FLASHCARDS

Competitive advantage

creativity, problem solving, cost, marketing, resource acquisition, system flexibility.

Person-job fit

person's skills, knowledge match the job demands

Relationship management

utilize initiatives(actions or processes) that govern how organization maintains relationships with an audience (relationships between different departments, relationships between individual employees and departments, relationships between business and its consumers, and relationship between business and other businesses).

Pentagon papers

(Illegal-ethical) example of a conflict in which top officals leaked secret documents to inform the public about the actions of government during the vietnam war.

Legal

(Laws that those in society are to abide) act that is permissible or in conformity with the law of the land.

Rehearsing

(already always listening) Receiver is preparing what to say in response instead of actively listening.

Supportive communicatoin

(correcting someones behavior) used to preserve a positive relationship between while still addressing the problem at hand

Ethics

(values and principals that guide a persons individual behavior) Principles that guide a person's behavior. Ethics reflect beliefs about what is right, what is wrong, what is just, unjust, good and bad in terms of human behavior. Direct how act towards each other.

Accounting & Finance

Manages all financials within business

What are the 5 main functions of a department within an organization?

Marketing , HR, A&F(Accounting & finance), R&D (Research & development ), IT (Information Technology) They all interact and depend on each other for their daily operations and ensure the organization runs smoothly.

Competing Values Framework (CVF)

Model for measuring an organizations cutural effectiveness and organizational dynamics

Organic

Organizational structure characterized by flatness: communications and interactions are horizontal, low specialization: knowledge resides wherever it is most useful, and decentralizations: great deal of formal and informal participation in decision making organizational structures are characterized by fluidity and a wider span of control. They work best in unstable, complex, changing environments such as high-tech industries.

Formal leaders

Position of authority based on organizational structure

(BPM)

Process management/Business process management - refers to management's initiative to design work processes so that they align with the organization's strategic goals. This involves automation of work processes using technology, analyzing, optimizing, and monitoring business processes to improve business performance. BPM can also help outline ethical standards by standardizing decision-making and workflow procedures.

Communication

Process of understanding and sharing meaning

Effective communication

Received as it was intended

Organizational ethics

Rules, principals, and standards for deciding what is morally right or wrong when doing business. (context of business activities)

Whistleblowers

SOX also grants protection to those who tell the public or the authorities about alleged misconduct occuring in a government department, private company, or organization.

SOX act

Sarbanes oxley act - aimed at improving corporate transparency by requiring clear reporting practices. Was implemented from highly politicized corporate fraud cases.

Hofstede's cultural dimensions

focuses on a society's culture and what impact this has within an organization.

Active listening

full, indisturbed attention with the intention of fully receiving the message.

Code of ethics

guide that publically sets out an organizations key values and ethical obligations.

oral communication

is an agreed upon and rule governed system used to share meaning.

Leadership

is being able to influence a team of employees to work toward achieving a goal. Leaders do so by being encouraging, motivating, and inspiring.

Illegal

is in defiance of the stated or established laws of a defined jurisdiction.

channel

means of passing information from sender to recipient , such as via f2f meeting or telephone

nonverbal

occurs through multiple channels simaltaneously.

-CSR refers to a philosophy in which a company voluntarily engages in actions that benefit society economically, socially, politically, or environmentally. -Organizations are increasingly launching CSR initiatives in which companies do more than produce a reliable product, charge a fair price with fair profit margin, and pay a fair wage to employees. These organizations also care for the environment and act on other social concerns. -CSR initiatives are based on the underlying utilitarian notion of mutual benefit—that an organization should give back to the customers and communities in which it does business. -Today many U.S. citizens expect organizations to conduct themselves in an ethical and socially responsible manner. -However, CSR has many strategic benefits for the corporation as well and can lead to an improved bottom line. -Institutions like WTO function as international instruments to support ethical trade on a global scale

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-Employees join and leave organizations, based on three interrelated dynamic processes: attraction, selection, and attrition. -During the hiring process, both companies and employees should consider both person-organization fit and person-job fit. -Assessment of personality traits is important to determine person-organization fit, person-job fit, as well as alignment with the organization CVF. -A greater alignment between organizational culture and personality traits indicates a more satisfying interaction for both the individual and the organization.

