transduction occurs when these hair cells convert vibrations into nerve impules and send them to the auditory nerve signals to thalamus, to temporal lobes, to auditory cortex

Problems during psychoanalysis

transference resistance short-term dynamic psychotherapy

Vision Transduction

transform electromagnetic light waves received by our sense of vision into electrochemical energy our brain can understand

Lens

transparent structure behind pupil that is curved/flexible changes its curvature to help focus images behind pupil

Hemispherectomy

treated behavioral disorders removes one of cerebral hemispheres of brain control seizures

Theories of Color Vision

trichromatic theory opponent process theory

Personality Assessment Strategies - Objective MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

true/false self report questionnaire that consists of 338 statements describing a wide range of normal and abnormal behaviors purpose to measure the personality style and emotional adjustment in individuals with mental illness

Prosopagnosia

the inability to recognize faces due to damage of several brain areas

Anterograde Amnesia

the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store

Corpus Callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

Edward Thorndike

the law of effect - placed cats in wooden puzzle box where they had to get out by pressing a lever behavior followed by reward is more likely to recur behavior followed by unfavorable consequences, less likely recur

Elaborative Rehersal

the linking of new information to material that is already known STM to LTM

Brain

the mass of nerve tissue that is the main control center of the nervous system mengines cerebrospinal fluid

Negative Transfer

the mastery of one task conflicts with learning or performing another grammar rule in second language

Gate-Control Theory of Pain

the more neurons that fire in response to a pain stimulus, the more intense pain different nerve fibers pass through the same neural "gate" in the spinal chord

Parallel Processing or Dual Processing

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

the proposal that language shapes the nature of thought

Variable-Interval schedule

the rate of responses is relatively slow, but steady reinforcing response at unpredictable times amount of time changing no set schedule no set amount of reinforcement reinforcement is not always the same might come, might not - sometimes your mom calls, sometimes she doesn't - pop quizzes

Spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of weakened CR after a pause - veterans PTSD from a loud noise - extinction suppresses CR, but does not always eliminate

Denial

the refusal to accept reality or fact, acting as if a painful event thought or feeling did not exist I'm not an addict, I have a job

Alpha waves

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

Syntax

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

Biological psychologists

the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes brain or nervous system

Linguistics

the scientific study of the structure, sounds, and meaning of language

Selective Inattention

the screening out of unwanted stimuli because it causes anxiety, feels threatening, or because it is thought to be of no importance

Proprioception

the sense of our body in space receptors have short term (transient) responses we sense movement or kinesthesis

Kinesthesis

the sense that provides information about the position and movement of individual body parts

Erikson and Psychosocial Development

trust vs mistrust autonomy vs shame and doubt initiative vs guilt industry vs inferiority identity vs role confusion intimacy vs isolation generativity vs stagnation integrity vs despair

Shallow Learning

trying to learn ideas on a superficial level only memorizing forget ideas quickly

Scatterplot

type of graph designed to display correlational data so the relationship is visible line of regression

Change Blindness

type of inattentional blindness the inability to see changes in our environment when our attention is directed else where

Abraham Maslows Self-Actualizing Person

ultimately seek self-actualization (the process of fulfilling our potential) Maslow developed his ideas by studying what he termed "healthy people" or "self-actualized" people

Office - classical conditioning

unconditioned response UR - bad taste in mouth unconditioned stimulus US - altoid neutral stimulus NS - computer ding conditioned response CR - bade taste in moth conditioned stimulus CS - sound of computer ding

Neutral stimulus (NS)

unconnected stimulus bell

Automatic Processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

Subliminal Perception

unconsciously sensing stimuli below the threshold subjective - subjects don't know that they know that a stimulus was presented objective - subject do not know that a stimulus was presented

Unconscious conflicts

underlying cause chief reason for the development of psychological problems (paranoia) and physical symptoms (loss of feeling in a hand)

Case studies

understand brain functions

Informed consent

understand the components and potential risks not obligated to complete

Abstract learning

understanding complex cognitive concepts same, different, love, hate, honestly, dishonestly rules about relationships

Prejudice

unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group

Discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior towards a group subtle versus overt caused by stereotypes and prejudices

Unconditioned response (UR)

unlearned, naturally occurring response dog salivating

Altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others - volunteering

Aversion therapy

uses classical conditioning to create anxiety - opposite of systematic desensitization therapist deliberately pairs unpleasant stimulus with a maladaptive behavior - alcohol and Antabuse to induce vomiting

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

uses magnetic fields / pulses of radio waves to generated detailed images of parts made up by soft tissues brain, internal organs diagnoses: strokes, tumors, aneurysms, spinal chord injuries

Peripheral Route Persuasion

using a different appeal to persuasion, visual appeal etc ex: celebrities selling advertising products

Bionocular Cues

using both of our eyes in concert to judge depth retinal disparity convergence

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

using magnetic resonance imaging to visual blood flow and oxygen metabolism to infer brain activity

Discrete data

values that represents categories that cannot be further divided nomial sales: labels/categories of data dinal scale: produces data that can be rank or ordered

LSD

vary person to person hallucinations (visual, auditory, tactile)

Balance

vestibular sense

Sound Waves

vibrations of molecules that travel through the air waves are characterized by their amplitude, wavelength, purity slower than light

Odds of Helping Someone Depends on the Following

victims appears to need help victim is similar to us we have observed someone else helping we are not in a hurry small town, rural area feel guilty good mood

Social Cognitive Perspective of Personality

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons, their thinking, and their social environment bandura and bobo doll bb

Mid brain

vision movement hearing muscle coordination above pons

McGurk Effect

vision and hearing illusion when the auditory component of one sound is paired with the visual component of another sound leading to a third sound

Afterimage

visual sensation that remind after the stimulus is removed

Positron emission tomography (PET)

visualize slices of brain examine deep brain structures tracers active part of blood stream can be traced via positrons that show up

Frontal Lobe

voluntary muscle movement emotional control complex problem solving speaking planning judgement personality motivation willpower - prefrontal cortex - adolescence motor cortex (back of frontal lobe) - controls voluntary movement and is a map of corresponding body parts -- motor neurons : correspond to different parts of your body broca's area: left frontal lobe - controls language expression, directs muscle movement, involved in speech -- when damages : individuals struggle to speak but can comprehend speech -- broca's aphasia (impairment of language)

Circadian rhythm

waking up and falling asleep

Desire

wanted, not needed

Sigmund Freud Motivation

we are motivated by unconscious urges basic sexual and aggressive instincts operate unconsciously which are revealed in dreams and slips of the tongue

Self Serving Bias

we attribute our positive outcomes to internal factors and our negative outcomes to external factors ex: poor performance on test was teacher's fault vs. awesome performance... I'm brilliant!

Selective or Focused Attention

we encode what we are attending to or what is important to us selective hearing cocktail party affect

Collective Unconscious

we have shared, inherited ideas, memories and experiences from our species that inform thought and behavior, universal concepts example: ideas around paradise

Focused/Selective Attention

we home in on one particular stimulus in our environment such as a cat meowing or the sound of our own breathe filtering in relevant information filtering out irrelevant information cocktail party effect: -- attention drawn away if we hear our name across the room stroop effect -- read colors in black ink = easy -- incongruent colors = harder to read

How do we learn?

we learn by association our minds naturally connect events that occur in a sequence stomach growls --- hunger headache -- dehydrated

Association

we learn by association our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence John Locke (blank slate) and Davide Hume learning that two events occur together - 2 stimuli - a response and its consequences

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

what was originally unconnected stimulus (bell) becomes a trigger to conditioned response

Psychodynamic sentences

when I was a child

Peripheral Nervous System

when a threat is perceived, a message is sent to the peripheral nervous system to get prepared for movement

Operant conditioning repeated

when and how often reinforcement occurs can have a dramatic impact on the strength and rate of response

Leveling

when details are left out and altered when recalling events (minimized/simplified) - story condensed, simplified, emerges new impression without old info

Gestalt

when given a sum of sensation, we organize them into a gestalt the human eye sees objects in their entirety before perceiving their individual parts the whole is greater then the sum of its parts

Mood Dependent Memory

when learning occurs during a particular emotional state, it is most easily recalled when one is again in that emotional state

Group Polarization

when like-minded groups discuss views, the onions are strengthened ex: politics

Bystander Effect

when more people share the responsibility to help, any single observer is less likely to help Kitty Genovese

Inattentional Blindness

when our focus is directed at one stimulus, leaving us blind to the other stimuli change blindness - type

Spacing

when you cram then take a test, information tends to be gone tendency where practice conducted over time leads to better long term retention than mass practice (cramming) - restudying material enhances lifelong retention

Fovea

where cones are located central point of retina and parts of the macula

Blind Spot

where ganglion cells meet at the back of the eye hole in retina there are no photoreceptors there

Deindividualization

where individual abandons self restraint to power the group - individual becomes less conscious, self restrained, sense of anonymity, would do things they normally wouldn't mobs, riots, rock concert, football game

Axon terminal

where neurotransmitters are held waiting to be be released

Middle Ear

where sound waves vibrate the bones (auditory oracles) of the ear malleus (hammer) incus (anvil) stapes (stirrup) theses bones concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window

