FIRST TEST

argument

a series of statements that claim to probe a point

Retributive Justice

a theory of justice that considers punishment, if proportionate, a morally acceptable response to crime, the approach to criminal justice in which the emphasis is on hurting the offender requires punishment for wrongdoing in proportion to the magnitual of the crime

greatest happiness principle

a utilitarian concept used to measure whether an action or a thing is good; something is good if it brings pleasure or satisfaction to the largest number of people

Kants theory

bases moral right and wrong self derived, universal, moral duties. determined through reason, and intuition

natural rights

basic human right john loke

One of the criticisms of virtue ethics is that it doesn't offer sufficient guidance for making real life moral decisions

...

Reason is a universal opinion that all humans have in common assuming you are a rational person!

...

Trachtenberg: national service, pluralism, multiculturalism, shared burden

...

Wassertrom: adultery, deception

...

prioritize duties

if there is a conflict of duties, which duties are most important

Prima facie duties (all seven)

in deciding btwn ethical alternatives to a problem, the options must be weighted according to the duties that would be fulfilled by performing or not performing each option. a decision is then made regarding which of the duties the individual is most obliged to perform. FUTURE LOOKING DUTIES -beneficence: the duty to do good act to promote happiness - nomaleficence- the duty to do no harm to prevent harm DUTIES BASED ON PAST OBLIGATIONS - fidelity- duties arising from past commitments and promises. -reparations- duties that stem form past harm to others -gratitude- duties based on past favors and unearned services ON GOING DUTIES self improved- duty to improve over and know and virtue Justice- duty to give each person equal consideration Retributive Justice- requires punishment for wrongdoing in proportion to the magnitual of the crime. Distributive justice- refers to the fair distribution of benefits and burdens ARE universal moral duties that may on occasion be overridden by stronger moral claims. Kant was always about moral duties that are right and wrong Never tell a lie so they would get kill if no primar facie duties Example ethical to lie to killer and save your friend. Still generally wrong to tell a lie tho. INTENISTY, DURATION, Certanity, prpinguity, purity, fecundity, and extent

according to aristole we should seek

mean in between so things like courage, temperance, gentleness, friendliness, etc

applied ethics

the actual use of moral standards of behavior in making decisions about human problems the practical application of moral standard to the conduct of individuals involved in organizations what we actually do with this life applying what you do with what you do ethically speaking

Strengths and limitations of virtue ethics

the primary criticism of virtues ethics is that it is incomplete. Lack of coherence as bag of virtues approach. Virtue ethics does not offer sufficient guidance for making real life moral decisions. ON the other hand, virtue ethics gives abstract principles regarding duties and rights a personal face. Virtue ethics goes beyond pure duty and rights based ethics. It is directly challenges the individual to rise above ordinary moral demands and to work toward creating a society in which it is easier for everyone to be virtuous and enjoy good life.

identify relevant duties

what the relevant duties in this particular situation

adultery

Marital infidelity, or sexual relations between two partners, at least one of whom is married to another party.

Jeremy Bentham

(1748-1832) British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number. Who developed utilarisim spectrum Advocate of animal welfare and prison reform

Care ethics

(Noddings/Gilligan) A historically feminist approach. The ethics of caring focus on the whole person and the person's contexts, interdependence, and vulnerability.studyed children girls ask contextual questions and boys would want to break rules They tend to think contextual and relationships female way of thinking now be revolutionized is now a valid way to work your way through the system artisotle wrote to men interpersonal virtues to make right or wrong decisions

Utilitarian for thinking about moral issues

1. determine who are what will be affect who pain or pleasure 2. look @ possible consequences? What are long term and short term consequences alternatives? 3. maximize happiness which solution will bring about greatest net happiness 4. minimize pain: which solution cause least pain and suffering to those affected?

categorical imperative (both formulations)

1st: act only on the maxim by which you can @ the same time will that is should become a universal law. ( if you cheat you are always cheating) UNIVERSAL! 2nd SO act as to treat humanity, whether in thine own person or in that of any other, in every case as an end in itself, never as a mean only.