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-Everyday work situations are impacted by individual goals, values, and morals. -A lack of ethics can lead to a number of problems for any organization. -The ethical tone of a business is set by its leadership. They must acknowledge their role in shaping organizational ethics and consider how to strengthen their organization's relationships and reputation. -Because employees with different backgrounds may vary in their understanding of what is ethically appropriate, it can be challenging to standardize ethical codes for diverse or international teams.

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-Many businesses establish a code of ethics that states the organization's key values and ethical obligations. -Organizational transparency is one of the keys to defeating corruption in the business environment. -Transparency, whistleblower programs, ethics training, and modeling of appropriate behavior by upper management can create the conditions for employees to act ethically. -A whistleblower is someone who tells the public or the authorities about alleged misconduct in a government department, private company, or organization. -Whistleblower protection laws and regulations have been enacted to guarantee freedom of speech for workers and contractors in certain situations.

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-The role of a manager differs from the role of an individual contributor, but both roles involve teamwork. -Management hierarchy consists of top, middle, and frontline managers. -Management functions are centered around informational, decisional, and interpersonal roles. Key management skills involve communication, analysis, and technical skills. -Leadership and management are similar but have key differences in terms of power, control, and influence. -Managers are usually in a position of leadership but are not always good leaders. Good leaders are not necessarily in management or leadership positions but can still function as effective leaders within an organization.

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Carl Rogers proposed five rules for active listening: Listen for message content. Listen for feelings. Respond to feelings. Note all cues. Paraphrase and restate.

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Companies that use prosocial incentives are likely to produce happier, more satisfied, and more loyal employees. An ethical culture not only does good; it also feels good.

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Culture is essential in motivating employees and allows an organization to adapt to its environment and to unify employees.

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Keep in mind that a greater alignment between organizational culture and personality traits indicates a more satisfying interaction for both the individual and the organization.

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Leaders can encourage an ethical culture by highlighting the good things employees are doing. Although the natural tendency is to focus on cautionary tales or "ethical black holes," doing so can make undesirable actions seem more common than they really are, potentially increasing uneth- ical behavior. To create more ethical norms, focus instead on "ethical beacons" in your organization: people who are putting the mission statement into practice or behaving in an exemplary fashion.

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Organizational structures and systems are traditionally classified as either mechanistic or organic

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Personal Communication is a process in which information is exchanged between sender and recipient for personal purposes. This can be contrasted with professional communication, which is the exchange of information, carried out in a business context, done for the commercial benefit of an organization.

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Rich channels are more interactive, provide opportunities for two-way communication, and allow both the sender and receiver to read the nonverbal messages. The leanest channels, on the other hand, present information without allowing for immediate interaction and often convey "just the facts." The main channels of communication are grouped below from richest to leanest: -Richest channels: face-to-face meeting, in-person oral presentation -Rich channels: online meeting, video conference -Lean channels: teleconference, phone call, voice message, video -Leanest channels: blog, report, brochure, newsletter, flier, email, phone text, social media post

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These two types of fit are not always compatible. A person may be a good fit for an organization but not necessarily a particular job or vice versa. Furthermore, many large organizations have varying subcultures that exist within each department. Subcultural differences exist because of differences between tasks, expertise, and professions in each department. If an employee transfers from one department to another within the same organization, the department subculture may differ due to the unique personalities, tasks, and processes of that department.1

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When deciding which communication channel to use, the following are some of the important factors to consider: -The audience and their reaction to the message -The length of time it will take to convey the information -The complexity of the message -The need for a permanent record of the communication -The degree to which the information is confidential -The cost of the communication If you choose the wrong channel—that is, if the channel is not effective for the type of message and meaning you want to create—you are likely to generate misunderstanding. Using the wrong channel can impede communication and can even create mistrust.6

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**notes

*Conflicts of interest (time keeping, honesty, bribery, harassment) can exit which is why organizational ethics require transparency. *Organizations such as WGU have codes of conduct to ensure a shared understanding about ethical practices and behavior.