Linguistic Determinsm

whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Short Term Memory

working memory selects information from sensory memory, connects it with items in long term storage - dialing 7 digit number before forgetting capacity is fleeting information is fleeting unless without rehearsal about 20-30 seconds can hold 7 bits of information, +/- 2 hippocampys

Brain scanning

x-rays EEG MRI fMRI CAT scan PET scan

Example of operant conditioning

you do your homework every night to get good grades and avoid punishment voluntary stimulus follows behavior avoid punishment (behavior) good grades (stimulus) chose to do HW

Null hypothesis

IV no impact on DV when you reject, you say IV effect DV

Brain Stem

most inner region of the brain breathing blood pressure hear beat swallowing

Mood Disorders

seasonal affective disorder major depression bipolar disorder

Driving amygdala

"road rage" when someone cuts you off

GABA

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Taste

gustation or gustatory sense

Driving broca's area

initiates conversations with passengers

Intimacy vs. Isolation

young adulthood 20 - 40 question: can I love? relationship: partners, friendships action: romantic relationships struggle to form close relationships and gain the capacity for intimate love, or feel socially isolated become capable of forming intimate relationships and willingly make sacrifices that such relationships require if inability for form intimate relationships = isolation

Holistic System

your senses almost always experience stimuli together sensory interacts reflect the way your brain assembles stimuli from different sensory systems to make sense of experience

Hindbrain

"old brain" structures on the top of our spinal cord life support system, controls basic biological structures cerebellum, pons, medulla, reticular formation brain stem anchored by the brain stem (most ancient and centra core of the brain)

Driving - Amygadla

"road rage" - when someone cuts you off

Driving - Amygdala

"road rage" - when someone cuts you off

Stress

"stress, in addition to being itself, was also the cause of itself, and the result of itself" - Hann Selye

Outgroup bias

"them" those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

Opponent-Process Theory

"three systems" or opponent channels - red or green, blue or yellow, black or white light waves with excite one color in a pair which will then inhibit the excitation of the opposing color

Ingroup bias

"us" people we share a common identity with tendency to favor our own group

Bait and Switch

"baiting" an individual by making an unrealistically attractive offer and then replacing it with a less attractive offer baited with a low offer, but product not available, but more expensive is

Central nervous system (CNS)

"brains of the operation" coordinates actions/interactions of other system brain and dominal part spinal chord - brain communicates with rest of body

Personality and Perspectives

"characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting" four main perspective on personality psychoanalytic - unconscious motivations humanistics - inner capacity for growth trait theory - what traits we possess socia cognitive - persons and situations

William Wundt (1832-1920)

"father of psychology" first person to study humans in a lab introspection: people would report their conscious experiences in relation to objects

Attitudes Affect Actions

2 conditions when attitudes guide action attitudes toward the behavior subjective social norms

Psychoactive drugs

- chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods - change consciousness by changing brain chemistry through specific affects on neurotransmitters - affect nerve synapses and neurotransmitters bind with receptors (agonists) on cell surfaces to support an action block receptor sites (antagonists) to suppress an action block reuptake of neurotransmitters

Ethics in psychology

- informed consent - the right to be protected from harm and discomfort - the right to confidentiality - the right to debriefing

Negative correlation

-1.0 to 0 variables have an inverse relationship

Illusory correlation

0 expected/suspected relationship that doesn't empirically exists

Positive correlation

0 to 1.0 independent and dependent variables move together n the same direction

Oral Psychosexual Stage

0-18 months focus - feeding = mouth, nursing, sucking, biting when child is weaned too early or too late - result in behavior: depending too much on others, rejecting others, sarcasm, over eating

Sleep pattern

1,2,3,2, REM repeat 90 minute segments 3-5 times

Anal Psychosexual Stage

1.5-2.5 years focus - potty training, coping with issues of control when too lenient or to harsh when potty training - results in behavior: stingy, controlling, sticking closely to the rules, rigid, irresponsible, rebellious - "anal retentive"

Romantic Love

2 types passionate love companionate love

Psychotherapy

3 basic characteristics 1. verbal interaction between therapist and client 2. development of a supportive relationship in which a client can bring up and discuss traumatic or bothersome experience that may have led to current problems 3. analysis of the client's experiences and/or suggested ways for the client to deal with or overcome their problems

Phallic Psychosexual Stage

3-6 year focus - genitals, coping with incestous feelings towards parents opedius (boys) /electra (females) complex - child experiences romantic interests in opposite sex parent and hostility and jealously towards same sex parent - boys fall in-love with their mothers, must lear to to identify with father - identification = children include parents views into supergo and learn to identify with same sex parent boys - oedipus complex, castration anxiety girls - electra complex, penis envy result in behavior: relationship problems

Secure Attachement

60% child will explore freely while caregiver is present and will engage with strangers - will be visibly upset when parent departs and happy and initiates contact upon return

Muller-Lyer Illusion

A famous visual illusion involving the misperception of the identical length of two lines, one with arrows pointed inward, one with arrows pointed outward.

Rational emotive therapy

Albert Ellis cognitive therapy feelings are produced by irrational beliefs Activating event (identifying event) Belief systems (identify negative self-talk) Consequence (self-defeating behavior)

Humanistic Approach

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow motivation, persons future, we have free will, we are responsible for our decisions, potential to do our best! personal growth

Big Five Personality Traits

Costa and McCrae spectrum -- high to low Openness to experiences - originality, creativity, curiosity, imagination, complexity Conscientiousness - careful, reliable, organization, self-discipline, perseverance Agreeableness - good-natured, courteous, forgiving, sympathetic Neurotiscm/Negative Emotionality - worrying, nervous, high-strung, insecurity, self-pitying OCEAN

Dissociative disorders

DID fuge disorders involving memory loss disconnection from personal identity

Example of classical conditioning

a child is attacked by a dog, the child now fears all dogs involuntary, stimulus precedes behavior dog attack (stimulus) fear (behavior) fear involuntary, generalized

Psychoanalysis

Freud focuses on the idea that each of us has an unconscious part that contains ideas, memories, desires, or thoughts that have been hidden or repressed because they're psychologically dangerous to threatening to our self-concept childhood conditions during psychosexual stages

Attribution Theory

Fritz Heider how we explain others behavior through either the situation or person's disposition - internal dispositions - external situations

Unconscious

Frued invisible force deep down within our minds unconscious conflicts between competing parts of our personalities id- life and death instincts supergo- societal/parental standards ego- self image

Ernst Weber (1795-1878)

German physician whose study of sensation using strict experimental techniques brought scientific credibility to psychology

Identity Achievement

HIGH commitment to new career and identity and HIGH exploration of possible new career options accepting of a new career and having positive action to explore the job market HIGH commitment HIGH exploration

Identity Foreclosure

HIGH commitment towards the prospect of a new career identity but LOW exploration activity have accepted the prospect of changing careers but unmotivated to start the process of job-seeking HIGH commitment LOW exploration

Place Theory

Herman von Helmholtzes higher and lower tones excite specific areas of the cochlea along the basilar membrane, each location responding differently to different pitch

Cognitive sentences

I think

Biological sentences

I was born with

Bandura's Experiment

In this experiment children watched a model attack a doll and then the children were put in a room with toys including the same doll and children it was found that the kids who watched the model were much more likely to imitate the actions.

Behavioral Approach

John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike an approach to psychology emphasizing the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants explained by conditioning and modeling

Internal vs. External Locus of Control

Julian Rotter how you see the world external locus of control - those that have the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine ones' fate - learned helplessness internal locus of control - those that have the perception that one controls one's own fate - higher academic achievement, better health, less depressed

Identity Moratorium

LOW commitment to the prospect of a new career identity but HIGH level of engagement in exploring new opportunities so are more knowledgeable about possible options LOW commitment HIGH exploration

Identity Diffusion

LOW commitment towards considering a new career and LOW motivation to explore new options overwhelmed or unaware of number of possibilities so inertia sets in LOW commitment LOW exploration

Critical Period

Lorenz optimal period shortly after birth where events take place to facilitate development

Sleepwalking (somnambulism)

NREM, stage 3, deep sleep

Stage 1 of sleep

NREM1 transition between awake and sleep lasts 1-5 minutes, occupies 2-5% of sleep eyes roll slightly theta brain waves brief periods of alpha waves falling alseep

Stage 2 of sleep

NREM2 considered the "baseline" of sleep parts of official cycle of sleep 40-60% of sleep time

Stages 3 and 4 of sleep

NREM3 "delta" sleep or deep sleep lasts 15-30 minutes brain activity slows down dramatically from "theta" rhythm, "delta" delta sleep is the "deepest" stage fo sleep that is not REM and most restorative - restores body delta sleep can occupy 40% of sleep time and this is what makes children unawake able or "dead asleep" during most of night decreases as night continues if you don't get enough sleep, you don't get deep sleep and you don't restore

Classical conditoning

Pavlov studied salvation in dogs developed a learning principle type of learning that occurs where an organism forms an association between two unconnected stimuli food (UCS) and bell (NS) organisms learns association between evens it doesn't control

Standford Prison Experiment

Philip Zimbardo theorized that situation/environment often determines how you behave more than who you are lucifer effect

Egocentrism

Piaget imaginary audience personal fable

Representative Heuristic

a cognitive bias in which an individual categorizes a situation based on previous experience or beliefs, which are similar to the present scenario. This can aid quick decision-making but can also lead to limiting information or stereotyping specific

Personality Assessment Strategies - Projective

Rorschach Inkblot Test TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)

Seasonal affective disorder

SAD people get depressed in the winter when there is less daylight

Psychological Approach

Sigmund Frued unconscious: memories, feelings, drives (beyond conscious awareness) latent (hidden meaning of dreams) 3 conflicting parts of personality -id: ants/desires, sex, aggression -supergo: conscience "right thing" -ego: get what they want (society) unconscious + conscious, unresolved conflict

Schema

a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information -persons: appearance, personality, preferences, behavior -social: be respectful, pay for food -self: smart, hate broccoli -event: handshake, portfolio

Premack principle

The concept, developed by David Premack, that a more-preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity no dessert until you finish dinner people are more likely to do an activity if they know a desirable activity will follow

Overjustification effect

The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task.