habituation

A decrease in responsiveness to repeated presentations of a stimulus; most often used to describe a reduction of respondent behavior as a function of repeated presentation of the eliciting stimulus over a short span of time. censorship of porn and campus restricitons drinking and drug use

virtue

A habitual and firm disposition to do the good. moral qualities that are considered important and worthy Is and admirable character trait or disposition to habitually act in a manner that benefits ourselves and others.

multiculturalism

A perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions individuals who believe the racism is based primarily on individual ignorance and that education can eliminate racism

Distributive Justice

A system for how society distributes its rights and justices, Way in which a society allocated its benefits and privileges. refers to the fair distribution of benefits and burdens

Utilitarianism

A theory associated with Jeremy Bentham that is based upon the principle of "the greatest happiness for the greatest number." Bentham argued that this principle should be applied to each nation's government, economy, and judicial system. Theory used by people to make ethical decisions. is the bottom up approach

pluralism

A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group. given our heregoenous backgrounds it is not surprising that here have always been some powerful centrifugal forces in America. CENTRIFUGAL heade for center looking for the common goal

deontology

Actions are based on moral rules and unchanging principles, s/a "do unto others as you would have them do unto you." An ethical person must always follow the rules, even if doing so causes a less desirable outcome. This theory states that the motives of the actor determine the goodness or value of the act. Thus, a bad outcome may be acceptable if the intent of the actor was good.

Singer: animal liberation, speciesm, sentience

Capacity to suffer Experimentation MOST Humans are speciesits A capacity to feel pain obviously enhances a species prospects of survival since it cause members of the species to avoid sources of injury

deception

Deliberate lies that result with one character misunderstanding another character or circumstance (similar to miscommunication) being lied too

John Stuart Mill

English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism (1806-187 not biast certains plearues are the greate ultrainsm utilartism if gives you r plearuer to help is a higher pleasure dictator lower be he isn't byilding and bring up HE DISAGREES with BENTHAM) over thing qualitively better)!!!!!

Equality

Jeremy Bentham advocated equality pig or human are all equal CONCERNS for others and requires us to do accordingly to characteristics of those affect by what we do. the principle of equality is that is unjust to treat being differently unless we can show that there is a difference between them that is relevant to the differential treatment.

animal liberation

Named after Peter Singer's groundbreaking 1975 book, a radical social movement that aims to free all animals from use by humans, whether those uses are for food, medical testing, industry, personal adornment, entertainment or anything else. , equality of all life, animals have rights

Immanuel Kant

Professor in East Prussia, argued that if serious thinkers were granted freedom to exercise their reason in print, enlightenment would surely follow. He said that Frederick the Great was an enlightened monarch because he allowed this.

Strength and weaknesses of utilitarianism

STENGTHS of Utilitarianism: it challenges us to think our traditional notions about moral community. Insistence on quality and impartially is both one of it strength and one of tis weaknesses. WEAKNESSES: other desirable goal sin life besides pleasures by claiming only consequences count ultrainesis underplay the importance of individual integrity and person responsibility. Unitarian theory isn't wrong as much as incomplete b/c pleasure has intrinsic value utilitarian theory allows us to use people as means toward the end rather than requiring us to respect peoples as end in themselves.

Universalization

The spread of culture, trends, customs and practices around the world.

sentience

This is our subjective experience or awareness, which is only available to the individual having the experience.

doctrine of the mean

Virtues are personality traits that fall within the extremes of two vices Artisotle most virtues entail find the mean between excess and deficiency. Courage is the mean between cowardice ( a deficit) and fool hardiness ( an excess) " virtue discovers the mean and deliberately choses it."

Wasserstrom

adultery is wrong because it involves deception, -Commitment to sex w/ & only w/ a partner is neither necessary nor sufficient for marriage, 1. Whether or not adultery requires deception depeds on persons involved & extent to which they take sex to be connected w/ love & affection

moral community

all those beings capable of making moral decisions

Moral Dilemma

an internal conflict that is common across cultures moral duties are PIMA FACIE no formal for determining what to do in moral dilemma

moral philosophy

another word for ethics or morality

sentient beings

any being capable of feeling pleasure or pain animals feel pleasure pain things that don't coma, babies, eltimerez, dimension, but can not rationally

impartiality

are we treating equals equally

universality

are we will to universalize our rules and assumptions is one of the trademarks of morality moral maxims or duties by their very nature, apply to everyone and under all circumstances

Peter Singer

argues that utilitarian theory requires that the interest of all sentient being need to be given equal weight " the interests of every being affected by an action are to be taken into account and given the same weight as the like interest of any other being" CAN THEY SUFFER , Animals deserve "equal consideration" because they can feel pain & pleasure (as humans can), says that we cant be cruel to animals. We should not inflict pain on them because they are sentience beings. that have a right not to suffer.

