Fire 1 Chapter 3

Mushrooming

Ceiling jet is also known as

Exothermic heat reaction

Chemical reaction between two or more materials that changes the materials and produces heat, flames, and toxic smoke

Endothermic heat reaction

Chemical reaction in which a substance absorbs heat energy

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Colorless, odorless, dangerous gas (both toxic and flammable) formed by the incomplete combustion of carbon. It combines more than 200 times as quickly with hemoglobin as oxygen, does decreases the bloods ability to carry oxygen

Class B

Involve flammable and combustible liquids and gases such as gasoline, oil, lacquer, paint, mineral spirits, and alcohol

Class A

Involve ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber, grass, and any plastics

Class K

Involves oils and greases normally found in commercial kitchens in food preparation facilities using deep fryer's

Class B

Involving gases be extinguished by shutting off the gas supply. Liquids can be extinguished with appropriately applied foam and/or dry chemical agents

British thermal unit (Btu)

Is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1°F

Heat release rate (HRR)

Is the energy released per unit of time as a given fuel burns and is usually expressed in kilowatts (kW)

Fuel

Is the material or substance being oxidized are burned in the combustion process

Chemical Heat energy

Is the most common source of heat in combustion reactions

Autoignition temperature (ATI)

Is the temperature to which the surface of a substance must be heated for mission and self sustained combustion to occur

Chemical flame inhibition

Is when a Halon-replacement extinguishing agent interferes with this chemical reaction, forms a stable product, and terminates the combustion reaction

Lower explosive limit

LEL

Lower flammable limit

LFL

Vaporization

Process of evolution that changes a liquid into a gaseous state. The rate of vaporization depends on the substance involved, heat, and pressure.

Autoignition temperature

Same as ignition temperature accept no external ignition sources required for ignition because the material itself has been heated to ignition temperature

Flashover

Stage of a fire at which all services in object within a space have been heated to their ignition temperature in flame breaks out almost at once over the surface of all objects in the space

Decay

Stage of fire development when fuel is consumed in the energy released diminishes, and temperatures decrease during this stage the fire goes from ventilation controlled to fuel controlled

Incipient, Growth, Fully developed, Decay

Stages

Potential energy

Stored energy possessed by an object that can be released in the future to perform work

Fire point

Temperature at which a liquid fuel produces sufficient vapors to support combustion once the fuel is ignited. It is usually a few degrees above the flash point.

Autoignition, Piloted ignition

The _ temperature of a substance is always higher than its _ temperature

Celsius, Fahrenheit

The _ temperature scale is used in the metric system while the _ scale is used in the customary system.

Energy

The capacity to perform work

Pyrolysis

The chemical decomposition of a substance through the action of heat

Growth stage

The early stage of a fire during which fuel and oxygen are virtually unlimited. His face is characterized by rapidly increasing release of heat

Kinetic Energy

The energy possessed by a moving object

Reducing agent

The fuel that is being oxidized or burned during combustion

Heat of combustion

The total amount of that fuel is oxidized (burned)

Convection

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Fire triangle

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Radiation

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Saponification

A phenomenon that occurs when pictures of alkaline based chemicals and certain cooking oils come in contact resulting in the formation of a soapy film

Inorganic fuels

A type of fuel such as hydrogen or magnesium that do not contain carbon

Organic

A type of fuel that contains carbon

Self-heating

Also known as spontaneous heating, is a form of chemical he energy that occurs when a material increases in temperature about the addition of external heat

Combustion

And exothermic chemical reaction that is a self sustaining process of rapid oxidation of a fuel, that produces heat and light

Matter

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Passive agents

Are materials absorb heat but do not participate actively in the combustion reaction

Oxidizers

Are not combustible but like oxygen they will support combustion

British thermal unit

Btu

29 CFR 1910.134

CFR: an atmosphere having less than 19.5% oxygen in the air as being oxygen deficient and presenting a hazard to persons not wearing respiratory protection to provide a supply of fresh air

Electrical heat energy

Can generate temperatures high enough to ignite any combustible materials near the heated area

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Colorless, odorless, heavier than air gas that neither supports combustion nor burns. Is used and portable fire extinguishers as in extinguishing agent to extinguish class B or C fires by smothering or displacing the oxygen

Rollover

Condition in which the unburned combustible gases released in a confined space during the incipient or early steady-state stage accumulate at the ceiling level...

