Fire Final: Ch. 2-6,8,11-14,19,22,23

what are the four manufactures labels and signal words?

-caution *indicates minor health effects -warning *indicates moderate hazards -danger *indicates the highest degree of hazard -poison *indicates highly toxic materials pg. 1161-1163

how many consecutive days can the JLIST ensemble be worn?

45 consecutive days with a total out of the bag available usage of 120 days pg 1080

what NFPA was established for performance requirements for 3 classes of PPE ensembles that are used in situations involving chemical or biological terrorism agents?

NFPA 1994: PPE ensemble classifications pg. 1078

what level of protective equipment provides the highest level of protection against vapors, gases, mists, and particles for the respiratory tract, eyes, and ski

Level A pg. 1074

what are the levels of protective equipment to be used at incidents involving CBR materials?

Level A, B, C, D pg. 1073-1077

what level of protective equipment provides protection against splashes from a hazardous material?

Level B pg. 1075

what is frost bite?

Local freezing and tissue damage due to prolonged exposure to extreme cold pg. 1082

what is a materials lower explosive limit (LEL)?

Lower limit at which a flammable gas or vapor will ignite; below this limit the gas or vapor is too lean or thin to burn (too much oxygen and not enough gas) pg. 1171

what is an allergen?

Material that can cause an allergic reaction of the skin or respiratory system pg. 1099

what is a strong oxidizer?

Material that encourages a strong reaction (by readily accepting electrons) from a reducing agent (fuel) pg. 1106

what is a Threshold Limit Value/Ceiling (TLV®/C)?

Maximum concentration of a given material in parts per million (ppm) that should not be exceeded, even instantaneously pg. 1094

what is vapor pressure?

Measure of the tendency of a substance to evaporate; pressure at which a vapor is in equilibrium with its liquid phase for a given temperature pg. 1102

firefighters must consider the following limitations of equipment and air supply:

- limited visability -decreased ability to communicate -increased weight -decreased mobility -inadequate oxygen levels - chemical specific pg. 1068

what are the two types of asphyxiants?

- simple asphyxients *gases that displace oxygen necessary for breathing -chemical asphyxients *substances that prevent the body from using oxygen pg. 1090

what are the four hazards that an explosion can cause?

-blast pressure wave (shock wave) -shrapmel fragmentation -seismic effect -incendary thermal effect

what are the basic types of protective breathing equipment used by responders at terrorist incidents?

-SCBA *closed circuit scba *open circuit scba -Supplied air respirators (SARs) -air purifying respirators (APRs) *particulate removing *vapor and gas removing *combination particulate removing and vapor and gas removing -powered air purifying respirators (PAPRs) pg.1062

what are the most common types of nonbulk packaging?

-bags -carboys and jerry cans -cylinders -drums -dewar flasks (cryogenic liquids) pg.1133

what are the 9 hazard classes used to catagorize hazardous materials, in the UN system?

-class 1 *explosives - every -class 2 *gases - good -class 3 *fire - fire -class 4 *flammable solids - fighter -class 5 *oxidizing substances and organic peroxides - ot -class 6 *toxic and infectious substances - to -class 7 *radioactive - recite -class 8 *corrosive substances - classes -class 9 *miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles - monthly pg. 1137

allow a person to work in total flame environments for short periods of time; they provide short duration and close proximity protection at radiant heat temperatures as high as 2,000° F (1,093° C). each suit has a specific use and it is not interchangable. fire entry suits are not designed to protect the wearer against chemical hazards.

-fire entry suits

what are the 3 states of matter?

-gas -liquid -solid pg. 1102

what are the 4 main routes of entry through which hazardous materials can enter the body and cause harm?

-inhalation -ingestion -contact -absorption pg. 1091

what are some limitations regarding a SAR apparatus?

-length of airline (no more than 300 ft) -vision and communications

*Highest level of skin, respiratory, and eye protection that can be afforded by personal protective equipment. Consists of positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus, totally encapsulating chemical-protective suit, inner and outer gloves, and chemical-resistant boots.

