Fluid-Electrolyte & Acid-Base Balance
The hormone ___ is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the ___ pituitary gland
ADH, Posterior
The 3 buffer systems that help prevent drastic changes in the pH of the blood or other body fluids are
Bicarbonate, Phosphate, and Protein systems.
A state of acidosis has its greatest effects on the
CNS
Specific cause of respiratory acidosis
Emphysema, Pneumonia, Asthma
for healthy people, water intake should_____ water output
Equal
Smaller amounts of water are also lost in____ and_____
Exhaled water vapor, Feces
the Body's major source of water is?
Drinking fluids
To compensate for a metabolic acidosis, the respiratory rate will_____ to exhale ______ CO2 to _____the formation of H+ ions to ______ the pH toward normal.
Increase, More, Decrease, Raise
2 causes of metabolic alkalosis
Over ingestion of antacids and vomiting of stomach contents
The most abundant cation is Na+, the most abundant anion is Chloride, and there are many protein anions in which type of fluid?
Plasma
Cations are______ ions ?
Positive
specific cause of respiratory alkalosis
Prolonged hyperventilation
increases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus from the bones to the blood
parathyroid hormone
In what type of situation is ADH secreted?
Dehydration
2 possible consequences of alkalosis are
Muscle twitches and Convulsions
The most abundant electrolytes in sweat are?
Na+ & Cl-
2 examples are?
Na+ & K+
Which product of the reaction has no effect on pH?
NaCl
the strong acid hydrochloric acid will be buffered: HCl + NaHCO ---->
NaCl + H2CO3
HCl + Na2HPO4
NaCl + NaH2PO4
Phosphate buffer system consists of the weak acid _____ and the weak base _______.
NaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4
Which product has only a slight effect on pH?
NaHCO3
Anions are______ ions?
Negative Ions
Specialized cells that detect changes in the osmolarity of body fluids are called?
Osmoreceptors
a buffer system consists of two chemicals : a weak ____ and a weak ____
acid , base
a ph below 7 is considered _______ and a ph above 7 is considered _______.
acidic , alkaline
Function of ADH
acts on kidneys to increase water reabsorbtion
increase the exception of potassium by the kidneys
aldosterone
increase the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys
aldosterone
therefore , the ph of blood is slightly _______ and the ph of intracellular fluid is slightly ________ or neutral
alkaline , acidic
increase the excretion of sodium by the kidneys
anp
within the eyeball
aqueous humor
the normal ph range of tissue fluid is similar to that of ______ but is slightly more variable
blood
some electrolytes are structural components of tissue , such as _____ or are part of proteins , such as _____
bones and enzymes
all the water found outside cells is called _______ fluid.
extracellular
how does this affect the reabsorption of water by the kidneys?
increases
when the body is dehydrated , the osmolarity of body fluids ________ because there is more dissolved material in proportion to water
increases
Most electrolytes are ____ molecules that include _____,____,_______
inorganic, Salts, Acids, Bases
Normal ph range of ICF
6.8-7.0
the normal ph range of blood is ______ to _______.
7.35 -7.45
How long does it take for the respiratory system to respond to changes in pH?
A few minutes
Osmolarity means ?
A measure of the amount of dissolved particles in a given volume of liquid.
if blood volume or bp increases , the heart will produce the hormone _______, which will _______ the excretion of sodium ions and water
ANP , increase
In the protein buffer system, an amino acid may act as either an _____ or a _____
Acid or Base
The hormone ____ is produced by the adrenal cortex and increases the reabsorption of Na ion by the kidney tubules.
Aldosterone
The ______ group of an amino acid acts as a base because it can pick up an excess ______ ion from th ICF.
Amine(NH2), H+
The _____ group of an amino acid acts as an acid because it can donate a ___ ion into the ICF
Carboxyl, H+
A state alkalosis affects both the _____ and ______ nervous systems
Central and Peripheral
2 examples are?
Cl- & HCO-
2 possible consequences of acidosis
Confusion, Disorientation, Coma, Death
To compensate for a metabolic alkalosis, the respiratory rate will _______ to exhale _____ CO2 to _____ the formation of H+ ions to _____ the pH to normal.
