Finial exam for Lindsay history

According to the best estimates, about how many people died in the Second world war

50 million

As practiced in the 1930s, appeasement was

A British policy that aimed to give Hitler whatever he wanted in order to avoid war

Which new model for European expansion did Britain establish in Egypt?

A combination of military force, political domination, and an ideology of beneficial reform

Which was the result of the consumer revolution of the eighteenth century?

A new type of society in which people derived their self-identity as much from their consuming practices as from their work lives

Which best describes the policy of détente that Social Democrats in Europe pursued?

A progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions

Which statement characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?

About 90 percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America.

Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s?

After doubling its national debt in the Seven Years' War, Great Britain sought to tax the American colonies to fund the further defense of the colonies.

When did Jews in Palestine proclaim the state of Israel?

After the British withdrew from Palestine in 1948

After years of scientific investigation and reflection, Charles Darwin concluded that

All life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin

Which statement accurately describes the "Europe first" policy adopted by the Allied powers during World War II?

Allied forces in Europe Would be supplied with American military arms before such arms were made available to forces fighting in Asia.

Which statement describes an attitude toward behavior and morality on which the middle class generally agreed?

Always adhere to a strict moral code

The counterculture movement based its tactics, including sit-ins and boycotts, on the

American civil rights movement.

How did the European response to terrorism differ from the American response?

Americans emphasized the need for warfare, while Europeans emphasized that terrorism was best resolved through police and intelligence measures.

Which of these best describes the composition of Napoleons Grand Empire?

An enlarged France and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia

In the seventeenth century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions?

Armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martyrs.

How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century?

Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests.

Why did Japan open its shores to Western trade?

As a response to U.S. military pressure

How was the Tet Offensive, launched by the Vietcong in January 1968, perceived in the United States?

As a sign that the war was not close to ending

How did the Soviet Union and eastern European Communist regimes tre persons returning home from the West after the war?

As additional burdens on already struggling societies

How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?

As modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling.

Why did socialist parties become more moderate by the late 1800s?

As socialist parties attracted larger numbers of members, they looked more toward gradual change and less toward revolution

How did the Enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture?

As the educated public adopted the Enlightenment's critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar.

How did industry grow in continental Europe?

Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production.

Which definition describes "nativism" in the nineteenth century?

Beliefs and policies that gave preferential treatment to established inhabitants over immigrants

Which characteristics did Communist and Fascist dictatorships share?

Both initiated social engineering projects to replace individualism with a collective will

Which statement characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?

Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially.

Who were the Luddites?

British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work

Which idea did the functionalist architecture of Le Corbusier promote?

Buildings should imitate classical forms that emphasized harmony ar balance

Which nations joined the war on the side of the Central Powers?

Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire

Which factor was important in both the rapid growth of the American stock market in the 1920s and its collapse in October 1929?

Buying on margin

How was the flow of goods directed around the globe in the nineteenth century?

By new communication systems, such as the telegraph, that could direct ships from port to port

How did the role of Christian churches change in postwar Europe?

Church membership and attendance declined significantly

Which of these was the greatest achievement of eighteenth-century medical science?

Conquest of smallpox

How did cotton transform the textile industry?

Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production.

How did the culture of sports change in the late nineteenth century?

Cruel sports such as cockfighting declined, while commercialized spectator sports became popular

Which statement describes the breakthrough implication of Louis Pasteur's work?

Diseases were caused by specific living organisms that could be controlled.

Why did the persecution of witches slowly come to an end by the late eighteenth century?

Elites increasingly dismissed fears of witchcraft and refused to prosecute suspected witches.

The largest share of European foreign investment went to

European states and North America

hich statement describes a central component of the improvements in sanitation in le nineteenth century?

Excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low cost.

Which pattern did migration out of Europe often follow in the nineteenth century?

Families and friends Would coordinate their migrations lad so that they would settle together in a new land.

How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?

Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.

