FIU Anatomy Exam 2

Interneurons (Association Neurons)

-present in CNS, multipolar -smaller neurons located btwn 2 neurons

Schwann Cells

-produce myelin -(MYELINATED AND UNMYELINATED AXON)

Chemical synapse

a specific chemical is released and will either stimulate or inhibit another structure -synapse occurs on terminal bouton

Somatic Sensory Receptors

afferent division receptor that can be received in skeletal muscle, joints, and skin

Visceral Sensory Receptors

afferent division receptor that can be received in smooth/cardiac muscle, and glands

Special Sense organs

afferent division receptor that can receive info in eyes, nose, tongue, and ear

syndesmosis joint

bones connected by a fibrous ligament

inferior cerebellar peduncle

connect cerebellum with medulla oblongata

superior cerebellar peduncle

connect cerebellum with mesencephalon,diencephalon, and cerebrum

association fibers

connect different parts of the same hemisphere

Endonerium (nerve)

connective tissue around a single axon

the ____ process of the ulna articulates with the ____ fossa of the humerus

coranoid coranoid

Cervical enlargement

enlargment on the spinal cord in the cervical region that will take info from pectoral girdle

what produces csf in the cns

ependymal cells

The epidural space contains

fat

Multipolar Neuron

most common neuron, found in CNS, MYELINATED AXON

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

surrounds each myofibril

Sarcolemma

surrounds muscle fiber/cell, regulates transport of substances

The axial skeleton articulates with the upper limb via the ______ joint

Sternoclavicular

hyoid bone

Suspended by ligaments and muscles and Supports tongue

CN IX Glassopharyngeal Nerve

Taste and swallowing

When we talk about dermatomes, what are we referring to?

The distribution of sensory fibers

Conus Medullaris

The end of the spinal cord which is right below lumbarsacral enlargement

Total # of spinal nerves? Per section?

There are 31 spinal nerves. 8 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral 1 Coccygeal

Articular Cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

Type of Diarthrosis joint on the end of the bone where it will come together with another bone

Amphiarthrosis

Type of joint that is slightly movable

CSF is produced in every single ____ AND in the ____ _____

Ventricle Central canal

Joint movements in coronal plane

abduction and adduction

Pectoralis Major

adducts/medially rotates arm

Psoas major

an axial and appendicular muscle that attaches femur and lumbar vertebrae -contracts to pull back into anatomical position with rectus abdominis

Reflex

an immediate, involuntary motor response

Extrinsic muscles

appendicular muscles that originate from vertabrae or ribs and insert on bones of upper limb

3rd class

applied force between resistance and fulcrum (flexion at elbow)

How does a reflex happen

arrival of stimulus and activation of a receptor, activation of sensory neuron (dendrites receive info and it gets carried through Dorsal root ganglia to spinal cord), neuron in gray matter sends info to motor neuron which causes a response by effector, activation of motor neuron and response

The glial cells that guide migrating neurons in the developing fetal brain are:

astrocytes

Example of pivot joints

atlanto-axial joint and radioulnar joint

omohyoid

attaches scapula to hyoid, pulls hyoid inferiorly

Sternocleidomastoid

attaches sternum and clavicle to mastoid process -has 2 heads (sternal and clavicular) -if both heads contract at once, it will flex neck/pull chin closer to chest -if one side contracts, it will pull that side laterally SCALENES ASSIST in laterally flexing

iliacus

axial and appendicular muscle in iliac fossa that attaches to femur

Intrinsic Muscles

axial muscles that orignate from vertabrae or ribs and insert on vertabrae or ribs

the only solely multilateral synovial joint is called the ______ ____ ____ joint

ball and socket

Pudenal Nerve

becomes fibular nerve later on

fat and connective tissue of the spinal chord is found

between dura mater and spinal chord

Internal intercostals

between ribs, depress -runs opposite diagonal (superior medial to inferior lateral)

External intercostals

between ribs, elevate -runs diagonally btwn ribs (superior lateral to inferior medial rib)

Ellipsoid joint

biaxial synovial joint where an oval surface fits into depression on opposing surface

Brachial: Musculocutaneous nerve

biceps brachii and brachialis

Hypothalamus

brain region controlling the pituitary gland, controls homeostasis

common fibular nerve

branches into deep and superficial nerve

medulla function

breathing and heart rate and relays info to the thalamus

Functions of CSF

buoyancy, protection, chemical stability

Multilateral joint

can move freely in socket

the two condyles present on the humerus and what they articulate with

capitulum: radius Trochlea: ulna

What is the largest mass of neuronal cell bodies found within the central nervous system?