Decrease, Less, Increase, Lower
How long does it take the kidneys to respond to pH changes?
Few hours to days
Secondary source of water is the water in?
Food
we take in electrolytes as part of ____ & _____.
Food & Beverages
Water will move by osmosis to a compartment w/ a _____ concentration of electrolytes.
Greater
Which of these ions formed will lower the pH of body fluids?
H
Dissociation of carbonic acid CO2 + H2O---> H2CO3---->
H + HCO3-
Which product has only a slight effect on pH?
H2CO3
Bicarbonate buffer system consists of the weak acid____ and the weak base _______.
H2CO3 and NaHCO3
Which product of this reaction has no effect on pH?
H2O
How will the strong base sodium hydroxide be buffered; NaOH + H2CO3----.
H2O + NaHCO3
To compensate for a state of acidosis, the kidneys will excrete____ ions and will conserve _____ ions and _____ ions.
Hydrogen, Na, Bicarbonate
Part of the brain that regulates the water content of the body is?
Hypothalamus
The most abundant cation is K+, and the most abundant anions are Phosphate and proteins in which type of fluid?
Intracellular fluid
2 causes of metabolic acidosis
Kidney disease, Untreated DM, Vomiting, Diarrhea
How long does it take for a buffer system to react to prevent a great change in pH?
Less than a second
2 types of situations that stimulate secretion of aldosterone are?
Low BP and Hyponatremia
A secondary pathway of water loss is by the way of the _____ in the form of ____.
Skin, Sweat
To compensate for a state of alkalosis, the kidneys will excrete _____ ions and _____ ions and will conserve_______ ions.
Sodium, Bicarbonate, Hydrogen
The chemicals of a buffer system react with _____ acids or bases to change them to substances that _____ have a great effect on pH.
Strong, Will not
The most abundant cation is Na+, the most abundant anion is Chloride, and there are few protein anions in which type of fluid?
Tissue fluid
in tissue spaces between cells
Tissue fluid
The major pathway of water loss is by way of the_____ in the form of________
Urinary system, Urine
Electrolytes are lost from the body in _____, _____, _____
Urine, Sweat, and Feces
how long does it take the kidneys to respond to ph changes
a few hours to days
the ph of body fluids is regulated by three mechanisms the _____ in body fluids , the _______ system and the ______
buffer system , respiratory , kidneys
increases the removal of calcium and phosphorus from the blood and into the bones
calcitonin
a small amount of water is produced within the body , as a product of the process of ?
cell respiration
around and within the cns
csf
if theres is too much water in the body , the secretion of adh will ______ and urinary output will ________.
decrease , increase
As water is absorbed by the digestive tract, the osmolarity of the body fluids _____ toward normal.
decreases
in this situation , ADH effects will fuse urinary output to _______
decreases
if sweating increases , what must be done to compensate ?
drink more
The water found within cells is called______ fluid and is about _______(fraction) of the total body weight.
intracellular fluid, 2/3
in lymph vessels
lymph
on the ph scale , a value of 7.0 is considered _______
neutral
by their presence in body fluids , electrolytes help create the ______ of these fluids and help regulate the ______ of water between water compartments
osmolarity , osmosis
two processes by which water moves from compartment to another within the body are
osmosis and filtration
in blood vessels
plasma
when electrolytes are in water , they dissociate into their
positive and negative ions
caused by a decrease in the a rate or efficiency of respiration
resp acidosis
more co2 is retained within the body
resp acidosis
more h+ ions are produced
resp acidosis
the ph of body fluids decreases
resp acidosis
caused by an increase in the rate of respiration
resp alkalosis
fewer h+ ions are produced
resp alkalosis
more co2 is exhaled
resp alkalosis
the ph of body fluids increases
resp alkalosis
Between membranes such as the pleural membranes
serous fluid
within the joints
synovial fluid
in a state of dehydration , a person experiences the sensation of _________ and will______.
thirst, drink liquids
if fluid intake is excessive , however _________ will increase to return the bodys water content to normal.
urinary output
