Final Study Guide

Romanesque architecture

an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches

Charlemagne

king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor

Leonardo da Vinci

known as the "Renaissance Man" he painted The Last Supper and The Mona Lisa

Fief

land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service

Japanese geography

mountains, terrace farming, and islands

Indulgences

pardon sold by catholic church to reduce one's punishment

Joan of Arc

peasant girl who led french army to victory over the english in the 100 year's war

Feudalism

political system based on bonds of loyalty between lords and vassals

Excommunication

the action of officially excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church.

Tang Dynasty

the imperial dynasty of China from 618 to 907, restored centralized rule after war. They expand borders; invented porcelain; part of Golden Age of China

Renaissance

the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world

Henry VIII

the second Tudor monarch and was well-known for having six wives

Niccolo Machiavelli

a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527)

William Shakespeare

an English poet, playwright and actor, widely regarded as both the greatest writer in the English language, and is often called England's national poet

Michelangelo Buonarotti

an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet of the High Renaissance

Vernacular

Everyday language of ordinary people

Scientific Method

A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem

Hundred Years' War

' a series of battles fought between France and England from 1337 to 1453. This was launched by Edward III and brought a change in the style of warfare in Europe.

Annul

(v.) to reduce to nothing; to make ineffective or inoperative; to declare legally invalid or void

Reconquista of Spain

1492-Christian efforts made following the Crusades to take over Muslim lands and drive them out of Spain.

Gold and Salt

2 main products of Saharan trade

Middle Ages time period

476 AD - 1492

Gentry class

A class of powerful, well-to-do people who enjoy a high social status

Black Death

A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351

Manor

A large estate, often including farms and a village, ruled by a lord.

Serfs

A person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times

Magna Carta

A written legal agreement signed in 1215 that limited the English monarch's power

Shinto

Ancient religion of Japan

95 Thesis

Arguments against Catholic Church abuses posted on the Church door by Martin Luther.

Predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

Motives for the Crusades

Christians tried to take over Jeruselem

Issac Newton

Defined the laws of motion and gravity by explaining the motion of the universe.

Desiderius Erasmus

Dutch priest who thought some church rituals were meaningless and wanted to teach about Jesus

The Olmec

Earliest group to emerge in the Americas

Where the Renaissance began

Florence, Italy

Johannes Gutenburg

German printer; in 1448 he invented a printing press that used movable type.

Africa's Three Great trading Empires

Ghana, Mali, and Songhai

Genghis Khan

He united the Mongols and built the largest empire the world has ever known

The Bering Strait

How the Native Americans got to America

Raphael Sanzio

Italian Renaissance artist who painted the Madonna and Child and the School of Athens.

Sapa and Coya

King and Queen of the Inca

China Influence on Korea

Korea adopts new philosophies from China: first, Buddhism and later, Confucianism

Mansa Musa

Mali's most famous ruler

Bloody Mary

Mary I, opposed the Anglican church and burned over 300 Anglicans at the stake

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe

Chinampa

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.

Heresies

Religious opinions contrary to the teachings of the Apostles and the Church

The Aztecs

Sacrificed people

Gothic architecture

Style of architecture of the cathedrals during the Middle Ages characterized by pointed arches, high ceilings, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows

Marco Polo

Venetian traveler who explored Asia in the 13th century and served Kublai Khan (1254-1324)

Asia

Where the Muslims were living during the Middle Ages

The Aztecs

Who the Spanish took over

The Prince

Written by Machiavelli, described that power is more important, "better to be feared than loved"

Humanism

a Renaissance cultural movement that turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought

Inquisition

a former tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church (1232-1820) created to discover and suppress heresy

Ming Dynasty

came after the Mongol empire

Importance of the Church

church became established into an elaborate hierarchy with the pope as the head

Issac Newton

described the laws of motion and gravity

Francis Bacon

developed the scientific method

Martin Luther beliefs

thought that Christianity should be more focused on faith in God rather than on the rules