cerebellum

Circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end

Medial Cord

closer to body, not trunk -gives rise to median nerve and ulnar nerve -formed by inferior trunk

Unhappy triad injury

common injury where force comes from lateral side of knee and ACL, medial meniscus, and medial tibial colateral lig tears

middle cerebellar peduncle

communicate between cerebellum and pons

Buccinator

compresses cheek (bubble in mouth), pushes food towards teeth

commisural fibers

conduct impulses between the hemispheres and form corpus callosum

cerebellar peduncles

connect the cerebellum to the brainstem

Joints

connections between bones that may or may not allow movement

Flexor/extensor tendon sheaths

connective tissue that wraps around each fibrous tendon and reduces friction

girdle

connects axial skeleton to appendicular skeleton

Muscle belly

contain the part of the muscle that contracts the skeletal muscle fibers

vertebral canal

contains the spinal cord

Pseudounipolar neuron

continuous dendrite, does not pass through axon, found in PNS, sends sensory info to CNS, MYELINATED AXON

The nervous and Endocrine system both do this

control/adjust activities of other systems such as what substances are released

common fibular nerve

controls muscles on the anterior and lateral leg (primarily dorsiflexors) and foot

CN XI Accessory

controls neck and shoulder muscles

Somatic Nervous System

controls skeletal muscle contractions, voluntary or involuntary

the left and right hemispheres are connected via the _____ ______ as well as the _____ _____

corpus colosseum anterior commissure

platysma

covers anterior neck muscles, orignates on clavicle , inserts on mandible

Main function of muscles

create movement in the body

axillary nerve

deltoid and teres minor

Flexor/extensor Retinaculum

dense fibrous tissue that covers the tendons of fingers, on wrist, holds everything in place

sternohyoid

depresses hyoid and larynx

thoracic nerves (t2-t12) are _____ and control the _____

dermatomes, intercostals

what anchors the pituitary gland to the sella turcica

diaphragma sellae

Multiple-scorosis

disease where oligodendrocytes do not produce a sufficient amount of myelin

ulna is one of the few bones that has the head on the ___ end

distal

Joint movements in ankle

dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

dorsiflexion: elevates the foot platar flexion: lower the foots (points the toes)

In the brain, the separation of the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer form which structure(s)?

dural sinuses

Endoneurium

each axon will be involved by this connective tissue

palatine bone

either of two irregularly shaped bones that form the back of the hard palate and helps to form the nasal cavity and the floor of the orbits

layers of the spinal nerves

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

intrinsic muscles on your intermediate layer of back

erector spinae group: spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis (responsible for extension at torso) -longissimus and iliocostalis will rotate torso when both contracted -help extend back to put into anatomical position

Filum Terminale

extends from conus medullaris to coccygeal region, provides longitudinal support to spinal cord,

Denticulate Ligament

extension of pia mater, connects pia mater to arachnoid mater and dura -provides stability of spinal cord

denticulate ligaments

extensions of pia mater that secure cord to dura mater

Exteroceptors

external receptor -senses touch, temp. and pressure -sight, smell, hear

Which bone has the linea aspera as one of the bone features?

femur

Multipennate

fibers run oblique on either side of multiple tendons (deltoid)

bi-pennate

fibers run oblique on either side of tendon (rectus femoris)

unipennate

fibers run oblique on one side of tendon (extensor digitorum)

Meniscus

fibrous cartilage pad important for shock absorption

Ligaments

fibrous connective tissue that Attach bone to bone, support joints by limiting movement

fat pads

fill spaces that form when joints change shape

end of sacrum

filum terminale

Joint movements in sagital plane

flexion and extension

folds in cerebellum

folia

How far does the spinal cord extend

foramen magnum to first lumbar vertebra

convergent muscle

form a broad end and come together to form a tendon on other end (Pectoralis muscle)

sphenoid bone

forms part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the orbit

ethmoid bone

forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium

Hip fracture

fracture at the femur

The central sulcus separates which lobes?

frontal from parietal

1st class

fulcrum in between resistance and applied force (flexion at neck)