Cerebral Cortex

The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.

Cochlea

a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses inner surface (basilar membrane) resonates to different sounds in different locations

Insight learning

The process of learning how to solve a problem or do something new by applying what is already known

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

a belief that leads to its own fufillment

Why we sleep

To Conserve Energy To Restore/Regulate Brain Function To Strengthen Learning & Memory Skills

Retinal Disparity

a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.

Theories of Motivation

drive reduction theory optimum arousal maslows hierarchy of motivation incentive theory

Classical conditioning : timing

UCS and NS must be paired close together so than an association is made between the two

Classical conditioning : frequency

UCS and NS must be paired together

Types of Encoding

Visual Acoustic Sematic self refernece

Human factors psychologists

a branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

Microsleep

a brief shift in brain-wave patterns to those of sleep zoning out

Detection Thresholds Light

a candle flam at 30 miles on a dark night

Relative Height

a cause that makes object higher in your field of vision appear farther away

Refractory period

a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired homeostasis sodium ions leave potassium inside - inside of the neuron contains more potassium and chloride ions than the outside - outside of neuron contains more sodium ions than the inside

Psychopath

a person suffering from chronic mental disorder with abnormal or violent social behavior like when people are in pain

Sociopath

a person with a personality disorder manifesting itself in extreme antisocial attitudes and behavior and a lack of conscience no sense of reality moral compass off the mark sense of right and wrong different self-motivated

Subjective Well-Being

a person's sense of satisfaction with their lives your interpretation of your satisfaction of your own life

Scientific method

a process of systematic observation, measurement, and experiment for formulate/test hypothesis

Motivation

a psychological process that directs and maintains behavior towards a goal instinct motivate

Delayed reinforcers

a reinforcer that is delayed in time for a certain behavior a paycheck that comes at the end of a week

Immediate reinforcers

a reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior a rat gets a food pellet for a bar press dog training/ animal training

Pre-Operational Stage

about 2 to 6 years representing things with words and images, but lacking logical reasoning - language development lack of conservation - quantity remains the same despite changes in size egocentrism - world only exists of themselves - difficulty seeing others point of view magical thinking - pretend play, imaginary friends, animism (objects has feelings)

Concrete Operational Stage

about 7 to 11 years thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations - there is a real-world with real objects understand conservation mathematical transformations - 8+4=12

Conditioning process

acquisition extinction, spontaneous recovery generalization discrimination

Supergo

acts as your conscience/moral guardian recognizes societies rules part of personality that represents ideals, morals, standards for judgements operates from moral principle jimminey cricket

Positive punishment

addition of something unpleasant to decrease a behavior - spanking, parking ticket

Positive reinforcement

adds addition of something pleasant to increase behavior - food, stickers in grade school

Conformity

adjusting behavior to bring it in line with a group standard

Identity vs. Role Confusion

adolescence question: who am I, what can I be? relationship: peers, role models action: social relationships work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or become confused about who they are identity confusion task is to discover who we are as and separate from our family of origin and as members of a wider society find it easy to substitute ideals for experience

Types of neurotransmitters

adrenaline noradrenaline dopamine serotonin GBA acetylcholine glutamate endorphins

Serotonin

affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

Amplitude

affects the psychological quality of loudness (sound pressure or intensity) how much pressure if being forced through the air decibles 0-150 each 10 descible increase, 10x

Tolerance

after long term use, the brain produces less of that specific neurotransmitters

Pheromones

airborne chemical signals that animals can perceive attraction

Autonomic Nervous System and The Sympathetic Nervous System

as part of the autonomic nervous system, the sympathetic nervous system increase activation of bodily systems that prepare the body to react either defensively or offensively flight or fight

Frequency Theory

as pitch rises, the entire basilar membrane vibrates at that frequency pitch perception depends on both place and frequency coding

Pragmatics

aspects of language involving the practical ways of communicating with others, or the social "niceties" of language

School psychologists

assess and counsel students, consult with educators and parents, and perform behavioral intervention when necessary

Driving - Pons

assisted in coordination of driving motion and alertness

Driving pons

assisted in coordination of driving motion and alertness

Pons

assists in coordination of driving motion and alertness

Problem-focused solving

attempt to control a situation either by changing our behavior or changing the situation

External Situations

attributing behavior of person to situation ex: person is driving poorly because they just found out wife was cheating

Internal Dispositions

attributing behavior to person's personality ex: someone cuts you off, you say person is crazy

Source Amnesia

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

Parenting Styles

authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved

Standard deviation

average distance from the means for a set of scores

Mean

average number in data set scores divided by number of scores extreme values change it

Language Development Stages

babbling stage, one-word stage, two-word stage

Visible Spectrum

band of wavelengths we can see

Repression

banishing anxiety arousing thoughts, feeling, and memories from consciousness underlying defense mechanism for all others traumatic event from childhood is forgotten or repressed in the unconscious pushing of painful, embarrassing, or threatening memories out of awareness or consciousness

Convergence

based on how far inward the eyes need to move when focusing on an object the more convergence the eyes use, the closer the object is to the middle of face

Biomedical therapy

based on premise that symptoms of psychological disorders involve biological factors - chemical imbalances - psychopharmacology -- the study of how drugs affect mental processes and behavior antianxiety antipsychotics mood stabilizers antidepressants brain stimulation psychosurgery

DNA

basic building blocks of life specific characteristics of an individual/species pass from one generation to the next nucleus of cells contain chromosomes, made up of tightly wound coils of DNA

Evolutionary Approach

basis of Charles Darwin natural selection, survival of the fittest instead of physical traits, look for aspects of human thought adaptive reaction

Carl Jung Motivation

because of opposing forces in our psyche, we are fueled by the process of growth, development, and healing mental illness arise when these processes are thwarted part of motivation comes from the unconsciousness which is inherited from our ancestral experience

How We Organize Memory

memory is organized by sound, letter, and meaning

Sensorimotor Stage

birth to nearly 2 years experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing) learning to associate objects to their effects object permanence - the awareness that things exist when not perceived stranger anxiety

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

body is not motionless or paralyzed during REM sleep, and you can physically act out a dream

John Locke (1632-1704)

born with "blank state" behaviorism empiricism : examining data nature (genetics) vs. nuture (environment)

Third variable effect

both variables affect one another

Cerebellum

bottom rear of the brain means "little brain" enables nonverbal learning and memory alter our emotions discriminate sounds judging time coordinates fine muscle movements coordination balance SARA BELLUM BALANCES ON HER BALANCE BEAM

Sensation Review

bottom-up processing thresholds - absolute - difference - signal detection theory - weber's law priming sensory adaptation sensor habituation visual transduction - rods and cones - color theory auditory trasnduction

Theta waves

brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep

Physiological

breathing, food, water, sex (reproduction), homeostasis, excretion

Corpus callosum

bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two hemisphere

GBA

calming

Accommodation

can change adapting understandings to apply new information seeing a horse and now knowing it is not a cow

Chronic Stress

can lead to negative mood states such as depression and anxiety then can affect how a person appraises new events the person often appraises the new events as more negative and thus a vicious cycle beings 1. stress is a risk factor for the development of a disease (heart disease) 2. stress may aggravate an existing disease or interfere with recover (migraines, headaches, asthma, hypertension, wound repair) 3. stress may reduce compliance with treatment for disease (taking medications, following)

Panic disorders

cannot relax and have frequent panic attacks (severe) hypersensitivity to body

Experimental research method

cause and effect relationship manipulate one variable, observe the effect of the manipulation IV and DV variables

Hallucinations/Psychedelics

cause hallucinations and distort perceptions of reality LSD marijuana

Nerve Deafness

caused by damage to the hair cells or the auditory nerve cochlear implant

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

caused by damage to the inner ear (cochlea and hair cells) the auditory nerve, or auditory processing areas of the brain once dead, they can no longer function or be replaced

