Fluid-Electrolyte & Acid-Base Balance

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The hormone ___ is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the ___ pituitary gland

ADH, Posterior

The 3 buffer systems that help prevent drastic changes in the pH of the blood or other body fluids are

Bicarbonate, Phosphate, and Protein systems.

A state of acidosis has its greatest effects on the

CNS

Specific cause of respiratory acidosis

Emphysema, Pneumonia, Asthma

for healthy people, water intake should_____ water output

Equal

Smaller amounts of water are also lost in____ and_____

Exhaled water vapor, Feces

the Body's major source of water is?

Drinking fluids

To compensate for a metabolic acidosis, the respiratory rate will_____ to exhale ______ CO2 to _____the formation of H+ ions to ______ the pH toward normal.

Increase, More, Decrease, Raise

2 causes of metabolic alkalosis

Over ingestion of antacids and vomiting of stomach contents

The most abundant cation is Na+, the most abundant anion is Chloride, and there are many protein anions in which type of fluid?

Plasma

Cations are______ ions ?

Positive

specific cause of respiratory alkalosis

Prolonged hyperventilation

increases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus from the bones to the blood

parathyroid hormone

In what type of situation is ADH secreted?

Dehydration

2 possible consequences of alkalosis are

Muscle twitches and Convulsions

The most abundant electrolytes in sweat are?

Na+ & Cl-

2 examples are?

Na+ & K+

Which product of the reaction has no effect on pH?

NaCl

the strong acid hydrochloric acid will be buffered: HCl + NaHCO ---->

NaCl + H2CO3

HCl + Na2HPO4

NaCl + NaH2PO4

Phosphate buffer system consists of the weak acid _____ and the weak base _______.

NaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4

Which product has only a slight effect on pH?

NaHCO3

Anions are______ ions?

Negative Ions

Specialized cells that detect changes in the osmolarity of body fluids are called?

Osmoreceptors

a buffer system consists of two chemicals : a weak ____ and a weak ____

acid , base

a ph below 7 is considered _______ and a ph above 7 is considered _______.

acidic , alkaline

Function of ADH

acts on kidneys to increase water reabsorbtion

increase the exception of potassium by the kidneys

aldosterone

increase the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys

aldosterone

therefore , the ph of blood is slightly _______ and the ph of intracellular fluid is slightly ________ or neutral

alkaline , acidic

increase the excretion of sodium by the kidneys

anp

within the eyeball

aqueous humor

the normal ph range of tissue fluid is similar to that of ______ but is slightly more variable

blood

some electrolytes are structural components of tissue , such as _____ or are part of proteins , such as _____

bones and enzymes

all the water found outside cells is called _______ fluid.

extracellular

how does this affect the reabsorption of water by the kidneys?

increases

when the body is dehydrated , the osmolarity of body fluids ________ because there is more dissolved material in proportion to water

increases

Most electrolytes are ____ molecules that include _____,____,_______

inorganic, Salts, Acids, Bases

Normal ph range of ICF

6.8-7.0

the normal ph range of blood is ______ to _______.

7.35 -7.45

How long does it take for the respiratory system to respond to changes in pH?

A few minutes

Osmolarity means ?

A measure of the amount of dissolved particles in a given volume of liquid.

if blood volume or bp increases , the heart will produce the hormone _______, which will _______ the excretion of sodium ions and water

ANP , increase

In the protein buffer system, an amino acid may act as either an _____ or a _____

Acid or Base

The hormone ____ is produced by the adrenal cortex and increases the reabsorption of Na ion by the kidney tubules.

Aldosterone

The ______ group of an amino acid acts as a base because it can pick up an excess ______ ion from th ICF.

Amine(NH2), H+

The _____ group of an amino acid acts as an acid because it can donate a ___ ion into the ICF

Carboxyl, H+

A state alkalosis affects both the _____ and ______ nervous systems

Central and Peripheral

2 examples are?

Cl- & HCO-

2 possible consequences of acidosis

Confusion, Disorientation, Coma, Death

To compensate for a metabolic alkalosis, the respiratory rate will _______ to exhale _____ CO2 to _____ the formation of H+ ions to _____ the pH to normal.