Node of Ramvie

gap in myelin sheath

Nodes of Ranvier are

gaps in the myelin of axons in the PNS

Lumbar Plexus (L1-L4)

genitofemoral, femoral, obturator

What are supporting cells responsible for?

give support that neurons need to do their function properly

Posterior cord

gives rise to your radial nerve and axillary nerve -formed by all trunks

The head of the humerus articulates with the:

glenoid fossa of scapula

Plexes

groups of nerces that get together after they branch off vertebral column

Parallel muscle

have parallel muscle fassicles, majority of muscles in body are these

os coxa

hip bone; composed of the ilium, ischium, and pubis

where is the blood brain barrier not present

hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, ependymal cells

Rotation of back involves which muscles?

iliocostalis, longissimus, internal/external oblique

Which three bones form the coxal bone?

ilium, ischium, pubis

Stylohyoid

important for swallowing, lifts hyoid/larynx during swallowing

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome is an autoimmune disease that attacks voltage-gated calcium channels in the nerve terminal. Calcium channels are unable to open and as a result neurotransmitter is not released. What is a likely symptom of this condition?

inability to contract muscles

ulnar nerve

innervates hand, medial/anterior forearm

coracoid process of scapula

insertion of pectoralis minor

Serratus Anterior

inserts on ribs, origin on axial skeleton -protracts scapula

proprioceptors

internal environment receptor -located at muscle and joints -info carried in somatic sensory neurons

Internoceptors

internal receptor -has to do with systems that involves the organs -sensation of deep pressure/pain

Lateral flexion of the back involves what muscles?

internal/external obliques and quadratus lumborum

Splenius capitis

intrinsic muscle on back of neck that originates on vertabrae and inserts on occipital bone -if both sides contract it will extend the neck -if one side contracts, laterally flex to that side

Cardiac muscle

involuntary muscle that is found in heart and pumps blood through arteries and veins

Smooth

involuntary muscle that works to push fluids and solids through digestive tract

Massetor

involved in chewing/retraction of mandible, inserts on mandible

Perineurium

involves a collection of nerves, forms fassicle

Epineurium

involves groups of fassicle

Example of saddle joint

joint btwn 1st metacarpal and trapezium

Example of hinge joint

knee, elbow, ankle, inter-phalangeal joint

Brachial Plexus

larger and more complex group of nerves, important for innervation of pectoral girdle and upper limb (bottom of C5-T1) -when these branch out they will form trunks

joint movement in vertebral column

lateral flexion- moving head to shoulder

90% of CSF is guided to the ____ and ____ apetures whereas the other 10% goes to the ______ _____

lateral, median subarachnoid

Joint movements in transverse plane

left/right rotation-shaking head lateral/medial rotation- rotating forearm/leg Supination/pronation-forearm only

Posterior Cruciate Lig (PCL)

lig. that connect posterior part of tibia to anterior part of femur, prevents tibia from moving too posteriorly

Anterior Cruciate Lig. (ACL)

lig. that connects anterior part of tibia to posterior part of femur, prevents tibia from moving too anteriorly

Lateral/Collateral lig.

ligament that runs laterally down femur and tibia, does not connect to meniscus

Medial/tibial collateral lig.

ligament that runs medially along femur and tibia, stabilizes knee joint, attached to medial meniscus

Posterior Gray Horn

located throughout spinal cord, contains sensory info arriving from somatic and visceral

Anterior Gray Horn

located throughout your spinal cord, somatic leaves through this

Muscle fassicle

long cylindrical structure made up of muscle fibers/cells, those muscle fibers are made of myofibrils which contain the sarcomere for contraction

Axon

long processes on neurons that conduct/transmit nerve impulse (runs away from body)

structures of the sternum

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

the ____ epicondyle of the humerus is bigger than the _____ epicondyle of the radius

medial lateral

Teres Major

medially rotates arm

Example of Ellipsoid joint

metacarpophalangeal joint, metatarsal phalangeal joint (2-5)

brain stem consists of

midbrain (mesencephalon), pons, medulla oblongata

Pivot Joint

monaxial synovial joint that allows rotation of one bone around another

Hinge Joint

monaxial synovial joint where a rounded convex surface fits in concave surface

Gliding Joint

monaxial synovial joint, where 2 flat or slightly curved surfaces articulate

Stem cells that produce microglia also produce what

monocytes (these produce macrophages)

pia mater

most internal layer of meningos that hugs the spinal cord and brain

Monaxial

movement in one plane (elbow and ankle)