In 1850, in which occupational area did the largest number of British people work?

Farming and agriculture

In 1954, Vietnam obtained independence from

France

Which six western European countries formed the European Economic Community, or Common Market, in 1957?

France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, and West Germany

Which issue contributed to tensions between Germany and Great Britain in the first decade of the 1900s?

Germany's decision to build a large fleet of battleships

Who were the Red Shirts in the nineteenth century?

Giuseppe Garibaldi's guerrilla army involved in the invasion of Sicily in 1860

The nineteenth-century Danish theologian Soren Kierkegaard taught that

God's existence could not be proven, but believers must take a leap of faith and accept the unknowable.

In their war of independence against the Ottoman Empire, the Greeks ultimately won the support of

Great Britain, France, Russia

The heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments led to which outcome?

Growth in armed forces

Which statement describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century?

Guilds dropped all restrictions that forbade women from serving as masters or laborers.

How did Mussolini acquire support from big business in Italy?

He allowed big business to regulate itself and never purged its members.

In the late 1920s, how did Adolf Hitler shape the Nazi Party's message to appeal to middle-class voters?

He deemphasized the anticapitalist elements of National Socialism and vowed to fight communism.

How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?

He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty two districts.

Which social group was part of the new elite class in the Stalinist state?

Highly regarded artists

How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?

Increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine.

Which factor led directly to the Soviet Union's decline in 1991?

Internal dissent mixed with nationalism

How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?

It became harder to form new firms, and instead industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.

How did America's Constitutional Convention of 1787 deal with the discord between pro- and antislavery delegates?

It compromised by stipulating that an enslaved person would count as three- fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and proportional representation in the House of Representatives

How did the Soviet Union initially organize the eastern European nations as it overthrew pro-Nazi regimes?

It created coalition governments of leftist political parties but reserved key government posts for Russian Communists.

Which statement best describes the result of the Mexican-American War?

It exacerbated tensions between the northern and southern halves of the United States as debate erupted over the extension of slavery into territory acquired from Mexico

How did the Union of South Africa function differently from any other territory in

It functioned as a largely "self-governing" colony.

Which statement describes an accomplishment of the Marshall Plan?

It prevented economic confapse in western Europe.

Which effect did the Dreyfus affair have on late-nineteenth-century France?

It revived republican distrust of the Catholic Church.

Which statement describes the result of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885?

It set up the terms for the division of most of Africa among European colonial powers.

How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?

It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system.

Why was the Declaration of Independence so important to the American Revolution?

It universalized the traditional rights of English people and made them the rights of all mankind

Which major breakthrough in energy and power supplies catalyzed the Industrial Revolution?

James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s

In the eighteenth century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that

Landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end.

How did railroads affect the nature of production?

Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.

Improved economic conditions in the nineteenth century resulted in which societal change for middle-class families?

Married women were not expected to work outside the home.

Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), the latter a founding text of the feminist movement?

Mary Wollstonecraft

Which statement describes the assertions of the theories of Albert Einstein?

Matter and energy are interchangeable, linking the seemingly infinite universe with the subatomic world

In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in

More wars and likely fewer people

Which statement best characterizes early-nineteenth-century British cities?

Nearly all land was used for buildings, which meant that parks or other open spaces were almost nonexistent.

Which types of policies do the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization pursue?

Neoliberal economic policies promoting free markets and trade

Which statement best describes the goal the Western world hoped to achieve through the global economic system?

Non-Westem merchants could connect with the global economy and develc their own nation's wealth

The Factory Act of 1833 constituted a major victory in preventing the exploitation of children in that it

O banned children under nine years of age from employment.

Many Europeans and Americans embraced the Greek Revolution because

Of a love of Greek classical culture.

One of the most important scientific and technological developments in the nineteenth century was a form of commercial energy developed from

Oil

Which was a social consequence of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system?

People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions.

Which statement best describes the principle of national self-determination that was promoted by U.S. president Woodrow Wilson?