Intellectual virtues

cultivate through growth and experience

Strength and weakness of deontology

claims that duties are absolute and that there are no conflicts between moral rules, cannot provide guidance in situations where there is a moral dilemma. Deontology sacrifices community in the name of individual autonomy Deontology's overriding concern with duty and justice fails to take into account the important role of sentient care in morality Deontology ignores consequences.

Theory

conceptual framework. Structure of idea used by people

carol/ Giligan found that men and women make moral decsions differently men base their decision on duty principle while women base their on

context and relationships

W.D. Ross

developed rules governing professional behavior based on professional duties.(Prima Facie), Ross believed that we have various moral duties that cannot be reduced to one single obligation to maximize happiness moral duties cannot be absolute because there a perciupular situations in which they come to conflict.

shared burden

do we want to share the burdens or do we want to fob them off on those who have less choices. Do we want to lose the possibility of nation cohesion. or shared vision along with shared burden as the price for fobbing of military service I hope not. Meaning it would be a benefit if we mix their various qualities and see what rubs off on whom. We need to create a cohesive vision! That you need to set aside difference for the betterment of the country. UNIT to survive!

Virtue ethics

emphasizes right being over right action the sort of people we are constitutes the heart of our moral life. We follow our character stress utilitarian and deontological theories of right conduct. theory of Socrates plato and aristole is for most if not all ancient civilization belief ideal society people aren't totally equal to one another. Not level out but to get people in society to understand what benefits the other YOU are positive of on another! HARMONY!!!!

Virtue ethics right being of right action true or false

false

john stuart mill didn't make changes

false, he did

speciesism

favoring one's own species over other species without giving a clear, relevant reason to do so. Assigning different values or rights to beings based on their species membership , the belief that humans are superior to animals, which is a bias similar to racism. Speciesism is a prejudice or bias toward the interests of members of one's own species and against the members of others species. CAN THEY SUFFER! SPECIESIM is the practice of experimenting on non human animals as it exists today throughout the world. We are speciesists in the fact that in readiness to kill other animals when they will not kill human beings

reciprocity

how would we want to be treated in a similar situation

WISDOM

is mot important because it makes up all the other virtues ( intelltual and moral ) makes them possible

respect

is our position on an issue respectful of all the person affected, or does it entail treating some as a mean only?

Trachetenberg

is the former president of George Washington University and professor emeritus of public administration. Prior to going onto academia, he was an attorney with the US atomic energy commission. Trachetenberg favors conscription or some type of national service program on the grounds that sharing the burden of defending that nation promotes equality, national unity, and a better understanding of the military.

Justice

is the primary virtues of the state. Unless the state just and encourages the development of virtue in its citizens has no power to make its citizens good.

utilitarian

producing the greatest possible good for the greatest possible number

Kants TERM

respects, concern, generosity, loyalty, honesty all example of virtues respect and concern for well being of themselves and others.

a moral agent

someone capable of making moral decisions

National service

spread and unite to develop strong and unified government defends that nation! nation promotes equality national unity and a better understanding of military. military could address some profound issues. need good counter balance to our healthy respect for pluralism we need a greater underling across our entire population of what they military is and does and we need to make sure the we are protected by citizen soldiers.

normative ethics

study of values and guidelines by which we live. Study of moral issues primarily focus of this text day to day guide your life.

principle of utility

the principle that after some point, as consumption of a good increases, the marginal utility of that good will begin to fall IS the greatest happiness pricple action are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness wrong as they tend to produce the revers of happiness TOTA amount of please= TOTAL amount of pain

ethics

the reasoned study of what is morally right and wrong as it pertains to attitude motives, character, and conduct. the philosophical study of morality

Metaethic

theretical under pin of ethics justification of these values and guidelines.

moral virtues

through habit

the mortality of interection of its consequences

true