Triaxial

movement in three planes (shoulder and hip)

Biaxial

movement in two planes (ribs and wrist)

bilateral joint

movement on two axis

Skeletal Muscle fiber

multi-nucleated, cellular component of muscles, striated, 30-40cm among biggest cells in body

Antagonist

muscle action group that extends forearm

Synergists

muscle action group that helps agonist and antagonist with particular action

Prime Movers

muscle action group where muscles are responsible for particular movements (biceps brachii)

Eccentric Contraction

muscle force generated is insufficient to overcome load on muscle, fibers lengthen as it contracts (slowly lowering weight)

Concentric Contraction

muscle force generated is sufficient to overcome resistance, muscle shortens when contracted (lifting weight)

Isometric contraction

muscle remains same length (holding in place)

cervical plexus

neck region and superior of chest (C1-top of C5)

sciatic nerve

nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot (largest nerve in body)

Synapse with another neuron

neuron synapse on a dendrite or cell wall of another neuron

Neuroglandular

neuron will synapse with gland

Neuromuscular Synapse

neuron will synapse with skeletal muscle

Nervous tissue consists of cells called _____, which pass information, and cells that support them, called _______.

neurons neuroglia

Pennate muscles

oblique angle of muscle fibers to tendon

CNS neuroglia have what cells

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, epindymal cells

Middle Trunk

on C7 -will form part of lateral cord and posterior

Inferior Trunk

on C8 and T1 -forms medial cord and posterior

parallel processing

one neuron sends to 3-these 3 will send to 3

Adductor Magnus

only adductor in thigh that will do all three: extend/flex/adduction

Lateral Gray Horn

only located between L1 and L2 spinal cord, visceral leaves through this

Adductor Hiatus

opening btwn 2 parts of adductor magnus that allows passage for femoral artery and veins

intervertebral foramen

opening located between adjacent vertebrae for exit of a spinal nerve

Deltoid

originates on scapula, inserts on humerus -abducts humerus

Latissimus dorsi

originates on verterbral column and inserts on medial part of humerus -flex arm, adduct arm

Tendons

part of muscle that connect muscle to bone, skin, or muscle, create leverage to allow muscles to move, also limit movement

The synovial joint between the atlas and axis is a:

pivot joint

tibial nerve

posterior lower leg

radial nerve

posterior upper arm and posterior forearm

posterior vs anterior ramus

posterior: controls back muscles anterior: limbs

Subdural space around the brain

potential space

olecranon process

projection at the upper end of the ulna that forms the bony point of the elbow

Dendrites

projections from cell body that activate when stimulus arrives at cell

Meningos

provide protection, physical stability, and absorb shock -surround brain and spinal cord

The head of the fibula articulates with the:

proximal end of tibia

Skeletal muscle exerts what on skeletal elements

pulling force

CNS neurons

purkinje cells and pyramidal cells

the patella is found within the

quadriceps femoris

Monosynaptic reflex

reflec arc consists of one sensory and one motor neuron

autonomic nervous system (visceral motor system)

regulates smooth/cardiac muscle and glands, involuntary

2nd class

resistance in between applied force and fulcrum (standing on toes)

Brachial Plexus from root to branches order:

root, trunk, anterior division, posterior division, cords, branches

Superior Oblique of eye

rotates top of eye medially (intorsion)

pivot joint

rotating bone turns around an axis; i.e. connection between radius/ulna and humerus

unilateral joint

rotation about only one axis

skull structures from outside to in

scalp epicranial aponeurosis conn tissue + periosteum of cranium cranium meninges

CN I Olfactory Nerve

sense of smell

CN II: Optic Nerve

sense of vision

longitudinal fissure

separates left and right hemispheres

Bursa

separates synovial membranes, reduces friction/absorbs shock

lateral sulcus

separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes

bi-polar neuron

several dendrites fuse to form one, branches play important role in sensory infor for special sense, UNMYELINATED AXON