Peoples should be able to choose national governments through a democratic process and live free from outside interference.

Which statement describes the main argument of logical positivism in the twentie century?

Philosophy is nothing more than the logical clarification of thoughts

Which factor was the most important influence on the peaceful midcentury reforms in Great Britain?

Political competition between the aristocracy and the middle class

How did the expanding right to vote in the late nineteenth century affect national politics across Europe?

Politicians and parties became more responsive to the people they represented.

Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?

Prussia, Russia, and Austria

How did the building of railroads in Latin America, Asia, and Africa facilitate Western economic interests as opposed to regional economic interests?

Railroad lines connected resource-rich inland cities to seaports to facilitate Western trade, but did not link inland cities to each other

How did wages change in the late nineteenth century?

Real wages rose for the mass of the population, but the gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease.

The greatest impediment to nation building in the United States was

Regional differences exacerbated by slavery

Which event directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of the serfs?

Russia's defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-1856

Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP) was a political compromise with

Russian peasants.

The "middle way" refers to

Scandinavian response to the Great Depression

Which statement best characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era?

Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls.

Which country spearheaded the trend in scientific expeditions?

Spain

How did Lenin's and the Bolsheviks' view of the Marxist party in Russia differ from the Mensheviks' view of the party?

The Bolsheviks wanted a small, disciplined party, while the Mensheviks wanted a democratic party with mass membership.

Which statement best describes the Holocaust?

The Nazi effort to systematically exterminate all European Jews during the Second World War

In the nineteenth century, which country dominated the three-thousand-mile archipelago that is now Indonesia?

The Netherlands

Why were the Balkans considered the "powder keg of Europe"?

The Ottoman Empire had been forced to give up its territory in the region, leading to growing ethnic nationalism.

Which aspect of American foreign policy under President George W. Bush most troubled leaders of the European Union?

The United States increasingly ignored international opinion and pursued its otn interests unilaterally

In his philosophical writings, Friedrich Nietzsche argued that

The Western world had overemphasized rationality and stifled the authentic passions that drive human activity and true creativity.

Which statement best describes the concerns of the early socialist thinkers about the emerging industrial society?

The believed that machine technology dehumanized industrial workers.

As literacy expanded among the common people, which type of popular literature became a staple?

The chapbook containing Bible stories, prayers, and stories about the lives of the

In the early twentieth century, why were extensive social welfare programs slow to form in Great Britain?

The conservative, aristocratic House of Lords resisted the formation of such programs until the king threatened to appoint new nobles who would support the programs.

Which statement best describes the treatment of children in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries?

The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will.

To which extent did the New Imperialism result in economic gains before 1914, and why?

The economic gains were limited because the new colonies were too po buy European goods and offered few investments that were immediately profitable

Which aspect of society during the Enlightenment enabled elites in the Western world to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?

The emergence of scientific racism

Which two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code?

The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property

Which statement describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?

The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively.

Which statement describes the core concept of the Enlightenment?

The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.

How did the expansion of the Industrial Revolution affect the work life of the middle class?

The middle class established a range of new professions, which required specialized knowledge and advanced education.

Which belief drove native opposition to European colonial rule?

The nationalist ideal of self-determination

In the eighteenth century, which location was the focal point of community cohesion?

The parish church

How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century?

The population was significantly reduced due to malnutrition and starvation

Which of these did Rachel Carson seek to expose in her book, Silent Spring?

The rampant overuse of pesticides

How did the Ottoman Empire's efforts at reform in the latter half of the nineteenth century undermine the empire's stability?

The reforms created equality before the law for all citizens, which increased religious disputes and split Muslims into secularist and traditionalist camps.

Which statement best characterizes the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689?

The revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution because sovereignt was placed in Parliament, which only represented the upper classes.

How did the urban working class change in the latter half of the nineteenth century?