Decrease, Less, Increase, Lower

How long does it take the kidneys to respond to pH changes?

Few hours to days

Secondary source of water is the water in?

Food

we take in electrolytes as part of ____ & _____.

Food & Beverages

Water will move by osmosis to a compartment w/ a _____ concentration of electrolytes.

Greater

Which of these ions formed will lower the pH of body fluids?

H

Dissociation of carbonic acid CO2 + H2O---> H2CO3---->

H + HCO3-

Which product has only a slight effect on pH?

H2CO3

Bicarbonate buffer system consists of the weak acid____ and the weak base _______.

H2CO3 and NaHCO3

Which product of this reaction has no effect on pH?

H2O

How will the strong base sodium hydroxide be buffered; NaOH + H2CO3----.

H2O + NaHCO3

To compensate for a state of acidosis, the kidneys will excrete____ ions and will conserve _____ ions and _____ ions.

Hydrogen, Na, Bicarbonate

Part of the brain that regulates the water content of the body is?

Hypothalamus

The most abundant cation is K+, and the most abundant anions are Phosphate and proteins in which type of fluid?

Intracellular fluid

2 causes of metabolic acidosis

Kidney disease, Untreated DM, Vomiting, Diarrhea

How long does it take for a buffer system to react to prevent a great change in pH?

Less than a second

2 types of situations that stimulate secretion of aldosterone are?

Low BP and Hyponatremia

A secondary pathway of water loss is by the way of the _____ in the form of ____.

Skin, Sweat

To compensate for a state of alkalosis, the kidneys will excrete _____ ions and _____ ions and will conserve_______ ions.

Sodium, Bicarbonate, Hydrogen

The chemicals of a buffer system react with _____ acids or bases to change them to substances that _____ have a great effect on pH.

Strong, Will not

The most abundant cation is Na+, the most abundant anion is Chloride, and there are few protein anions in which type of fluid?

Tissue fluid

in tissue spaces between cells

Tissue fluid

The major pathway of water loss is by way of the_____ in the form of________

Urinary system, Urine

Electrolytes are lost from the body in _____, _____, _____

Urine, Sweat, and Feces

how long does it take the kidneys to respond to ph changes

a few hours to days

the ph of body fluids is regulated by three mechanisms the _____ in body fluids , the _______ system and the ______

buffer system , respiratory , kidneys

increases the removal of calcium and phosphorus from the blood and into the bones

calcitonin

a small amount of water is produced within the body , as a product of the process of ?

cell respiration

around and within the cns

csf

if theres is too much water in the body , the secretion of adh will ______ and urinary output will ________.

decrease , increase

As water is absorbed by the digestive tract, the osmolarity of the body fluids _____ toward normal.

decreases

in this situation , ADH effects will fuse urinary output to _______

decreases

if sweating increases , what must be done to compensate ?

drink more

The water found within cells is called______ fluid and is about _______(fraction) of the total body weight.

intracellular fluid, 2/3

in lymph vessels

lymph

on the ph scale , a value of 7.0 is considered _______

neutral

by their presence in body fluids , electrolytes help create the ______ of these fluids and help regulate the ______ of water between water compartments

osmolarity , osmosis

two processes by which water moves from compartment to another within the body are

osmosis and filtration

in blood vessels

plasma

when electrolytes are in water , they dissociate into their

positive and negative ions

caused by a decrease in the a rate or efficiency of respiration

resp acidosis

more co2 is retained within the body

resp acidosis

more h+ ions are produced

resp acidosis

the ph of body fluids decreases

resp acidosis

caused by an increase in the rate of respiration

resp alkalosis

fewer h+ ions are produced

resp alkalosis

more co2 is exhaled

resp alkalosis

the ph of body fluids increases

resp alkalosis

Between membranes such as the pleural membranes

serous fluid

within the joints

synovial fluid

in a state of dehydration , a person experiences the sensation of _________ and will______.

thirst, drink liquids

if fluid intake is excessive , however _________ will increase to return the bodys water content to normal.

urinary output


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