Solubility

Degree to which a solid, liquid, or gas dissolves in a solvent (usually water)

Emergency response guidebook

ERG

Incipient stage

First stage of the burning process and a confined space in which the substance being oxidized is producing some heat, but that he has not spread to other substances nearby. During this phase, the oxygen content of the air has not been significantly reduced

Oxygen, fuel, heat, and a self sustained chemical chain reaction

Four elements needed for a flaming combustion

Gas, Solid, or Liquid

Fuel can be found in what states of matter

Mechanical heat

Generated by friction or compression

Hydrogen cyanide

HCN

Heat release rate

HRR

Conduction, convection, and radiation

Heat can be transferred from one body to another by three mechanisms

Heat

Heat or temperature: Is a form of energy, and energy exists in two states (potential and kinetic)

Temperature

Heat or temperature: Is a measurement of kinetic energy

Heat

Heat or temperature: Is the kinetic energy associated with the movement of the atoms and molecules that comprise matter.

Work

Increasing the temperature of the substance

Backdraft

Instantaneous explosion or rapid burning of superheated gases that occurs when oxygen is introduced into an oxygen-depleted confined space.

Class D

Involve combustible metals such as aluminum, magnesium, potassium, sodium, titanium, and zirconium

Class C

Involve energized electrical equipment

1 Newton over a distance of 1 meter

Joule is equal to

Material safety data sheet

MSDS

Miscible

Materials that are capable of being mixed

Flash point

Minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air near the liquids surface

Fire tetrahedron

Model of the four elements/conditions required to have a fire. The four sides of the tetrahedron represent fuel, heat, oxygen, and chemical chain reaction

Piloted

Most common ignition

1001

NFPA: Standard for firefighter professional qualifications

Fully developed stage

Stage of burning process were energy release is at maximum rate and is limited only by availability of fuel and oxygen

Joules

The Measure for heat is

Upper flammable Limit

UFL

Specific gravity

Weight of a substance compared to the weight of an equal volume of water at a given temperature. A specific gravity less than 1 indicates a substance lighter than water; a specific gravity greater than 1 indicates a substance heavier than water

Heat of combustion

What is expressed in kilojoules/gram (kJ/g)

Piloted ignition

Which ignition: Occurs when a mixture of fuel and oxygen and counter and external heat source was sufficient heat energy to start the combustion reaction

Autoignition

Which ignition: Occurs without any external Flamer spark to ignite the fuel gases or vapors

The fire tetrahedron

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Thermal layering (of gases)

Outcome of combustion and in a confined space and which gases tend to form into layers, according to temperature, with the hottest gasses found at the ceiling in the coolest gases at the floor

Conduction

Physical flow or transfer of heat energy from one body to another through direct contact or an intervening medium from the point where the key is produced to another location or from a region of high temperature to a region of low temperature

Class A

The primary mechanism of extinguishing is cooling to reduce the temperature the fuel to slow or stop the release of pyrolysis products

Specific gravity

The ratio of the mass of a given volume of a liquid compared with the mass (weight) of an equal volume of water at the same temperature

Radiation

The transmission or transfer of heat energy from one body to another body at a lower temperature through intervening space by electromagnetic waves such as infrared thermal waves, radio waves, or x-Rays

Class K

These fires require and extinguishing agent specifically formulated for the materials involved.

Oxygen, fuel, and heat

Three components needed for a fire to occur

Convection

Transfer of heat by the movement of heated fluids or gases, usually in an upward direction

Vaporization

Transformation of a liquid to vapor or gaseous state

True

True or False: there is a difference between heat and temperature

Piloted ignition and autoignition

Two forms of ignition