Neuron structure

cell body dendrites axon myelin sheath neurotransmitters axon terminal

Cell body

cell's life support center

Nervous System

central nervous system peripheral nervous system

Pavlov

classical conditioning before conditioning food, unconditioned stimulus = salvation, unconditioned response bell, neutral stimulus = no salvation, no conditioned response during conditioning bell + food = salvation, unconditioned response after conditioning bell, conditioned stimulus = salvation, conditioned response

Flashbulb Memories

clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event JKF assassination / 911 usually traumatic, adrenaline

Transference

client expresses strong emotions towards the therapist as a substitute for someone important in the client's life, such as mother or father

Resistance

client reluctant to wrk through or deal with feelings or to recognize unconscious conflicts and repressed thoughts

Belief Perseverance

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Irrational, dysfunctional thinking

cognitive

Justification of Effort

cognitive dissonance is at work whenever we need to justify our struggles

Leon Festinger

cognitive dissonance theory

Operant conditioning review

cognitive process operating from the environment depending on reinforcements and punishments organisms associates their own actions with consequences through reinforcement/punishment (swearing/getting time out) voluntary responses

Theory

coherent explanation or interpretation of facts and observations that have been identified in the past

Iris

colored part of the eye muscle that adjusts by opening and closing (dilating and constricting) in response to the brightness in the environment to let more or less light

Creative Thinking

combination of flexibility and reorganization of understand to produce innovative ideas and new or novel solutions

The information processing theory

combines Frued and activation synthesis theories dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of what we encounter during the day

Texture Gradient

combines several monocular cues closer the object is, the clearer the gradient or degree of detail further away, smoother and less detailed texture

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

combines the cognitive therapy technique of changing negative, unhealthy, or distorted thought patterns with behavior therapy conditioning - behavior modification by which a person comes to associate a desired behavior counterconditioning - undoing a learned behavior

Cross-sectional design

compare several groups based on variables - age, socioeconomic class, gender

Basic Fields of psychology

completing research, labs, increasing knowledge about human thinking and human and animal behavior biological psychologists cognitive psychologist developmental psychologists educational psychologists educational psychologists psychometric psychologists personality psychologists social physiologists

Instinct

complex inherited behavior characteristic of a species that is unlearned

Obedience

compliance with social pressure, usually to someone with authority

Foot in the Door Phenomenon

complying with a small request makes you more likely to comply with larger requests later ex: agree to give notes for day you missed, later asks to have notes for entire chapter

Noradrenaline

concentration

Sleep apnea

condition in which breathing stops and stars repeatedly during sleep obstructive sleep apnea - throat muscle relax/decrease opening of esophagus - wear a mask, helps force air into lungs fat presses on airway, cuts off oxygen

Fuge

condition of having amnesia; having no memory for large blocks of time (days-months) sometimes accompanied by the establishment of a new identity (fracturing) fugues are usually precipitated by a stressful episode, upon recovery there may be amnesia for the original stressor can be related to physical trauma, psychiatric conditions such as delirium, dipolar disorder, or depression

John Garcia

conditioned taste aversion

Problems in Hearing

conductive hearing loss nerve deafness sensorineural hearing loss

Reinforcement schedules

continuous reinforcement partial reinforcement - ratio - interval - fixed schedules - variable schedules

Continuous data

contrasts discrete can take on any value, data you can measure rather than count intervale scale: represents data that can be placed in rank order and have equal measurements between values - temperature ratio scale: represents data that have equal values between measurements - weight

Reticular Formation RAS

controls arousal and ability to focus our attention filters incoming sensory information relays information to parts of the brain multiple parts - kinda the control center - middle brain and out UPS STATION RAS RUNS EVERYWHERE

Reticular formation

controls arousal and ability to focus our attention filters incoming sensory information and relays information to parts of the brains UPS STATION

Autonomic nervous system

controls functions we don't think about automatic, involuntary breathing digestion - sympathetic - parasympathetic

Right hemisphere

controls the left side of the body; creative, intuitive, spacial

Left hemisphere

controls the right side of the body; analytical, language, math

Forebrain

controls thought and reaons

Somatoform disorders

conversion disorders hypochondria

Transduction

converting outside stimuli, such as light, sound, touch into neural activity sensory receptors are specialized forms of neurons that are stimulated, not by neurotransmitters, but by different kinds of energy (light, vibrations, pressure, temperature, chemical substances)

Driving - Cerebellum

coordinates left and right hand movements on steering wheel

Driving cerebellum

coordinates left and right hand movements on steering wheel

Structure of the Eye

cornea iris pupil lens aqueous humor vitreous humor retina - rods and cones fovea optic nerve

Myelin sheath

covers axon and speeds neural messages protects and ensures neural firing happening

Antisocial personality

criminal/inappropriate behavior with a complete lack of remove sociopaths - manipulation, deceit, exploration

Carol Gilligan

criticized Kohlberg for being too male-centered - favored principled way of reasoning that was more common to males, such as justice, while the moral concerns of women focus on caring and compassion

Stroop Effect

delay in reaction time when color of words on a test and their meaning differ

Robert Resclora

demonstrated that cognition is at work within classical conditioning

Major depression

depression that prevents a person from enjoying love and work lethargy worthlessness loss of interest "you don't seem like yourself"

Relative Size

depth cue that causes us to perceive something as farther away because it looks smaller than an object in the foreground that we assume is similar in size

Linear Perspective

depth cue that makes parallel lines appear to converge at a vanishing point on the horizon closer together the lines are, the greater distance

Monocular Cues

depth perception depth cues available to either eye alone linear perspective interposition relative size relative height relative clarity light and shadow texture and gradient motion parallax

Joseph Wolpe

described use of systematic desensitization to treat phobias

Mood-stabilizing drugs

designed to treat the combination of manic episodes and depression lithium

Attitudes Toward the Behavior

desirability of possible outcomes & likelihood of those outcomes ex: college: is going to college the right move for you?

Intrinsic Motivation

desire to perform a behavior for its own sake spending hours practicing basketball because you love it

Extrinsic Motivation

desire to perform behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment spending hours practicing basketball because your parents are pushing you overjustication effect: too much extrinsic motivation decreases intrinsic motivation (getting back to read books)

Vomeronasal Organ

detects pheromones

Physical Attractiveness

determines initial attraction (first impression) associate attractiveness with health, success, happiness etc - attraction based on cultural definitions

Cognitive therapy

developed by Aaron Beck assumes that we have autonomic negative thoughts that we typically say to ourselves without much notice repeating these autonomic negative thoughts causes distortion in how we perceive and interpret our world and influences how we behave and feel

Schemas in Cognitive Development

developing schemas require concepts and frameworks that organize and interpret information (change throughout development) seeing a cow, calling it a horse

Harry Harlow

development, contact comfort, attachment; experimented with baby rhesus monkeys and presented them with cloth or wire "mothers;" showed that the monkeys became attached to the cloth mothers because of contact comfort

Parallel Processing

different feature detectors can react to visual stimuli simultaneously the ability of the brain to do many things at once

Sympathetic - what it does

dilates pupils inhibits saliva production dilates bronchia raises heart rate inhibits the activity of the digestive organs inhibits the activity of the pancreas inhibits the gall bladder relaxes urinary bladder

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel

discovered neurons in the visual association cortex that focuses specifically on edges, lines, angles, curves, and movements known as good old feature detectors!!

Projection

disguising own threatening impulses and feelings by attributing them to others you have a tendency towards jealously so you judge others on their over jealousy

Narcolespy

disorder in which a person suddenly falls into REM sleep during wake hours - lack of activity or staying still - lack of orexin : neuromodulator -- influences wakefulness, arousal, appetite

Types of schizophrenia

disorganized catatonic paranoid undifferentiated

Disorganized schizophrenia

disorganized speech or behavior, flat or inappropriate emotions lack of social awareness word salad (no context)

Pie charts

displaying nomial or categorial data or any data that can consists of percentages or portions

Bar graph

displays of categorical or non numerical data space between bars

DID

dissociative identity disorder multiple personality disorders when a person forms two or more alternating personalities that act independently; one personality does not know about the actions of the other usually in response to repeated childhood trauma - SYBIL

Experimental psychologists

do research to add new knowledge to the field labs

Persuasion Techniques

door in the face central route persuasion peripheral route persuasion framing effect bait and switch mere exposure effect

The activation synthesis theory

dreams come from a purely physiological and biological point of view dreams are meaningless

Nightmares

dreams occurring during REM sleep that have disturbing content

Trust vs. Mistrust

infancy to one year question: can I trust the world? relationship: mother action: feeding or abandonment if needs are met, infants develop a sense of trust if successful, we learn to trust that life is okay, confidence in the future if not successful, we fail to experience trust and may end up with a deep-seated feeling of worthlessness and distrust of the world in general

Conjunctivitis (pink eye)

inflammation of the conjunctiva -- transparent layer that lines the inside of the eyelid and covers the sclera (white part)

Informational Social Influence

influence is because of one's willingness to accept others opinions about reality when we don't know how to behave we look to others they act as information sources for how we behave ex: when traveling you are influenced by people who have been to same place ex: projects in school ex: crisis situations

Normative Social Influence

influence is because of person's desire to gain approval or disapproval ex: tattoos, dress, cars, non-conforming

cohort affects

influences of being part of a group bonded on the basis of a time period

Semantic Memory

information of factual nature, concepts, meaning, general knowledge dates, numbers, etc knowing what a blender is used for remembering golf terminology

Conformation bias

information that supports our preconceptions and ignore distort contradictory evidence

Bottom-Up Processing

information-processing approach that starts by noticing individual elements and the zooms out to appreciate the whole picture begins with sensory inputs and works up to mentally organizing them into a while inductive reasoning

Antagonist

inhibits the neurotransmitters release compound that blocks or inhibits the action of a neurotransmitters - ACh

Broca's Area

initiates conversations with passengers, or self??