Barriers of effective communication

-Physical conditions: Sometimes noise—loud or distracting sounds. Fortunately, with some awareness and advanced planning, physical barriers to effective communication are some of the easiest to overcome. -Filtering: A message sender sees the world through one set of filters. Messages exposed to many filters should be repeated in various ways to make sure they were understood as the sender intended. -Selective perception: This is the tendency to either "under notice" or "over focus on" stimuli that cause emotional discomfort or contradict prior beliefs. -Information overload: All have been in situations where they felt that too much information was coming at them. When this happens, they feel overwhelmed and fear that they will not be able to retain any information at all. -Semantics: Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and phrases.There are some semantic rules in English that may confuse non-native English speakers, such as the concept of subject-verb agreement and gender pronouns. When your audience involves people whose native language is not English or individuals of different educational backgrounds, messages need to be direct and clearly stated to help ensure they are understood. -credibility: In communication, the validity of the message is tied to the reputation of the sender. If the receiver does not trust the sender, the receiver will view the message itself with skepticism or suspicion.

When executives establish specific, measurable objectives for the company, those objectives determine where people will focus their time and effort.

A company is working hard to establish objectives that promote ethics and standards. -- Specific and measurable

Stakeholder issues

A stakeholder is anyone affected by a company's actions. In this level, businesses must deal with policies that affect their customers, employees, suppliers, and people within the community.

Mckinsey 7-s Model

Analyzed key internal aspects of an organization that need to be aligned if it is to achieve its objectives and improve performance Combination of Strategy, structure, systems, skills, staff, and style

A-S-A

Attracion - Selection - Attrition is a theory that outlines how employees join and leave organizations, based on three interrelated dynamic processes: attraction, selection, and attrition. Individuals are attracted to an organization who's memebers are similar to their values/personality. Organizations are likely to select those who possess knowledge,skills, and abilities similar to the ones their existing members posses. Over time those who do not fit are more likely to leave.

CSR

Corporate social responsibility - Philosphy in which a company voluntarily engages in actions that benefit society. Be it economically, socially, politically, or environmentally. - The aim of CSR is to increase long-term profits and shareholder trust through positive public relations and high ethical standards to reduce business and legal risks by taking responsibility for corporate actions. It is not enough for companies to generate a profit and merely meet the letter of the law in their business operations. Today, many U.S. citizens expect them to generate a profit and conduct themselves in an ethical and socially responsible manner.3

Human Resources

Deals with all employee related issues

Illegal-ethical

Deilemna in which the ethical choice would be in violation of the law.

Legal-unethical

Dilemna in which established laws are not in accordance or do not uphold to the ethical choice. (sweat shops with lack of health regulations)

Informal leaders

Do not have recognized authority. They influence through conviction and charisma

Marketing

Face of Company

Cultural alignment

Linking of organizational goals to personal goals

Aggressive communicator

Forceful communication style often carried out in a loud and hostile manner. styles will come across as standing up for their rights while possibly violating the rights of others. Their communication style tends to be dismissive and suggests to others that their feelings do not matter. For example, they may claim that something is somebody else's fault or that they are always right.

Personal ethics

Guide interaction with others. Codes, principals, and values that shape our interaction with others.

Internal Transparancy

Has an important impact on organizational ethics. . It's a degree to which an organization operates with openness, communication, and accountability

Mechanistic

Hiearchial, bureaucratic, organizational structure chracterized by centralization of authority, formalization of procedures and practices, and specialization of functions organizational structures utilize traditional top-down hierarchy and rigid departmentalization and are best suited to stable environments that contain low uncertainty, such as government agencies.

Power of social norms Most leaders intuitively recog-nize the importance of "tone at the top" for setting ethical standards in an organization. Easily overlooked is "tonein the middle," which may actually be a more significant driver of employees' behavior. Good leaders produce good followers; but if employees in the middle of the organization are surrounded by coworkers who are lying, cheating, or stealing, they will most likely do the same, regardless of what their bosses say. So-called descriptive norms—how peers actually behave—tend to exert the most social influence.

In one field experiment conducted by a UK government agency, 13 versions of a letter were sent to delinquent taxpayers, including versions that referenced moral principles, the ease of paying taxes, or financial penalties. The most effective letter compared the recipient's behavior with that of fellow citizens: "Nine out of ten people in the UK pay their taxes on time. You are currently in the very small minority of people who have not paid us yet."