-level A

*Personal protective equipment that affords the highest level of respiratory protection, but a lesser level of skin protection. Consists of positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus, hooded chemical-resistant suit, inner and outer gloves, and chemical-resistant boots.

-level B

*Personal protective equipment that affords a lesser level of respiratory and skin protection than levels A or B. Consists of full-face or half-mask APR, hooded chemical-resistant suit, inner and outer gloves, and chemical-resistant boots.

-level C

*Personal protective equipment that affords a lesser level of respiratory and skin protection than levels A or B. Consists of full-face or half-mask APR, hooded chemical-resistant suit, inner and outer gloves, and chemical-resistant boots.

-level D

what are the seven clues to the presence of hazardous materials?

-location and occupancies -container shapes -transportation placards, labels, and markings -other markings and colors (nontransportation) -written resources -senses -monitoring and detection devices pg. 1114-1115

what are the 3 sides of the reactivity triangle?

-oxidizing agent -reducing agent (fuel) -activation energy pg. 1106

the following physical, medical, and mental limitations affect first responders ability to use respiratory proctection equipment effectively:

-physical condition -agility -facial features -neurological functioning -mental soundnesss -muscular/skeletal condition -cardiovascular conditioning -respiratory functioning pg. 1069

*permit close approach to fires for rescue, fire suppression, and property conservation activities such as in aircraft rescue and fire fighting or other fire fighting operations involving flammable liquids. these suits provide greater heat protection than standard structural fire fighting protective clothing.

-proximity suits

what are the two basic types of high temperature clothing?

-proximity suits pg. 1071 -fire entry suits

what is considered are small and a large spill?

-small spill is one that involves a single small package (up to a 55-gallon drum), small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package -large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package or multiple spills from many small packages pg. 1177

what are 3 examples of potential biological weapons?

-smallpox (virus) -anthrax (bacteria) -botulism (toxin from the bacteria clostridium botulinum) pg. 1101

what are the steps that usually lead to a hazardous incident?

-stress -breach -release -dispersion -exposure/contact pg. 1109-1113

what are the 3 types of protective clothing

-structural fire fighting protective clothing -high temperature protective clothing -chemical protective clothing (CPC) *liquid splash protective clothing *vapor protective lothing pg. 1069

what are three ways to provide protection from external radiation during an emergency?

-time *the shorter the exposure time the smaller the total radiation dose -distance *the farther from the source the less the exposure -shielding *certain materials such as lead, earth, concrete, and water prevent penetration of some types of radiation pg. 1088 - 1089

the likelihood of an adverse health effect occuring and the severity of the effect depend on what factors?

-toxicity of the chemical -pathway or route of exposure - nature and extent of exposure pg. 1090

what are the 4 basic types of containers radioactive materials are transported in?

-type A -type B -industrial -excepted pg. 1133

what are the 4 types of etiological/biological hazards?

-viral agents -bacterial agents -rickettsias -biological toxins pg. 1100

what is the rating system for NFPA 704?

0-4 0 indicating minimal hazard while 4 indicates severe hazard pg. 1159

what is the capacity of ton containers?

1 short ton or approximately 2,000 pounds (907 kg or 0.9 tonne) pg. 1132

breathing apparatus must meet the design and testing criteria of NFPA ____?

1981 pg. 1062

what is water solubility?

Ability of a liquid or solid to mix with or dissolve in water pg. 1104

what is hypothermia?

Abnormally low or decreased body temperature. pg. 1082

what is activation energy?

Amount of energy that must be added to an atomic or molecular system to begin a reaction pg. 1106

what is the definition of a hazardous material?

Any material that possesses an unreasonable risk to the health and safety of persons and/or the environment if it is not preoperly controlled during handling, storage, manufacture, processing, packaging, use, disposal, or transportation pg. 1059

what is a carcinogen?

Cancer-producing substance pg. 1094

what is an exothermix reaction?

Chemical reaction between two or more materials that changes the materials and produces heat, flames, and toxic smoke pg. 1180

what is the initial isolation zone?