Driving frontal lobe and motor cortex

initiates driving action (gas pedal, break, gear shift)

Driving - Frontal Lobe and Motor Cortex

initiates driving action gas pedal, break, gear shift

Frontal Lobe and Motor Cortex

initiates driving actions (gas pedal, brake, gear shift)

Driving - Broca's Area

initiates in conversation with passengers or ones self

Primary reinforcers

innate reinforcers as stimulus/one that satisfies biological need - food in skinner box - money

Importance of Attachment - Insecurely

insecurely attached children are more likely to - be overly dependent on teachers, demanding attention unnecessarily and clinging instead with other children and exploring their environment - be aggressive (if boys) - be overly dependent (if girls)

Different approaches

insight therapy cognitive - behavior therapy biomedical therapy eclectic approach

Sleep disorders

insomnia narcolepsy sleep apnea sleep walking nightmares REM sleep behavior disorder

Boderline personality

instability to self-image, interpersonal relationships, dependency, possessiveness, expressing alternating extremes of feelings of love and hatred towards a person on the edge

Pancreas gland

insulin : lowers blood sugar glucagon : raises blood sugar

Integrity vs. Despair

late adulthood 60s up question: is it okay to have been me? relationship: mankind action: reflection of life when reflecting on one's life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction contemplate accomplishments and are able to develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a successful life if we see our life as unproductive or feel that we become dissatisfied with life and develop despair

Cognitive process new theory

later, behaviorists suggested that animals learn the predictability of a stimulus, meaning they learn expectancy or aware of a stimulus - using cognition, animals don't just react! they expect and/or become aware of stimulus - alcohol and antabuse (makes you sick)

Persona

latin word for mask the personality we develop to use in social settings based on social expectations "it is a compromise between the individual and society as to what a man should appear to be" also based on archetypes

Variable-Ratio schedule

leads to high, steady response rate reinforcers applied after an unpredictable number of responses action (reinforcer) changing strength of reinforcement ins't consistent - slot machines (gambling) - fishing - sales - work bonuses

Conditioned response (CR)

learned response (through conditioning) to previously neutral stimulus salivation resulting in ringing bell

Discrimination in Conditioning

learning ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli - dog's learned to response to the sound of a particular tone and not to others - fear of dogs: pitbull vs. golden retriever

Observational learning

learning by observing others

Latent learning

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

Latent learning (Tolman)

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

Vicarious learning

learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action

Higher order learning

learning through exploring the foundations, justification, implications, and value of a fact, principle, skill, or concept.

Negatively skewed distribution

left few low scores many high scores left foot, big toe

Insanity defense

legal defense proposing that people shouldn't be held legally responsible for their actions if they weren't of "sound mind" when committing them

Visual Accomodation

lens flips an image and focuses the inverted image

Steps in Vision

light enters eye through cornea passes through pupil size regulated by iris lens focuses incoming light into image retina is lightsesntive, inner surface is where light is projected (visual processing beings) fovea - point of central focus optic nerve sends messages to brain's visual cortex light waves cornea pupil lens vitreous humor retina (rods/cones) bipolar cells ganglion cells optic nerve thalamus visual cortex

Photoreceptor

light receptor cells that transduce light energy into electrochemical energy (nerve impulses)

Rodopsin

light sensitive pigment in the rods that help the rods deal with low light conditions chemical change in the retina allows us to adapt quickly to changes in light as the pupil constricts

Vitreous Humor

light waves pass through jelly like fluid

Internal validity

likelihood of differences in the dependent variable caused by the IV rather than some other factor extraneous factors: confounding variables

Frequency polygon

line graph that is used to display continuous data generally recorded on interval or ratio scales

Correlational studies

link relationship allows researchers to determine if there is a relationship between two variables

Importance of Attachment - Securely

longitudinal studies suggest that securely attached children are more likely to - be competent in social and cognitive skills - be sought out as friends and chosen as leaders - interact with teachers in friendly and appropriate ways, seeking help when needed

Retrograde Amnesia

loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past

Adolescence Frontal Lobe Proning

loss of unwanted/unused connections between neurons, which leads to strengthening of existing connections frontal lobe: last part to be "pruned" during adolescence - enables executive functioning and good decision-making - teenage years: impulsive, lack of understanding for long-term consequences

Locating Sound

loudness- the louder the sound the more likely it is to be closer, and timing as well

Low Ball technique

lowballing is presenting a option that a person agrees to thereafter changing it based on that you have committed yourself already ex: you ask a friend to lend you $ for lunch, after agreeing, you change to an expensive venue

Depressants/Sedatives

lower neural activity and slow body functioning alcohol sedatives benzodiazepines

Marijuana

lowers inhibitions and produce feeling of relaxation and mild euphoria - neurotransmitter anandamide to THC receptors

Conditions That Strengthen Conformity

made to feel incompetent group of at least 3 one admires group's status others in group observe one's behavior one's culture encourages respect for social standards

Motion Parallax

makes objects closer to use appear like they are moving faster than those farther away driving example

Driving - Hypothalamus

makes us aware when we are too hot or cold, hungry, thirsty, or in need of a restroom stop

Driving hypothalamus

makes us aware when we are too hot or cold, hungry, thirsty, or in need of a restroom stop

Neuroses

maladaptive thoughts and actions that arise from some unconscious thought or conflict and indicate feelings of anxiety

Undifferentiated schizophrenia

many and varied symptoms positive symptoms: hallucinations, disorganized or deluded speech, inappropriate laughter or tears negative symptoms: expressionless faces, rigid bodies

Signs of mental illness

marked by personality change inability to cope with problems and daily activities strange or grandiose ideas excessive anxieties prolonged depression and apathy marked by changes in eating or sleeping problems thinking or talking about suicide or harming oneself extreme mood swings; high or low abuse of alcohol or drugs excessive anger, hostility, or violent behavior

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

master clock resides in hypothalamus interprets info taken from the eye and signals the pineal gland to sleep secrete melatonin - sleep hormone secreted into bloodstream

Parietal Lobe

mathematical spatial reasoning recognizing faces sensory input temperature pain pressure sensory cortex: - front of parietal lobe -- sensory input for touch and body (phantom limb)

Electroencephalography (EEG)

measured electrical activity in the brain creates electroencephalogram attach electrodes to person's scalp, record waves of electrical activity that travels across brain's surface during states of consciousness

Psychiatrists

medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders

Oval Window

membrane at the entrance to the cochlea through which the ossicles transmit vibrations closest to the last ear bone

Procedural Memories

memories of how to do something

Constructive Memory

memory can be distorted by prior knowledge or own schemas about what we know sometimes we alter memories when we have difficulty with retrieval

Sleep deprivation

memory impairment moodiness sleep dept: anxiety, lack of motivation, reduced energy, chronic irritability

Cognitive Development in Adulthood

memory: slowing down of memory abilities, reasoning, processes, and focusing of attention - young adults excel at encoding and recalling detail - mature adults excel at making sense of information but forget details intelligence - crystallized: increases through adulthood and is represented by one's vocabulary and accumulated knowledge of facts and world affairs - fluid: declines slowly in midlife age is represented by problem-solving skills and mental flexibility

Cognition

mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, processing, and communicating

Mindset

mental approach to problems and issues often connected to the psychological contrust of intelligence

Schemas

mental filters or maps that organize our information about the world differs person to person

Concepts

mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people example: sports - basketball, baseball, volleyball, golf, hockey example: dogs - golden retriever, german shepard, corgi, poodle

Prototypes

mental image or best example of a category use when trying to place items example: - more likely to think of a robin as a bird than a goose

Leanred helplessness

mental state in which an organism continues to experience a painful or unpleasant stimulus

Anxiety attack

mental, overwhelmed longer

Perception

method by which our brain takes all the sensations people experience and allows them to be interpreted in some meaningful fashion top down processing

Defense Mechanisms

methods the ego used to protect itself from awkward or unpleasant situations by unconsciously distorting reality passive aggression repression reaction formation projection rationalization displacement denial sublimination

Generavity vs. Stagnation

middle adulthood 40 - 60 question: can I make my life count relationships: household, colleagues action: work, parenthood people discover a sense of contributing to the world through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose developmental tasks is contributing to society and helping to guide future generations person who is unwilling to help society move forward develops a feeling of stagnation - a dissatisfaction with the lack of productivity

