Final Review

mass of electrons

0 amu

mass of neutrons

1 amu

mass of protons

1 amu

example of kinetic energy

A ball rolling down a hill

Ion

A charged atom

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Sutures

Areas where the cranial bones have joined together

Isotope

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

Enzymes

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things

______ may explore how the lower limb differs between humans and chimps.

Comparative Anatomy

Sarcomere

Contractile unit of muscle

thin skin

Covers most of the body Has four layers of keratinocytes

thick skin

Covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet Has five layers of keratinocytes

serous membrane

Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body

Catabolism

Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.

Anabolism

Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.

function of hair

Protection, light touches

function of myelin

Protects and electrically insulates axon. Increases speed of nerve impulse transmission.

Directional Terms

Terms used to explain where one body structure is in relation to another

synovial membrane

The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.

cutaneous membrane

The skin; composed of epidermal and dermal layers

Isomers

Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula

example of potential energy

a ball at the top of a hill

Muscle components

actin and myosin = myofilament myofilament bundle = myofibril myofibril bundle = fascicle fascicle bundle = muscle

muscle naming

action, shape, location, direction of fibers, number of heads or divisions, attachment sites

function of epiphyseal plate

allows for growth in long bones in childhood; responsible for height

The radius is part of which skeletal division?

appendicular

The ribs are part of the _____ skeleton.

axial

function of lumbar spine

bear the weight of the body

location of epiphyseal plate

between epiphysis and diaphysis

Where is epithelial tissue found?

body coverings, body linings, glandular tissue

flat bones

bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull

irregular bones

bones of the vertebrae and face

Sural refers to the ______.

calf area of leg

short bones

carpals and tarsals

function of appendicular skeleton

carry out movements

glial cells

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons

characteristics of epithelial tissue

cellularity polarity attachment to membrane avascularity regeneration

Which are examples of negative feedback regulation?

changes in blood pressure when exercising changing breathing rate in response to an increase of CO2

Synthesis

combining parts into a whole

The posterior aspect of the axial region of the body contains the ______.

cranial cavity and vertebral canal

The fingers are __________ to the wrist.

distal

The correct anatomic directional term for "at the back side of the human body" is ______.

dorsal

active membrane transport

energy (ATP) required; occurs only in living cell membranes; substance moves up or against its concentration or pressure gradient; utilizes pumps and vesicular transport

kinetic energy

energy of motion

characteristics of muscles

excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

example of active membrane transport

exocytosis endocytosis

joint classification by structure

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Diarthrosis

freely movable joint

cerebral lobes

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

Physiology is the study of ______ of body parts.

function

epiphyseal plate

growth plate

allosteric enzymes

have both an active site for substrate binding and an allosteric site for binding of an allosteric effector (activator, inhibitor)

Negative feedback mechanisms work by maintaining the variable within a normal level or what is called a

homeostasis point

Synarthrosis

immovable joint

mucus membrane

lining inside certain passages of the body such as nose, lungs, rectum, genital area

long bones

longer than they are wide

antagonistic muscles

muscle pairs arranged to work against each other to move a joint

Synergist

muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation

passive membrane transport

no cellular energy (ATP) required; substance moves down its concentration or pressure gradient

In a negative feedback process, the resulting action will always be in the ______ direction of the stimulus.

opposite

example of passive membrane transport

osmosis diffusion

bone cells

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

Mitosis

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

Uterine contractions of childbirth are an example of which type of feedback loop?

positive

The scapula is _____ to the clavicle

posterior

Stages of mitosis in order

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

primary vesicles

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

function of axial skeleton

protection and support

function of epithelial tissue

protection, secretion, absorption, excretion

active enzyme

protein + coenzyme

______ is the anatomic directional term, which means "closest to the point of attachment to the trunk."

proximal

Choose all that are examples of negative feedback regulation?

regulating heart rate regulating blood pressure withdrawal reflex from stepping on glass

Exergonic

releases energy

The correct anatomic directional term meaning "toward the nose" is

rostral

sesamoid bones

round bones found near joints (e.g., the patella)

Amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joint

Plantar refers to the ______.

sole of foot

Forms of matter

solid, liquid, gas

function of organelles

specialized structures that perform important cellular functions in eukaryotic cells

types of epithelial tissue

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

potential energy

stored energy

Melanocytes are found in the

stratum basale

layers of epidermis

stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum stratum corneum

Where does keratinization occur?

stratum granulosum

Which layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin?

stratum lucidum

Aponeurosis

strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone

Anatomy is the study of_______ body parts.

structure

nucelotides consist of

sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

The armpit or axilla is __________ to the hip.

superior

Function of bones

support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation

Mass activation occurs in

sympathethic division

joint classification by function

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

secondary vesicles

telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

cerebral lateralization

the specialization of the hemispheres of the brain for different modes of processing

Types of hair

vellus, intermediate, terminal