Circular zone (with a radius equivalent to the initial isolation distance) within which persons may be exposed to dangerous concentrations upwind of the source and may be exposed to life-threatening concentrations downwind of the source pg. 1179

what are the three classes of PPE that meet NFPA 1994 requirements?

Class 1, class 2, and class 3 pg. 1079

what is a threshold limit value (TLV)?

Concentration of a given material in parts per million (ppm) that may be tolerated for an 8-hour exposure during a regular workweek without ill effects pg. 1094

what is a lethal dose?

Concentration of an ingested or injected substance that results in the death of a certain percentage of the test population; the lower the dose the more toxic the substance; an oral or dermal exposure expressed in milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) pg. 1093

what is a lethal concentration?

Concentration of an inhaled substance that results in the death of a certain percentage of the test population; the lower the value the more toxic the substance; an inhalation exposure expressed in parts per million (ppm), milligrams per liter (mg/liter), or milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) pg. 1093

what is heat rash?

Condition that develops from continuous exposure to heat and humid air; aggravated by clothing that rubs the skin; reduces the individual's tolerance to heat pg. 1081

what is an improvised explosive device (IED)

Device that is categorized by its container and the way it is initiated; usually homemade, constructed for a specific target, and contained in almost anything pg. 1101

where can firefighters find information pertaining to the level of PPE appropriate for specific hazardous materials?

ERG pg. 1061

what is the Threshold Limit Value/Short-Term Exposure Limit (TLV®/STEL)?

Fifteen-minute time-weighted average exposure that should not be exceeded at any time nor repeated more than four times daily with a 60-minute rest period required between each STEL exposure. These short-term exposures can be tolerated without suffering from irritation, chronic or irreversible tissue damage, or narcosis of a sufficient degree to increase the likelihood of accidental injury, impair self-rescue, or materially reduce worker efficiency. TLV/STELs are expressed in parts per million (ppm) and milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) pg. 1094

what is a polar solvent fuel?

Flammable liquids that have an attraction for water, much like a positive magnetic pole attracts a negative pole pg. 1104

what is the material safety data sheet (MSDS)?

Form provided by the manufacturer and blender of chemicals that contains information about chemical composition, physical and chemical properties, health and safety hazards, emergency response procedures, and waste disposal procedures of a specified material pg. 1170

what is a corrosive material?

Gaseous, liquid or solid material that can burn, irritate, or destroy human skin tissue and severely corrode steel pg. 1094

what is considerded a shelter in place?

Having occupants remain in a structure or vehicle in order to provide protection from a rapidly approaching hazard pg. 1179

what is heat exhaustion?

Heat illness caused by exposure to excessive heat; symptoms include weakness, cold and clammy skin, heavy perspiration, rapid and shallow breathing, weak pulse, dizziness, and sometimes unconsciousness. pg. 1081

what is heat stroke?

Heat illness caused by heat exposure, resulting in failure of the body's heat regulating mechanism; symptoms include high fever of 105° to 106° F (40.5° C to 41.1° C); dry, red, hot skin; rapid, strong pulse; and deep breaths, convulsions. May result in coma or possibly death. Also called Sunstroke.

what is heat cramps?

Heat illness resulting from prolonged exposure to high temperatures; characterized by excessive sweating, muscle cramps in the abdomen and legs, faintness, dizziness, and exhaustion. pg. 1081

what is the meaning of persistence?

Length of time a chemical agent remains effective without dispersing pg. 1105

will one set of PPE protect you during ANY type of hazmat incident?

No; no one set of PPE will protect you from all hazards pg 1061

what is a capacity stencil?

Number stenciled on the exterior of tank cars to indicated the volume of the tank pg. 1155

when can level D protection be worn?

ONLY when no atmospheric hazards exist

personell responding to a hazmat incident must protect themselves with what?

PPE appropriate to their mission at the incident pg. 1060

what is a convulsant?

Poison that causes an exposed individual to have convulsions pg 1094

what is ionizing radiation?

Radiation that has sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms resulting in a chemical change in the atom pg. 1085

when used as part of a protective ensemble, liquid splash protective ensembles may use what kind of respiratory protection?