2 factors affecting mobility of a joint

shape of articulating surfaces and types/quantity of accessory structures

Aponeurosis

sheet of tendon that connects muscle to muscle

Anaxonis Neuron

small, found in CNS-special senses

Sarcomere

smallest functional unit of muscle, an arrangment of thick/thin filaments

These two muscles come together to form the calcaneal tendon

soleus and gastrocnemius

subarachnoid space

space btwn pia and arachnoid mater -contains CSF

Intrinsic muscles on your superficial layer of back

splenius capitis

Nissle Staining

stains organelles of cell body and used to detect neurons

Example of Gliding joints

sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, intercarpal, intertarsal joints

CN V Trigeminal

superior oblique control through sup orb fissure

Epimysium

surrounds the bundles of muscle fassicles

Perimysium

surrounds the muscle fibers/cells

Endomysium

surrounds the myofibrils

A suture is an example of a __________ joint.

synarthrosis (fibrous)

condyloid joint

synovial joint that does everything except rotating

Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia?

talus

tarsal bones

talus, calcaneus, navicular, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, cuboid

The ankle joint is formed by which bones?

talus, tibia, fibula

Intermediate Tendon

tendons between muscle bellies (abs)

Diencephalon

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Planar joint

the articulating surface is flat or slightly curved, permitting back and forth and side-to-side movements (Uni, Bi, Multi)

thalamus (grouping of neuronal cell bodies)

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

Myosin

thick myofilament, titin holds it in place

Myofilaments

thick/thin filaments in sarcomere

Actin

thin myofilament that contain two strands

the lateral horn of vertebrae is found in the _____ region

thoracic

What divides the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles?

thoracolumbar fascia

falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli

three extensions of the dura mater bri - left and right belli - between cerebellum tent - separates cerebellum and cerebrum

Opposition joint movement

thumb movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger

When these 3 muscles work together they will cause dorsifelxion of the foot:

tibialis anterior, extensor digiorum longus, extensor hallucis longus

2 joints at knee

tibiofemoral and patellofemoral

CN XII Hypoglossal

tongue movement

projection fibers

tracts between the cerebrum and other parts of the brain and spinal cord

what are nerve cells responsible for?

transfer and processing of info in nervous sys.

Ball and socket joint

triaxial, one surface is round, other is cupped

glioma

tumor composed of the glial tissue

Symphasis

two bones joined by fibrocartilage

nasal conchae

two bones that help to complete the nasal cavity by forming the side and lower wall

Joint capsule

type of diarthrosis joint that surrounds bone Has 2 layers: Avascular layer (outside) and synovial membrane (secretes synovial fluid that fills up synovial cavity)

saddle joint

type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation

Synarthrosis

type of joint that is immovable

maxillae bone

upper jaw

The longest nerve that innervates the digestive system is the:

vagus

The motor nerve comes in on which root of spinal cord?

ventral

which side of the spinal cord has which sensory input

ventral sens. input-left dorsal sens. input-right

what separates the cerebellum

vermis

Divergence

when 1 neuron sends info to 2 neurons-these 2 then send to 6

Serial Processing

when 1 neuron sends info to one-this one will send to 1

Convergence

when 4 neurons contact 1 neuron

Inspiration Maximum

when diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly, increasing space in thoracic cavity and draws air into lungs

Expiration Maximum

when diaphragm relaxes, decreases air in space, forces air out of lungs

Axon Hillock

where axon will start, signals transmitted from dendrites will pass this point and not be able to return

terminal boutons

where info is passed from one cell to another (synapse)

Sustenacular Groove

where the tendons of several muscles run through in order to pass from the leg into the plantar part of foot

Central Tendon

white area on superior part of diaphragm

Transverse or T-tubules

wrap around parts of myofibril, communicate with sarcolemma of muscle fiber

ellipsoid joint

wrist and knuckles

Example of Amphiarthrosis

(Fibrous)-radius/ulna shafts (Cartilaginous)-pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs

Examples of Synarthrosis

(fibrous)-cranial sutures (cartilaginous)- Epiphyseal cartilage(synchondrosis)

Peripheral Nervous System

- all neural tissues outside CNS -receives sensory info that arrives in periphery -carries info to CNS -highway to receive whatever info that comes back

Subdural space around the spinal cord

- interstitial fluid

Depression vs. Elevation

-Depression: put down -Elevation: lift up

All muscles share these properties

-Extensibility- able to contract over several resting phases -Elasticity- goes back to original length after contract -Excitability- respond to stimuli -Contractibility- able to shorten and exert pull

Functions of Synovial Fluid

-Lubricate 2 bones rubbing against each other -Nourishes chondrocytes which keep articular cartilage alive -Shock absorption