The sharp distinction between highly skilled artisans and unskilled manual workers broke down as semiskilled groups of workers became more prevalent

Which event finally galvanized NATO action against the Bosnian Serbs in 1995?

The slaughter of thousands of citizens in Srebrenica

How did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century?

The spread of coke smelting and the development of steam-powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduced the price of iron products

Which factor was the primary influence on whether European immigrants returned to their native lands?

The strength of their new nationalism

Which factor caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe?

The tendency of waiting to marry until after economic independence

How did the diet of townspeople compare to that of the peasantry?

The townspeople ate more varied diets, since markets provided choices of meats, vegetables, and fruits.

How did the war on the eastern front differ from the war on the western front?

The war on the eastern front remained more mobile, with Germany in a more dominant position.

As the business world grew increasingly complex, what did the wives and daughters of successful businessmen discover in eighteenth-century Europe?

There were few job opportunities for women, as most businessmen assumed that middle-class wives and daughters should avoid work in offices and factories.

How did European governments respond to the new science?

They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research

How did the Nazis seek to legitimize their racial policies?

They established research institutes and academies that measured and defined racial differences in order to present prejudice in the guise of enlightened science

How did the Western powers react to the declarations of independence by Syria and Iraq shortly following the First World War?

They invaded the two regions and defeated the independence movements.

Which statement characterizes the daily life of most immigrants to Europe in the twenty-first century?

They live in separate city districts marked by poor housing and crowded conditions

How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers o an independent state?

They modeled their rule on the Mongol khans.

Which statement describes the effect of the 1935 Nuremberg Laws?

They permitted Jews to have some rights of citizenship

Why were Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary the most successful Eastern European nations at economic modernization?

They were flexible in the adoption of economic policies and had an enthusiastic entrepreneurial class.

Which statement characterizes the condition of peasants in western Europe in the eighteenth century?

They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.

Why did Protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children?

They were inspired by the Protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the Bible

How did some British women seek to affect British colonialism in India in the nineteenth century?

They worked to improve the lives of Indian women, moving them closer to Western standards through education and legislation.

After the war, why did national governments quickly establish authority over questions of guilt and punishment for those who had collaborated with the Nazi regime?

Unofficial groups were seizing and executing alleged collaborators on their own.

Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?

Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.

When speaking of "moral economy," historians are referring to

a concept of the world in which communal needs outweigh individualistic competition and profit.

A second global oil shock occurred in 1979 after

a fundamentalist Islamic revolution overthrew the shah of Iran.

In 1914. the Schlieffen Plan called for

a rapid invasion of France through neutral Belgium before turning on Russia

The Boxer Rebellion was a(n)

a rebellion of traditionalist Chinese patriots who wished to expel all Westerners from China

According to Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in the nineteenth century, property was

a sign of the owner's virtue and conscientiousness.

During the Enlightenment, reading changed as a result of the

acquisition of literacy by the masses.

The Romantic movement was characterized by

an emphasis on emotion, imagination, and spontaneity.

The experience of women in the socialist systems of the East Bloc countries of the 1970s included

an extensive system of state-supported childcare that freed women to work outside the home

The American stock market crash of October 1929 was primarily the result of

an imbalance between real investment and speculation.

After the development of the idea of "race," Europeans increasingly defined themselves in relation to other peoples as

biologically superior as well as culturally superior.

The political goal of creating free, compulsory elementary education in late- nineteenth-century France was to

create a uniform base of knowledge that al) children would be able to use in their professional lives

Germany's goal in the 1940 Battle of Britain was to

destroy British naval ports so that Great Britain could not invade German- controlled land

Changes in the structure of European society after the Second World War were primarily the result of

economic and technological transformation.

In the 1950s and 1960s, the basic objective of all western European governments became

economic growth

Karl Mars argued that socialism would be established through

electoral victories and control of legislatures

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guaranteed

equality before the law

For artists such as the Dadaists and Surrealists, the purpose of art was to

expose the meaningless of modern life and society

Great Britain chose to seize land in Africa and Asia in the late nineteenth century because it

feared that France and Germany would seal off their empires with high tariffs, causing it to lose future economic opportunities.