Internal policy issues

In this level, the concern is for internal relationships between a company and its employees. Fairness in management, pay, and employee participation would all be considered ethical internal policy issues.

Passive-aggressive communicator

Indirect communication style that uses hidden messages to express needs and ideas tend to be passive but later aggressive by perhaps making negative or underhanded comments. These individuals might express negative feelings in an indirect way. For example, they may claim something is okay with them but that they would not be surprised if other people get upset. They strive to appear agreeable but often act in a manipulative and secretive manner to further their own agenda. Oftentimes, passive-aggressive people try to play the martyr or the victim, attempting to make others feel guilty to get what they want.2

Organizational Culture example

Individuals tend to become more aware of their organization's culture when they have the opportunity to compare it to other organizations. If you have worked in multiple organizations, you can attest to this. Maybe the first organization you worked for was a place where employees dressed formally. It was completely inappropriate to question your boss in a meeting; such behaviors would only be acceptable in private. It was important to check your email at night and during weekends. An organization's culture may be one of its strongest assets, as well as its biggest liability. In fact, it has been argued that organizations that have a rare and hard-to-imitate organizational culture have the benefit of a competitive advantage. This comes as no surprise to many leaders of successful businesses, who are quick to attribute their company's success to their organization's culture.2

Research & Development

Innovations, development, and new products

What are the three core roles or management

Interpersonal role- focuses on relationship building and communication internally within the company and externally with clients and other stakeholders. (good leadership falls into this role) Informational role- spending time to gather, analyze, and sharing information related to the business to those above and below, in order to prioritize, and implement strategies. Decisional role- responsible for making decisions, allocating resources, and negotiating.

Management

Involves directing a team of employees to work toward achieving a goal. This includes planning, organizing, and implementing strategies. Although managers are in a position of leadership, not all managers have the qualities of good leadership, and good leaders are not always in management

Market

It tends to be externally focused on competition and profits and less flexible (e.g., security companies).

Hierarchy

It tends to be internally focused on internal processes and procedures and less flexible (e.g., government agencies).

Clan

It tends to be more family oriented and flexible, and less structured, and has a more extensive hierarchy (e.g., small start-up business).

Adhocracy

It tends to be more flexible and responsive to external forces and is characterized as a dynamic, entrepreneurial, and creative workplace (e.g., technology businesses).

What are 4 main levels of ethical issues within organizations?

Societal issues, Stakeholder issues, Internal policy issues, and personal issues

Personality

Stable feelings, thoughts, and behavioral patterns a person has.

What are 3 major skills that a manager should have to manage effectively and accomplish goals?

Technical skills- understanding everyday challenges, proposing solutions, representing the team, redesigning procedures, having a firm grasp of the tools and procedures, and techniques imperative to the department. Communication skills- able to listen and understand employee's issues, motivational factors, and their team's group dynamics, and establishing cordial working relationship with people. Analysis skills- able to understand, visualize, and analyze abstract knowledge and concepts; change direction; and improve organizational performance.

Passive communicator

Tentative communication style used by those who are hesitant. styles tend to be hesitant to speak up about their thoughts, beliefs, and opinions—even when they feel they are being wronged. They typically put the rights of others before their own and sound apologetic or tentative when they speak. For example, they may claim that they are fine with whatever somebody else decides or wants. When communicating with others, their passive style implies that their feelings don't matter or that they do not think they are important. From a nonverbal perspective, they tend to be overly soft or shy and often look away.

Leadership

The activity of leading a group/organization or the ability to do this (influence not manage)

Person-organization fit

The degree to which a person's values, personality, match those of the organization

Organizational Culture

The shared values, beliefs of an organization that affect the strategies and operating procedures of the business

Organizational culture

The shared values, beliefs, and norms of an organization that affect the strategies and operating business procedures of the business or refers to a system of shared assumptions, values, and beliefs that shows employees appropriate and inappropriate behavior. Culture largely affects thinking and behavioral patterns of employees.

Values

The stable enduring goals that individuals have in their life. - - Businesses (and individuals) often use values to identify the best fit for employees and potential future employees. Will a certain candidate for a job be a good fit for that position? Do the requirements and expectations of the position match his or her value system?

Societal issues

These are the issues relating to the world as a whole. Many companies get involved with societal issues because of the ethics the organization creates out of care and concern for individuals.