Median

middle number half above, half below

Social Development in Adulthood

midlife transition - a shift in psychological perspective from viewing ourselves in terms of years we have left before death mid-life crisis - during mid life transition, people realize that life may be more than a halfway over and they reassess their achievements in terms of their dreams

Strabismus

misaligned eyes tighter muscles

Deception

misleading participants about the nature of the experiment and methodology debrief: explain deception at conclusion

Information-Processing Model

model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages

Archetypes

models of people, behaviors, or personalities they are innate, universal and are inherited through the collective unconscious hero, villain, damsel, mother, father, child, joker

Echoic memory

momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli if not paying attention, you can recall the last bits of what someone is saying

Iconic Memory

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli fleeting photographic memory

Harlow Study of Attachment

monkeys separate from mothers question: does attachment derive from nourishment or comfort? method: created two artificial mothers one made out of wire, one made out of cloth results: monkeys overwhelmingly preferred the cloth mother -- attachment is based on warm comforting contact (comfort contact) attachment in humans - infants also become attached to parents - parent-infant emotional communication occurs through touch - secure base allows for exploration

Self Actualization

morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts

Marcia's Identity Statuses

moratorium, achieved, foreclosed, diffused

Rods

more photoreceptor cells that detect black/white/gray works in very dim light for night vision essential for peripheral vision

Amygdala

more involved in volatile emotions like anger and fear inside and out man memory consolidation and emotion processes emotion fear and aggression tame when cut AMY IS ANGRY

Smell Sense

most evocative of the sense pheromones vomeronasal organ

Mode

most frequently occurring biomodial - 2 central tendency

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

nerves outside brain and spinal chord connect central nervous system to the rest of the body - sensory pathways (body to brain) - motor pathways (muscles/glands to behavior) somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system - sympathetic - parasympathetic

Somatic nervous system

nerves signals to brain to skeletal muscles voluntary movement walking jumping

Antipsychotics

neuroleptics diminish or eliminate positive symptoms of schizophrenia - work by decreasing activity and dopamine receptors in brain - atypical antipsychotics reduce negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Neuroadaption

neurons increase or decrease production of neurotransmitters in response to chemicals ingested

Biological explanation of observational learning

neurons that are in the frontal lobe that fire when observing another's actions - mirror neurons - monkeys observe another action then imitate, these neurons activate - humans 1. assist in language development 2. empathy, to infer another's emotional state 3. children imitating behavior

Techniques to reveal the unconscious

neuroses free association dream interpretation

Reuptake inhibitors

neurotransmitters are removed from the synapse by being transported back into the axon terminal

Pain

nociceptors types: - visceral pain - referred pain - somatic pain gate-control theory of pain

Implicit Memory

nondeclarative memory automatic processing occurs without conscious recall conditioning procedural memory - learning occurs early in life where memories become automatic -- example (riding bike)

The General Adaption Syndrome

normal level of arousal one enters a chronic, unabated stress - loss of job, divorce, death of a loved one, entering emergency level alarm phase: anxious, shocked - level of arousal lowered - very stressful resistance phase: unhealthy - increase arousal - get used to it exhaustion phase - decrease arousal - depression, hypertension, suicide (can't stand it any longer)

Reasons for Conforming

normative social influence informational social influence

Biological rhythms

not detected by our conscious awareness normal changes in our body

Frequency

number of wavelength cycles in a unit of time 20hz to 20,000 hz 20hz is 20 vibrations per second

Quantitate data

numbers discrete continuous

John Watson (1878-1958)

observed and empirically measured behaviorism: stimulus and response to learning classical conditioning

Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation

observed child's behavior when mom was present, when mom left, when "stranger" enters, and when mom returns (reunion was most important)

Observational learning (modeling)

observing behavior and then imitating behavior

OCD

obsessive compulsive disorder repeated, irrational thoughts and performing certain acts over and over to control anxiety category of it's own glee : emma severity neat freak vs. unable to perform tasks compulsives: # of times, amounts

Reflexes

occur when a signal is sent from a sensory organ to spinal chord, process info instead of passing it to the brain

Sensory Adaptation

occurs when neural or sensory receptors alter or reduce their sensitivity to a continuous or unchanging stimulus when you jump into cold water, you adjust to the temp

Lightness Constancy

occurs when our perception of whiteness, blackness, or grayness of objects remain constant no matter how much the illumination changes black reflects little light white reflects most light constant proportion of lightness reflected rather than a total ammount

Shape Constancy

occurs when our viewing angle changes or an object rotates and we still perceive the object as staying the same shape

Sensory Adapatation

occurs when sensory receptors respond less to unchanging stimuli -- can't smell odor of house, because your receptors are responding less

Tip Of The Tongue Phenomenon

occurs when the retrieval process does not produce a complete response but only produces parts retrieval failure

Relative Motion

occurs when we ourselves are moving objects objects hat are fixed among us in one place appear to move along with us

Habituation

occurs when we stop having an interest in a stimulus or a lack of attention for it ears ringing, used to it, stop paying attention

Emotional Symptoms

of stress include: crying, nervousness, irritability, anger, sadness, anxiety, fear, feelings of dissatisfaction, feeling overwhelmed, powerless, apathetic, empty

Cognitive Symptoms

of stress include: memory problems distractibility, obsessiveness, problems in concentration

Behavioral Symptoms

of stress include: problems in relationships, alcohol and substance abuse, compulsive eating, teeth grinding, uncommunicativeness

Smell

olfactory or olfactory sense

Exception to Social Facilitation

on tougher tasks individuals perform less well when being observed

Biological predispositions

once believed that conditioning occurred the same in all animals and that you could associate any neutral stimulus now believed animals have biological predispositions to assonating certain stimuli over food food and getting sick, conditioned to associate the taste of the food with getting sick, not music, perfume, or class organisms are "hard-wired" to response to some stimuli more than others - rats taste, birds visual conditioning needs to be "ecologically relevant" - help you survive

Detection Thresholds Smell

one drop of perfume in a 3 bedroom apartement

Detection Thresholds Taste

one teaspoon of sugar in 2 gallons of water

Hierarchy

one way we organize information in a category

Pupil

opening in iris creates pupil black part of the eye opening to eye

B.F. Skinner

operant chamber skinner box and shaping - measuring device that recorded responses of rats according to rewards - conditioning process where reinforcers guide behavior closer to desire behavior -- build on existing behavior -- used in animal tranininh

Optimum Arousal

organisms are driven to seek optimum levels of arousal driven to experience stimulation desire: alcohol, drugs lacking stimulation we feel bored and seek out arousal WAYNE CLARK

Chunking

organizing units into familiar manageable units type of mnemonic device acronyms PEMDAS

Balance and Movement Sense

otolith organs kinesthesis proprioception

Ego - Carl Jung

our "true self" out conscious self who we are when we are at our most comfortable there may be differences between our persona and our true self

Perceptual Constancy

our ability to need to perceive objects as unchanging even as changes may occur in distance, point of view, and illumination

Humanistic therapy

people are innately good and motivated to achieve their potential insight therapy - attempt to reduce inner conflicts that are impeding natural development by increasing awareness of underlying motives -- focus on present and future and conscious versus unconscious existential analysis - philosophical questions - what is the meaning of life? what am I doing with my life? Gestalt therapy - emphasizes need for clients to fully acknowledge and experience feelings to become self aware -- empty chair technique (Fritz Peris)

Similarity

people tend to stay with people who have shared interests

Conflict

perceived incompatibility of actions goals or ideas

Personal Fable

perceiving self as special and unique and that no one can relate to their personal experiences and problems - leads to thinking that individual is better or worse than others - invulnerability, uniqueness

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

performed pioneering conditioning experiments on dogs. experiments led to the development of the classical conditioning model of learning.

Sensitive period

period of increased sensitivity to environmental influences

Generalized anxiety disorder

person is constantly tense (low level), apprehensive in general overwhelming = anxiety attack underlying affects day to day life worry about health and safety of others

Social Cognitive Psychologists Emphasize...

personal control - do we see ourselves as having control or as being controlled by our environment

Genotype

persons specific genetic blueprint determined by pattern of chromosomes inherited from each parent

Acquisition

phase in which associating neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus leads to a conditioned response - association is required - ringing bell when feeding dogs elicits salvation

Carol Gilligan Stages

preconventional - selfishness - goal is individual survival - transition is from selfishness to responsibility to others conventional - empathy/compassion - self-sacrifice is goodness - transition is from goodness to truth that she is a person too post-conventional - betterment of humanity - principle of nonviolence; do not hurt others or self

Initiative vs. Guilt

preschool 3-5 years question: is it okay for me to do, act? relationship: family action: exploring, using tools, art learn to initiative tasks and carry out plans or feel guilty about efforts to be independent take initiative by creating play situations make plans and carry them out

Door in the Face

presenting a big request first, before a smaller request

Central Route Persuasion

presenting facts, thoughtful consideration of the arguments

Operant conditioning reinforcers

primary reinforcers conditioned/secondary reinforcers

Self ActualizedPeople

problem centered rather than self-centered focus on their energies on a particular task few deep relationships, rather than many superficial ones

Insight

problem solving sudden realization of a solution to a problem

Trial and Error

problem-solving method in which one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found