SCBA, SAR, or full face, air purifying, canister equipped respirator pg. 1072

what is a waybill?

Shipping paper used by a railroad to indicate origin, destination, route, and product. Each car has a waybill that the conductor carries pg. 1168

what is a bill of lading?

Shipping paper used by the trucking industry (and others) indicating origin, destination, route, and product; placed in the cab of every truck tractor. This document establishes the terms of a contract between shippers and transportation companies; serves as a document of title, contract of carriage, and receipt for goods pg. 1168

what is a systemic effect?

Something that affects an entire system rather than a single location or entity pg. 1091

what may PPE consist of in reguards to a hazmat or WMD incident?

Standard fire fighting protective clothing to chemical protective clothing (CPC) or body armor pg. 1060

what are specification markings?

Stencil on the exterior of tank cars indicating the standards to which the tank car was built pg. 1156

what is a boiling point?

Temperature of a substance when the vapor pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure. At this temperature, the rate of evaporation exceeds the rate of condensation. At this point, more liquid is turning into gas than gas is turning back into a liquid pg. 1103

what is a materials upper explosive limit (UEL)?

Upper limit at which a flammable gas or vapor will ignite. Above this limit, the gas or vapor is too rich to burn (lacks the proper quantity of oxygen) pg. 1171

what is vapor density?

Weight of a given volume of pure vapor or gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure. Vapor density less than 1 indicates a vapor lighter than air; vapor density greater than 1 indicates a vapor heavier than air pg. 1103

what is a materials specific gravity?

Weight of a substance compared to the weight of an equal volume of water at a given temperature. Specific gravity less than 1 indicates a substances lighter than water; specific gravity greater than 1 indicates a substance heavier than water pg. 1104

what is a BLEVE?

a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion. can occur when a liquid in a container is heated, causing the material inside to boil or vaporize pg. 1103

what is a weapon of mass destruction?

any particularly dangerous hazardous material such as certain chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or explosive materials being used as weapons pg. 1059

what is the meaning of reactivity?

ability of two or more chemicals to react and release energy and the ease with which this reaction takes place pg. 1105

what are the 4 categories the rating system is divided into?

arranged in a diamond shaped marker -flammability *red -instability *yellow -special hazards *no specific color but white is most common -health *blue pg. 1160

what are the two levels of training required for first responders in reguard to hazardous materials and WMD incidents?

awareness level and operations level pg. 1060

what are the two types of intermediate bulk containers (IBCs)?

flexible and rigid pg.1132

when should APRs not be used?

in oxygen deficient or oxygen rich atmospheres, and in IDLH atmospheres pg. 1065

what is the four digit UN identification number usually displayed on?

placards, labels, orange panels, and/or white diamonds in association with materials being transported in cargo tanks, portable tanks, tank cars, or other containers and packages pg. 1138

what kind of respiratory protection should be used with vapor protective clothing

positive pressure SCBA or combination SCBA/SAR pg. 1072

what is the ERG used for?

primarily a guide to aid emergency responders in quickly identifying the specific or generic hazards of materials involved in an emergency incident and protecting themselves and the general public during the initial response phase of the incident pg. 1172

what is the primary concern of exposures for first responders responding to a scene with a hazardous substance?

respiratory protection; inhalation is one of the major routes of exposure to hazardous substances pg. 1061

what is level C protective equipment composed of?

splash protecting garment and an air purifying device pg. 1076

what is NFPA 704?

standard system for the identification of the hazards of materials for emergency response pg. 1159

what are the two most common types of trauma when coming in contact with mechanical hazards?

striking and friction exposures pg. 1101

who typically uses MOPP ensembles?

the U.S. miltary pg. 1079

what are MOPP ensembles used for?

to protect against chemical, biological, and radiological hazards pg. 1079

what must hazardous waste shipments be accompanied by?

uniform hazardous waste manifest document pg. 1168

how many times can JLIST protective garment be laundered?

up to 6 times for personal hygeine pg. 1080

what are initialand numbers used for?

used to get information about the car's contents from the railroads computer or shipper pg. 1155