Lumbosacral Plexus

-arise from lumbar and sacral segments of spinal cord -supply pelvis and lower limb

Sarcoplasm

-cytosol of the cell

Trapezius

-extends from occipital bone to scapula and spine -elevates scapula and clavicle -retracts scapula -wraps around anteriorly to clavicle

Lateral cord

-gives rise to your musculocutaneous nerve and median nerve -formed by superior and middle trunk

Sensory Neurons

-located in PNS (most are pseudounipolar) -present in muslces and other organs (Somatic/visceral sensory organs)

Central Nervous system

-made up of the brain and spinal cord -receives info that is felt in PNS

Functions of skeletal muscle

-maintains posture/position -supports/protect soft tissue -regulates exit/entrance of material -maintain body temp.

Stretch Reflex

-monosynaptic reflex -when doctor hits your patellar ligament and your knee has an automatic response -doctors to see if there is any damade in spinal cord L2-L4

Rhomboid minor/major

-origin on inferior part of spine, inserts on scapula -retracts scapula

Motor Neurons

-present in CNS, most are multi-polar -present in somatic and autonomic nervous system

What are the non-respiratory functions of the diaphragm?

-prevents acid reflux -increases intra-abdominal pressure which is important for expelling vomit/feces/urine

Mesencephalon function

-processing of visual and auditory data -generation of reflexive somatic motor responses -maintenance of consciousness

What do Neuroglias do?

-provide framework for neural tissue -maintain the intercellular environment -act as phagocytes (we have about 100 billion neuroglia-5x more than neurons)

Pectoralis minor

-pulls/depresses elevated scapula -protracts a retracted scapula

Reverberation

1 neuron sends info to 1 that can either send info to another or send back to first

Purkinje cell layers

1. molecular/synaptic layer: dendrites 2. purkinje/intermediate layer: cell body 3. granular/receptive layer: axons

Steps to muscle contraction

1. motor neurons send electrical impulse to sarcolemma, t-tubules send this to the sarcoplasmic ret. which then sends out Ca ions 2. Ca ions bind to troponin, tropomyosin moves, exposing active site 3. Myosin heads bind to actin site (cross bridge) 4. Myosin moves towards middle (contraction) 5. ATP binds to myosin head, cross-bridging stops 6. myosin heads return to normal state

There are ____ bones in the human body, and ___ of the bones are axial skeleton bones

206 80

choroid plexus

A highly vascular portion of the lining of the ventricles that secretes cerebrospinal fluid.

How do nerves regenerate

A nerve is cut into a proximal and distal stump, Schwann cells in PNS form cords and will unite stumps, macrophages engulf the degerating axon and myelin, axon sends buds into network of schwann cells and start growing along cords of schwann cells, axon continues to grow into distal stump

infundibulum

A stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.

Gomphosis

A type of fibrous joint such as a tooth into the alveolus

abduction vs adduction

Abduction - away from midline Adduction - towards midline

The two subdivisions of PNS

Afferent Division (arriving at CNS) and Efferent Division (Exiting CNS)

Fixators

Agonist and antagonist muscles tht contract at same time to stabilize joint, but not move

dermatome

Area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

sternoclavicular joint

Articulation between the clavicle and the sternum (ONLY BONY JOINT)

Saddle joint

Biaxial synovial joint where one bone is concave and other is convex

synchondrosis joint

Bones are joined by Hyaline cartilage only

which cranial nerves aid in the control of the eye?

CN 2, 3, 4, 6

Astrocytes

CNS neuroglia -largest/most numerous glial cell -maintains blood-brain barrier -creates 3D framework for CNS\ -repairs damaged neural tissue -guides neuron dev. -controls interstitial environment

Oligodendrocytes

CNS neuroglia -produces myelin -its cytoplasmic process (which is made of myelin) wraps around axon (MYELINATED AXON) -they make sure that the info eceived by cell bodies of neurons will get passed on from one neuron to other

Microglia

CNS neuroglia smallest glial cell -act as phagocytic cells by engulfing debris, waste, pathogens -5% of population

Epenmdymal Cell

CNS neuroglia -present in ventricles of brain (ventricles are empty spaces where ependymal cells line) -the alia in these cells help circulate CSF within spaces of Nervous System, helps secrete CSF

Two types of Nervous Systems

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous system

Epithalamus

Contains pineal body. Involved in olfactory senses and sleep/wake cycle

The sensory nerves comes in on which root of the spinal cord?