Imprinting

process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period in early life Konrad Lorenz and Geese

Association areas

process higher order functions thinking, remembering, planning, forming, judgements, speaking

Social learning

process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others

Encoding

process of getting information into the memory system or brain

Retrieval

process of getting the information that has been stored

Ablation

process of removing or destroying brain tissues leaving lesions (damaged tissues)

Driving - Wernicke's Area

process speech sounds from passengers, other drives, the radio

Systemic desensitization

process that first trains individuals with phobias in relaxation techniques and then exposes them to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli while they are relaxed

Driving - Temporal Lobe and Auditory Cortex

process the sounds of other vehicles horns, passing vehicles

Vicarious reinforcement

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior

Driving wernicke's are

processes speech sounds from passengers, other drivers, radio

Wernicke's area

processes spoken/written language

Temporal Lobe and Auditory Cortex

processes the sound of other vehicles (horns, passing vehicles etc)

Driving temporal lobe and auditory cortex

processes the sounds of other vehicles (horns, passing vehicles)

Occipital Lobe and Visual Cortex

processes the visual road signals (stop lights etc)

Temporal lobe

processing auditory info auditory memory visual pattern recognition wernicke's area language comprehension damaged: can produce sounds and rhythms not make no sense

Effortful Processing

processing memory that requires conscious effort how do you remember a phone number? - through rehearsal = conscious repetition - the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning

Driving - Occipital Love and Visual Cortex

processing the visual road signals stop lights

Driving occipital lobe and visual cortex

processing the visual road signals stop lights

Driving - Parietal Lobe

processing touch pressure temperature pain somatosensory cortex: where signals are received

Occipital lobe

processing visual symbols recognizing lines, angles, shapes, shadows, movement visual cortex damage - agnosia: familiar objects become unrecognizable

Personality Development (Freud)

psychological symptoms are rooted in unresolved conflicts from early childhood psychosexual stages - children pass through stages where conflicts can occur - Ids energy focuses on pleasure sensitive areas of the body, erogenous zones oral anal phallic latent genital

Anti-anxiety drugs

psychotropics reduce anxiety and produce relaxation by lowering sympathetic activity in brain valium and xanax

Genital Psychosexual Stage

puberty on to adulthood - maturing sexual interests trying to find healthy adult love - trying to balance unconscious and conscious desire - all previous conflicts come back to haunt you

Operant conditioning: types of punishment

punishment positive punishment negative punishment

Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)

puzzle boxes: law of effect - satisfied effect = repeated - undesirable effect = not repeated can we condition kids into fear?

Correlational coefficient

r -1.0 and +1.0 0 - +1 : positive -1 - 0 : negative

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

radical behaviorism: behavior should be studied objectively using scientific method, only what can be seen is observable operant conditioning chamber - rewarded, repeated, robots - no free will

Phineas Gage

railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury that dramatically changed his personality and behavior; case played a role in the development of the understanding of the localization of brain function

Genetic mutation

random errors in gene replications lead to changes in a species

Experimental design

randomly assign participants to groups manipulate IV observe effect on DV

REM

rapid eye movement very active stage of sleep composes 20-25% of a normal night's sleep also restorative sleep - restores brain in different way dreams occur paradoxical sleep - muscles are paralyzed - brain activity resembles same waves as when you are awake increases as sleep continues

Relearning

reacquiring knowledge that we'd previously learned but largely forgotten over time

Placebo effect

real response based solely on expectations not an actual properties of the action or substance

Temporal Lobe

receives auditory information balance and equilibrium smell emotion and motivation auditory memory visual pattern recognition wernicke's area: left temporal lobe - controls language reception - interprets auditory clues - language comprehension -- damage: can speak but words are meaningless, difficult in understand spoken language, but able to produce sounds, phrases, and word sequences in good rhythm, but no sense

Displacement

redirecting thoughts, feelings, and impulses at a person that is not the source of the feelings having problems in relationships but rather than yell at the person you take it out on your parents

Sedatives/Tranquilizers/Hypnotics

reduce anxiety or induce sleep - barbiturates: depress activity of central nervous system, reduce anxiety, but important memory and judgement receptor sites more efficient

Social cognitive theory

referring to the use of cognitive processes in relation to understanding the social world attention - noticing something is happening in environment retention - recall what was noticed reproduction - producing action, mimics what noticed motivation - consequence from environment, changes likelihood of behavior recurring

Driving - Reticular Formation

regulates alertness or drowsiness as we drive

Driving reticular formation

regulates alertness or drowsiness as we drive

Reticular Formation

regulates alertness or drowsiness as we drive

Driving - Medulla

regulates breathing and heart rate while driving

Medulla

regulates breathing and heart rate while driving

Operant conditioning: types of reinforcements

reinforcer positive reinforcement negative reinforcement

Continuous reinforcement

reinforcing response every time it occurs - learning occurs quickly - so does extinction - difficult to administer not sustainable long term

Association Areas

related to higher mental functions - remembering, thinking, learning, speaking - more subtle - interpreting and integrating sensory input and linking up with memories

Regression

relating to a more childlike stage you don't get your way so you engage in childlike behavior

Variables

relationships IV (if) - experiment manipulates DV (then) - what researchers measures

Learning

relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience behaviorists

Driving - Thalamus

relays visual and auditory cues to areas of the cerebrum (cortex)

Driving thalamus

relays visual and auditory cues to areas of the cerebrum (cortex)

Pituitary gland malfunctions

release excess growth hormone - gigantism (excessive growth + height) - acromegaly (visible swelling of soft tissues = large hands, feet flip ears) no secretion of growth hormones - pituitary dwarfism (grows slowly, shorter)

Pineal gland

releases melatonin - hormone that helps regulate sleep and body rhythms circadian rhythm

Negative punishment

removal of something pleasant to decrease a behavior - taking away cell phone, taking away license

Psychosurgery

removing or lesioning brain tissue irreversible

Mere Exposure Effect

repeated exposure to novel stimuli the liking of it ex: SONIC COMMERCIALS

Exposure therapy

repeatedly exposing patient to thing they fear/avoid patients habituate (no longer stimulate and anxiety lessens)

Replication

repeating original study as close as possible clear operational definitions

Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga

researchers who worked with split brain patients to examine hemisphere specialization

External validity

researches can apply the results of an experiment to other similar populations

Partial reinforcement

responses are sometimes reinforced - learning slower - lasts longer and more hesitant to extinction ratio (relies on response) interval (relies on time) fixed (stays the same) variable (vary, change)

Fixed-Interval schedule

responses tend to increase gradually as the reinforcement time draws close reinforcing response after a time has been set amount of time always stays the same - every Friday is date night - Black Friday

Rods and Cones

responsible for transforming electromagnetic energy into electrochemical

Fixed-Ratio schedule

results in high, steady responding until the reinforcement is delivered behavior reinforced after a set (fixed) number of responses action (reinforcer) stays the same - loyalty card - production works (paid every 15 items produced)

Storage

retaining the encoded information short term and long term

Interference Theory

retroactive / recent - new memories impair retrieval of older memories proactive / previous - prior learning inhibits with recall of later learning

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

review any study and determine if ethical

Positively skewed distribution

right few high scores many low scores right foot, big toe

Exctinction

salvation (CR) would diminish - rang cell, no food, CR diminishes CR diminishes as a result of lost associationS between UCS and NS (food/bell)

Random sample

same chance of getting into the sample as anyone else in the population removes bias

Freud's theory of dream interpretation

saw dreams as a method of reaching into the unconscious mind wish fulfillment ego protects from open conflict manifest content: - what we recall from our dreams latent content: - what dream content actually represents

Cognitive Development

schemas assimilation accommodation how the mind develops: knowledge, thinking, memory Piaget wanted to study the growth of knowledge and thinkning divided cognitive development into 4 stages

Psychology

scientific study of human thought and human and animal behavior wants to understand biological and environmental influences on personality and behavior

Genes

segments of DNA that carry instructions to make proteins - active genes = expressed genes - inactive genes = don't make proteins to influence characteristic and behavior dominant: features appear if gene present recessive: feature appear if paired with other recessive ene

Rationalization

self justifying explanation in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reason for one's own actions you didn't study for a test, when you find out you failed, you make excuses rather than admitting that you didn't study

Carl Rogers

self theory people are inherently good and want to reach their potential - actualizing tendency need - genuineness, acceptance, empathy incongruence to congruence - tend to reach for it ideal self, true self, self image

Stereotype Threat

self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on negative stereotypes - usually arises out of a situation higher degrees of stereotype threat on tasks they want to do well on and when they identify strongly with the stereotyped group - there's an expectation of discrimination

Esteem

self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others

Gustation

sense of taste - 5 sensations sweet salty sour bitter umami (meat, broth)

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

sensorimotor pre-operational concrete operational formal operational

Adaptation of Sense

sensory adaptation sensory habituation

Afferent neurons

sensory neurons body to brain

Nociceptors

sensory receptors that enable the perception of pain in response to potentially harmful stimuli

Superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation tips thank you cards returning favors gifts

