Final Review
mass of electrons
0 amu
mass of neutrons
1 amu
mass of protons
1 amu
example of kinetic energy
A ball rolling down a hill
Ion
A charged atom
Organelle
A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Sutures
Areas where the cranial bones have joined together
Isotope
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
Enzymes
Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things
______ may explore how the lower limb differs between humans and chimps.
Comparative Anatomy
Sarcomere
Contractile unit of muscle
thin skin
Covers most of the body Has four layers of keratinocytes
thick skin
Covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet Has five layers of keratinocytes
serous membrane
Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body
Catabolism
Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.
Anabolism
Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.
function of hair
Protection, light touches
function of myelin
Protects and electrically insulates axon. Increases speed of nerve impulse transmission.
Directional Terms
Terms used to explain where one body structure is in relation to another
synovial membrane
The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.
cutaneous membrane
The skin; composed of epidermal and dermal layers
Isomers
Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula
example of potential energy
a ball at the top of a hill
Muscle components
actin and myosin = myofilament myofilament bundle = myofibril myofibril bundle = fascicle fascicle bundle = muscle
muscle naming
action, shape, location, direction of fibers, number of heads or divisions, attachment sites
function of epiphyseal plate
allows for growth in long bones in childhood; responsible for height
The radius is part of which skeletal division?
appendicular
The ribs are part of the _____ skeleton.
axial
function of lumbar spine
bear the weight of the body
location of epiphyseal plate
between epiphysis and diaphysis
Where is epithelial tissue found?
body coverings, body linings, glandular tissue
flat bones
bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull
irregular bones
bones of the vertebrae and face
Sural refers to the ______.
calf area of leg
short bones
carpals and tarsals
function of appendicular skeleton
carry out movements
glial cells
cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
characteristics of epithelial tissue
cellularity polarity attachment to membrane avascularity regeneration
Which are examples of negative feedback regulation?
changes in blood pressure when exercising changing breathing rate in response to an increase of CO2
Synthesis
combining parts into a whole
The posterior aspect of the axial region of the body contains the ______.
cranial cavity and vertebral canal
The fingers are __________ to the wrist.
distal
The correct anatomic directional term for "at the back side of the human body" is ______.
dorsal
active membrane transport
energy (ATP) required; occurs only in living cell membranes; substance moves up or against its concentration or pressure gradient; utilizes pumps and vesicular transport
kinetic energy
energy of motion
characteristics of muscles
excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity
example of active membrane transport
exocytosis endocytosis
joint classification by structure
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
Diarthrosis
freely movable joint
cerebral lobes
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
Physiology is the study of ______ of body parts.
function
epiphyseal plate
growth plate
allosteric enzymes
have both an active site for substrate binding and an allosteric site for binding of an allosteric effector (activator, inhibitor)
Negative feedback mechanisms work by maintaining the variable within a normal level or what is called a
homeostasis point
Synarthrosis
immovable joint
mucus membrane
lining inside certain passages of the body such as nose, lungs, rectum, genital area
long bones
longer than they are wide
antagonistic muscles
muscle pairs arranged to work against each other to move a joint
Synergist
muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation
passive membrane transport
no cellular energy (ATP) required; substance moves down its concentration or pressure gradient
In a negative feedback process, the resulting action will always be in the ______ direction of the stimulus.
opposite
example of passive membrane transport
osmosis diffusion
bone cells
osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
Mitosis
part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
Uterine contractions of childbirth are an example of which type of feedback loop?
positive
The scapula is _____ to the clavicle
posterior
Stages of mitosis in order
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
primary vesicles
prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
function of axial skeleton
protection and support
function of epithelial tissue
protection, secretion, absorption, excretion
active enzyme
protein + coenzyme
______ is the anatomic directional term, which means "closest to the point of attachment to the trunk."
proximal
Choose all that are examples of negative feedback regulation?
regulating heart rate regulating blood pressure withdrawal reflex from stepping on glass
Exergonic
releases energy
The correct anatomic directional term meaning "toward the nose" is
rostral
sesamoid bones
round bones found near joints (e.g., the patella)
Amphiarthrosis
slightly movable joint
Plantar refers to the ______.
sole of foot
Forms of matter
solid, liquid, gas
function of organelles
specialized structures that perform important cellular functions in eukaryotic cells
types of epithelial tissue
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
potential energy
stored energy
Melanocytes are found in the
stratum basale
layers of epidermis
stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum stratum corneum
Where does keratinization occur?
stratum granulosum
Which layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin?
stratum lucidum
Aponeurosis
strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone
Anatomy is the study of_______ body parts.
structure
nucelotides consist of
sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base
The armpit or axilla is __________ to the hip.
superior
Function of bones
support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation
Mass activation occurs in
sympathethic division
joint classification by function
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
secondary vesicles
telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon
cerebral lateralization
the specialization of the hemispheres of the brain for different modes of processing
Types of hair
vellus, intermediate, terminal