In the eighteenth century, railroad construction on the European continent

featured varying degrees of government involvement.

Romantics and early nationalists investigated folk songs, folk tales, and proverbs in order to

find the unique greatness of every people in its folk culture

Advancements in military weaponry and the space race

fostered a revolution in computer technology.

As a result of the idea of separate spheres, middle-class married women who sought to work outside the home

found that they could not get well-paying jobs.

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on

fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.

During the First World War, the African colonial subjects of Britain and France

generally supported their foreign masters

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, foundling hospitals

had extremely high death rates.

As the European Union has become increasingly politically and economically powerful in the twenty-first century, it has sought to use its clout to advocate for global

human rights.

Mercantilist theory postulated that

imports and exports should be equally balanced.

Owing to the Industrial Revolution, living and working conditions for the poor

improved only after 1840.

In the eighteenth century, European public health measures

improved water supply and sewage systems

The growth of the middle class in the postwar era has been attributed primarily to

increased demand for technologists and managers

The European promotion of human rights led the European Union to

insist on the importance of national sovereignty:

In twentieth-century literature, the stream-of-consciousness technique uses

internal monologues to explore the psyche.

A major reason for the decline in western European birthrates Was

married women entering careers and the related drive for gender equality.

In the early twentieth century, the traditional arts and amusements of people in villages and small towns were overshadowed by

modern mass media such as cinema and radio

Georges Haussmann's contribution to nineteenth-century life was

modernizing Paris through a massive rebuilding program

Poland differed from the other East Bloc states in the 1970s and 1980s because

of its independent agriculture and vigorous church

The industrious revolution was a result of

poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods.

Appealing to the needs and virtues of ordinary people in opposition to a corrupt or exploitative elite is known as

populism

The primary goal of the opponents of the Nazis in the Protestant and Catholic churches was to

preserve religious life in Germany.

Following the First World War, one of the most difficult domestic problems faced by governments was

providing care for the large number of injured veterans.

To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria

reduced nobles' power over their serfs

Immediately after the Second World War and until Stalin's death in 1953, the Soviet

reinstated a harsh dictatorship.

The postindustrial society that emerged at the end of the 1970s

relied on high-tech and service-oriented jobs for economic growth rather than on heavy industry and manufacturing jobs.

The Helsinki Accords of 1975 called for

respect for human rights and the recognition of existing political boundaries

Between 1789 and 1791, the National Assembly passed legislation to undermine the power of

the Catholic Church.

According to Marx, the driving historical force in the nineteenth century was

the economic relationship between classes.

According to the doctrine of laissez faire, the government should intervene in

the economy as little as possible

The Persian Gulf War in 1991 clearly demonstrated

the effort of the United States and Western Europe to promote international consensus under U.S. guidance.

Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that

the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority.

In his writings on human psychology, Sigmund Freud asserted that

the id is the unconscious source of sexual and aggressive instincts.

The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that

the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war

At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes ofthe Wealth of Nations was the belief that

the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens.

The British won the Seven Years' War owing to

the size and strength of British naval power.

The most influential aspect of René Descartes's theories of nature was that

the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion.

The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fasc march on Rome in October 1922, largely because of

the violence perpetrated b Mussolini's own militants

The goal of the New Imperialism of the late nineteenth century was

to create large political empires in the new imperial lands

In the eighteenth century, the diet of the poorer classes consisted largely bread and

vegetables

Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets

was precisely related As une distance from the sun,

The men elected to represent the third estate at the Estates General were primarily

wealthy peasants.

At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies

were guided by the principle of the balance of power

When liberals in the late eighteenth century called for equality, they were primarily concerned with equality for

white propertied men.

In the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships,

women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born

Why did nationalists oppose greater European Union political integration?

• They feared losing political sovereignty and cultural identity