Dorsal

Mixed Spinal Nerve consists of what two fibers?

Efferent and afferent

What are responsible for contracting during respiration? (Taking in breath)

External Intercostals

CN VII Facial

Facial expression and produces both saliva and tears.

what happens when a synapse occurs

First there is an action potential coming from the axon, travels to terminal bouton, influx of Ca, Ca channels open, Ca enters terminal bouton, enters synaptic vesicles, synaptic vesicles to migrate to end, membrane fuses with terminal bouton membrane, neurotransmitters released outside

Trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus during:

Flexion and extension

Which bone has both surgical neck and anatomical head

Humerus

During forced exhilation, what are responsible for depressing the lungs?

Internal Intercostals

What does this pulling force from the skeletal muscle do?

It can either stabilize a joint by preventing movement or create movement.

hinge joint

Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane

way to remember the brain ventricles

L : Lateral (1st and 2nd) I : interventricular foramen T : third vent A : Aqueduct of midbrain F : fourth vent

end of spinal cord

L1-L2 (conus medullaris)

Example of Diarthrosis

Limb joints

pons function

Management of sleep, arousal, and facial expressions connect the cerebellum and cerebrum and moderates breathing

arachnoid mater

Middle layer in meningos, squished btwn dura and pia mater

CN III: Oculomotor Nerve

Motor nerve that controls muscles that move eye, lift eyelid, change pupil diameter, change lens shape

CN IV: Trochlear Nerve

Motor: eye movement, superior oblique muscle

CN VI Abducens

Motor: lateral eye movement

Interneurons are classified as ____ neurons

Multipolar

Sodium potassium pump acronym

NOKIA 3 Na+ out 2 K+ In USES ATP

The two cell types in Neural Tissue

Nerve Cells (neurons) and Supporting cells (neuroglia)

Sciatic Nerve

Nerves come from L4-S3 to form this nerve -this will branch to form tibial nerve

What is the difference between the Nervous and Endocrine System?

Nervous system has very fast responses, while the endocrine system is slower, but lasts much longer

Shortest cranial nerve

Olfactory CN I

Superior Trunk

On C5 and C6 -will branch into 2 different nerves: Lateral and posterior cord -superior trunk forms part of lateral cord and posterior

Temporalis

Origin is temporal bone, inserts on mandible, same function as temporalis

Dura Mater

Outermost/toughest layer of meningos

cranial and spinal nerves are a part of the _____

PNS

schwann and satellite cells are to ___ as oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells are to ___

PNS CNS

Satellite Cell

PNS neuroglia -present in ganglions -surround and support the neuronal cells present in ganglions -help regulate exchange of nutrients and waste products that occur btwn neuronal cell bodies present in ganglion and extracellular fluid

2 types of neurolgia

PNS neuroglia and CNS neuroglia

The olecranon articulates with the olecranon fossa (___ side of humerus) during ____

Posterior Extension

cutaneous fields

Regions of skin supplied by a specific nerve arising from a plexus

Which dome in your diaphragm is taller?

Right dome, bc of the liver

coccygeal plexus

S4-S5

Nerves C3, C4, C5

STAYIN ALIVE (phrenic nerve controlling breathing)

What is the name of the joint that connects the hip to the axial skeleton

Sacroiliac joint

PNS Neuroglia have what cells

Satellite and Schwann cells

Seizure vs Convulsion

Seizure = brief episode of abnormal electrical activity in brain Convulsion = involuntary spasmodic contractions of voluntary muscles in body

CN X: Vagus Nerve

Sensory: throat, thoracic and abdominal viscera Motor: vocalization, swallowing, and autonomic control of viscera

2 divisions of Efferent Division

Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic nervous system (organs)

subdural space

Space in meningos that is between dura and arachnoid mater

CN VIII Vestibulocochlear

hearing and balance

Sacral Plexus (L4-S4)

pudenal and sciatic

Extensor Indicis

Extends index finger

Polysynaptic Reflex

Interneurons connect to one or several motor neurons

Diarthrosis (Synovial joints)

Type of joint that is freely movable

median nerve

anterior and lateral forearm

Dermatome

the specific egion a pair of spinal nerves will be monitory