Personal issues

These deal with how people treat others within their organization. -- For example, gossiping at work or taking credit for another's work would be considered a personal issue. As an employee of an organization, you may not have as much control over societal and stakeholder issues, but you certainly have control over this last level of ethics. This includes "doing the right thing." Doing the right thing affects human relations in that it is more likely you can be promoted—or at the very least earn respect from your colleagues—if you are seen as trustworthy when making ethical decisions. Without this respect, your human relations with coworkers can be impacted negatively. One of the biggest ethical challenges in the workplace is when your personal ethics do not align with those of the company you work for. This kind of difference in values can create challenges. When choosing the company or business you work for, it is important to make sure there is a match between your personal values and the values within the organization.8

Stakeholders

Those who have a stake in the performance and output of an organization. Such as employees, unions, investors, supplies, consumers, local and national governments, and communities.

List all three levels of management

Top management- Presidents, CEOs, Executives, and vice president. Middle management- Plant managers, division managers, branch managers, general managers, department managers. First/Front-Line managers- Foremen, Supervisors, office managers

Organizational Structure

Used to define heiarchy in an organization refers to the framework or legal structure of the business, including the organizational chart, hierarchy structures, and formal system of roles and authority in a business.

Greenwashing

When an organization attempts to use CSR for an inauthentic agenda Using them to get publicity rather than spur real change.

Legal-ethical

When the law and personal or organizational ethics are within accordance with eachother.

WTO

World Trade Organization International organization tasked with promoting global trade, enforcing common trade regulations, and helping promote ethical behavior among members. - CSR has certainly grown in prominence in the West, but what about on the global stage? Organizations around the world are beginning to adopt new practices of accountability and ethical conduct. However, these understandings are tied to global perceptions of what is considered ethical, moral, and socially responsible. Due to these differences, organizations need a standard set of global operating guidelines. Institutions such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) function as international instruments governing global trade by overseeing the implementation of trade agreements between nations. WTO's mission is to improve the stability and predictability of global trade. Members are required to publish their trade regulations and follow a system that allows external parties to review and evaluate any administrative decisions and their impact. These transparency requirements encourage ethical behavior from members and create an ethical baseline in this global society.5

Information Technology

all related technology of the company

Management

directs a group to accomplish a goal

communication style

dominant way an individual interacts

Barrier to effective communication

factor that prevents the receiver from receiving and understanding the message One of the greatest problems facing communication is the belief that effective communication has occurred when in fact it has not.

Assertive communicator

productive communication style and used by those who express their ideas while listening attentively to others. styles respect their rights and the rights of others when communicating. These individuals tend to have the most productive communication style. They are direct but not insulting or offensive. Assertive communicators stand up for their own rights but ensure the rights of others are not affected. For example, they may claim their opinion but then ask what somebody else thinks. Their communication style tells others that they believe both parties are important and equal. From a nonverbal standpoint, these individuals have a relaxed posture and smooth and relaxed movements.1

cultural diversity

the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society.

Morals

the rules of life that people develop as a result of cultural values and norms. -- They are individual characteristics that can affect an individual's ethics. These are typically shared, sanctioned, and integrated systems of beliefs and practices that are passed down through generations and characterize a cultural group. This is where culture intersects with ethics. As interpretations of what is moral are influenced by cultural norms, the possibility exists that what is ethical to one group will not be considered so by another. This is an important distinction when communicating with others, both on a personal and professional level.

International business culture

variations in attitudes, values, goals, and practices shared by individuals, organizations, or societies based on geography Cultures vary over time periods, between countries and geographic regions, and among groups and organizations. These variations strongly impact organizational ethics. American companies are often criticized for the treatment of workers who produce their products in China. However, rules concerning the rights of workers are much more relaxed in China than in the United States. Does an American company have the right to order factory owners in China to change their way of doing business? That is one example of an ethical gray area in today's globalized economy.3 IBM management realized that some women were concerned that they would have to give up leading a balanced life if they wanted to be promoted to higher management. However, 70% of the women in higher levels actually had children, indicating that perceptual barriers can also act as a barrier to employee aspirations. IBM management chose to address this particular issue by communicating better with employees and enhancing their networking program.