Driving - Corpus Callosum

shares sensory and motor driving information from both hemisphere

Driving corpus callosum

shares sensory and motor driving information from both hemispheres

Mood Linkage

sharing up and down moods

Somatic Pain

sharp, bright, fast skin, joints, muscles, tendons

X-rays

shows bones solid structures

frequency distribution

shows us how often something occurs makes it easier to graph, summarize, analyze

Touch and Body Sense

signals received by the receptors are sent to the thalamus then to the corresponding part of the somatosensory cortex at the front of the parietal lobe the more receptors there are in a given body area, the more the brain area there is devoted to it

Generalization

similar conditioned stimulus initiates similar response - dog would response to a different bell to one that had it conditioned opposite of discrimination

Simple Cells and Complex Cells

simple - responds to certain lines complex - responds to motion help sort rushes of impulses from optic nerve to thalamus to visual cortex

Adrenal glands

sit on top of kidneys release adrenaline - regulate arousal and corticosteroids

Social Traps/Dilemmas

situations where conflicting parties where are pursuing own self-interesting and become caught in mutually destructive behavior - the prisoner's dilemma

Alcohol

slows neural processing and thinking and impairs physical activity reducing activity in prefrontal cortex reduces awareness and impairs memory by suppressing events into longer term memory intensifies GABA - sluggish movements, and slurred speech can release dopamine in reward system

Difference Threshold or Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

smallest amount two stimuli had to differ for us to be able to tell them apart two different stimuli must differ by a constant percentage to produce constant JND, there is a constant proportion of the original stimulus intensity Gustave Fechner named this Weber's Law

Social Exchange Theory

social behavior is an exchange process - maximize benefits and minimize costs

Norms for Helping

social exchange theory reciprocity norm superordinate goals

Dysfunctional society

sociocultural

Personality disorders

sociopath psychopath boderline antisocial

Place Theory (Low Pitch)

soft cilia lower frequency sound waves travel down the length of the cochlea and stimulate the softer cilia in the wider rear, apex, or cochlea

Range

span of scores subtract lowest from highest

Hypothesis

specific and testable description of the expected outcome of a study if then statements supports existing theories or reveals errors in theories

American Psychological Association (APA)

specific criteria

Episodic Memory

specific incidences we have experienced, autobiographical events remembering your birthday party when you were 8 remembering where you bit your ball or that you played golf yesterday specific memory from your point of view

Anxiety-phobias

specific irrational fear phobias are specific impacts daily life

Level 1: Pre-Conventional Morality

stage 1: obedience and punishment: behavior driven by avoiding punishment stage 2: individual interested: behavior driven by self-interested and rewards operant condition

Level 2: Conventional Morality

stage 3: interpersonal: behavior driven by social approval stage 4: authority: behavior driven by obeying authority and conforming to social order peer pressure

Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality

stage 5: social contrast: behavior driven by balance of social order and individual rights stage 6: universal ethics: behavior driven by internal moral principles laws and police

Assimilation

stays same interpret new experiences in terms of our own understanding

Place Theory (High Pitch)

stiff cilia higher pitched sounds displace the fluid in the inner ear, making the cilia stiff

Serial Position Effect

tendency to remember the last and first items on lists forget things in the middle regency effect - tendency to have better recall for last items, items still present in working memory primary effect - tendency to have better recall for the first items. more processing devoted to first items

Confirmation Bias

tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypothesis

Social Loafing

tendency where people in a group put forth less effort towards a common goal than when individually accountable

Pituitary Gland

the "master gland" influences the release of hormones in glands throughout the body hormones, growth, fertility hormones = glands middle limbic system endocrine

Pituitary gland

the "master gland: influence the release of hormones in glands throughout the body PETER THE GREAT GLAND

Perceptual Adaptation

the ability of the body and brain to adapt to an environment and filter out distraction sensory and habituation

Dark Adaptation

the ability of the eye to adapt quickly to darkening conditions - daylight to movie theater - pupil opening quickly to allow for more light ways to energy to eye

Psychokinesis

the ability to move objects with one's mind

Hue

the color we experience, comes in basic colors of red, green, or blue

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition

Self-efficacy

the degree to which a person believes in his or her own ability to complete tasks and reach goals and influence situations key to successful navigation of goals/tasks/challenges

Wave length

the distance from one wave peak to the next

Reciprocity Norm

the expectation that people will help those who have helped us - compels us to give as much as we receive

Heritability

the extent to which differences in the appearance of a trait across several people can be accounted for by differences in their genes

Peripheral Vision

the eye's ability to see things on the side of our field vision when looking straight ahead

Saccade

the eyes reflexive, rapid movement from side to side fills missing info in created by blindspot happens when reading

Figure and Ground

the figure is what is focused on and the background is the blurry background which is likely ignored ambiguous figures

Stanley Milgram Obedience

the following of commands or orders issued by others, usually people in positions of authority

Endocrine System

the hypothalamus also communicates with the endocrine system hormones released during the stress response have negative effects when released continuously

Optic Nerve

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

Critical Thinking

the objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment

Authoritarian

the parent demands obedience and controls the child'd behavior through punishment limited communications between parent and child restrictive -- offers limited love and warmth

Authoritative

the parent established clear limits and provides explanation for consequences open communication between parent and child, but parent makes ultimate decisions collaborative -- offers love and warmth

Uninolved/Neglectful

the parent is uninvolved in child's life low in levels of responsiveness and lack of support see their lives as more important than the needs of their child

Permissive

the parent provides few expectations and rules allowing children to make their own decisions high levels of communication, as well as love and warmth

Percentile rank

the percentage of scores in a distribution that a particular score falls above

External locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate

External Locus of Control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate a belief that luck, chance, and powerful people determine events

Internal Locus of Control

the perception that one controls one's own fate beliefs that a person has control over rewards and punishment in life

Color Constancy

the perception that the color of an object reminds the same even if lighting conditions are changed

Internal locus of control

the perception that you control your own fate blame themselves for circumstances beyond their control

State-Dependent Memory

the phenomenon through which memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed

Weber's Law

the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)

Sensation

the process by which our brain and nervous system receive input from the environment through our five sense touch taste sigh sound smell bottom-up processing

Social learning theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

Imaginary Audience

the thinking that the individual is constantly being watched and judged by others - spending a long time getting ready

Just World Phenomenon

the thinking that the world works in a way that if bad things happen, they get what they deserved, if good things occur, they are rewarded ex: karma

Self-Actualization

the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self esteem is achieve motivation to fulfill one's potential

Pitch

the wavelength of sounds affects pitch

Framing

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

Detection Thresholds Touch

the wing of a bee falling on your cheek

TAT

thematic apperception test seeks to identify inner feelings and interested by evaluating made up stories of ambiguous scene childhood therapy (drawing)

George L. Engel

theorized the biopsychosocial perspective

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

theory of evolution organisms change over time as they adapt to their environment and those adaptations that allowed them to survive were passed to offspring

Individualistic Culture

this culture values a sense of competition, personal freedom, individual achievement, working alone, confrontation priority is given to personal needs and individual success this is typical of North American and Western European countries

Collectivist Culture

this culture values working in a group, group goals, and group achievement, kinship, relationships, etc priority is given to group needs and group success this is typical of Asian, African and Central and and South American countries

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

this is when a person must chose a goal that has both attractive and unattractive features justin timberlake concert; expensive

Approach-Approach Conflict

this is when a person must chose between one f two attractive goals seeing an old friend; going to your favorite restaurant with family

Double Aprroach-Avoidance

this is when a person must chose between two alternatives, both of which have positives and negative features choosing a college

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

this is when a person must chose between two unattractive options, or the "lesser of two evils" cleaning your room; studying for psych

Sample

those who participate in the tudy

Schizophrenia

thought disorganization, hallucinations, delusions (false beliefs), inappropriate emotions (laughing at the death of a loved one) periods of psychosis may alternate with periods of clam and coherence - loosing touch with reality

Feature Detectors

thousands of specialized neurons react to the strength of visual stimuli

Trichometric Theory

three cone types in the retina, each producing only red, green, or blue work together to let us perceive a range of colors specific colors are from comparing responses from the three types of cones color depends upon the mix of cones firing

Hormones

through a combination of nerve and hormonal signals, the endocrine system prompts your adrenal glands, located atop of your kidneys, to release a surge of hormones including adrenaline and cortisol

Brain stimulation

through electrical currents electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) - used to treat serious causes of depression, suicidal patients repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) - alternative to ECT that treats depression with minimal side effects

Detection Thresholds Light Sound

tick of a watch at 20 feet

Schachter-Singer Theory (Schachter-Two Factor)

to experience emotion one much be physically arouse and cognitively label the arousal

Autonomy vs. Shame

toddlers 1 - 3 years question: is it okay to be myself? relationships: parents action: toilet training, clothing self learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their own ability build self-esteem and autonomy as they require greater motor skills learn to assert will ... "NO" if we are shamed in this process, we might have areas of low esteem

Limbic System Parts

top of brain stem thalamus hippocampus amygdala hypothalamus

Perception Review

top-down processing illusion monocular cues binocular cues - depth perception - gestalt principles perceptual set parapsychology