Food science quiz 9

Raisens •What's the difference between black and golden raisins?

If you were in class with me in person, I'd take a poll to see who preferred black raisins or golden (white) raisins. I'm betting that the majority of you who do like raisins prefer golden raisins. But how do black and golden raisins differ? Both are made from dried grapes. But do black raisins come from purple grapes? Do golden raisins come from white grapes?

Andrew Jackson Bush •Partnership with Stokely's •canned tomatoes •bought out Stokely's interest •Bush Brother & Company •inexpensive food during Depression •Condon Bush takes over •used his mother's secret family recipe for baked beans

In 1904, Andrew Jackson Bush was building a Hosiery Mill in Chestnut Hill, TN when he was approached by the Stokely family (later to become Stokely Van Camp). The Stokely's told him that they couldn't can all the tomatoes they were growing and suggested that they use his building and their tomato canning equipment. So, A.J. formed a partnership with the Stokely family to can tomatoes. By 1908, the cannery was so successful that A.J. bought out the Stokely's interests and established Bush Brothers & Company so that his children could be involved. The process was originally very manually laborious, but new canning and processing technologies propelled the company through World War I. However, the end of the war nearly forced them out of business. The company bounced back and was incorporated in 1922. Bush Brother & Company helped to feed struggling families during the Great Depression with their variety of inexpensive canned foods, like hominy and sauerkraut. Production increased during World War II as the company shipped products to American troops overseas. While Pork & Beans were canned by BB&C in 1934, the addition of variety beans in 1952 was a huge success and offered Americans a convenient alternative to dry beans. A.J.'s grandson, Condon Bush, graduated from the University of Tennessee in 1960 with a BS in Industrial Management and was tasked with running the company's green bean plant in Augusta, WI. The nature of seasonal vegetables is that they have to be harvested and canned in a short window of a few months, leaving the plant idle for much of the year. Condon knew that people loved his mother's baked beans and wondered if he could make them in a can. If he could, then he would be able to run the plant year-round. So, with his mother's secret family recipe, "Bush's Baked Beans," appeared in 1969. In the 1990s, BB&C began to transform from a regional cannery to national prominence. The first TV commercial in 1994 starred A.J.'s great-grandson, Jay, and later, Duke, his trusty Golden Retriever. In 2008, the company released "BUSH'S® Grillin' Beans®, a huge success (and my favorite). Today, Bush Brothers manufactures over 40 different types of beans, but the Original Baked Bean is still the best seller. The company headquarters is in Knoxville, TN. It has always been solely owned by the Bush family!

Pringles •Proctor & Gamble •Pringles invented by Alexander Liepa •worked for US Army •Unique can made by Fredric J. Baur •Had his ashes buried in a Pringles can •Proctor & Gamble needed a name for these new chips •looked in Cincinnati phone directory •saw "Pringle Ave" in Finneytown, Ohio •liked the sound of "Pringle" •Pringles received their name •originally marketed at "Pringles Newfangled Potato Chips" •They then needed a logo •"Julius Pringles" was born •2012 - purchased by Kellogg Co. for2.7 billion

1986-1996, 2011* (dropped the apostrophe, better quality image) 1996-2002 (rosy cheeks and mouth disappeared) 2002-2009 (eyebrows dropped,red bow tie added) 2009-present (slightly modified, "i" is dotted witha chip) Alexander Liepa, who worked for the Cincinnati-based Proctor & Gamble Company, invented Pringles in 1968. Liepa had previously worked for the US Army and realized that potato chips would typically be reduced to crumbs by the time they reached soldiers. So, he invented stackable "potato crisps" that were secured inside of a tunique ubular can, invented by Fredric J. Baur, to prevent breakage. Proctor and Gamble needed a name for their new product. So, an employee opened a phone book and pointed to "Pringle Avenue" in Finneytown, OH. They liked the sound of the name Pringle, so the name Pringles was born. Pringles were originally marketed as "Pringles Newfangled Potato Chips." Today, they are called "potato crisps" because the FDA has a standard of identity for potato chips, which must come from sliced potatos. Pringles are made from dehydrated potatoes that are rehydrated into their unique shape. So, they have to go by some other name. After searching for a logo for the new product, "Julius Pringles" was born. Although Julius has changed some over the years, he has always been the Pringles logo.

The Sun-Maid Girl •Lorraine Collett (Peterson) •May 1915 - Fresno, CA,discovered drying her hair in the sun •Posed for painting - holding basket of grapes •First appeared on Sun-Maid raisin boxes in 1916 red bonnet hat faded to pink

A fruit-packing company in California was in search of a logo for its raisin products. In May of 1915, a company executive spotted Lorraine Collett in her back yard drying her long, curly, brown hair in the sunshine wearing her mother's read sun bonnet. The exec commissioned Lorraine to pose for a painting, holding a basket of grapes and wearing her red bonnet. The "Sun-Maid Girl" first appeared on boxes of Sun Maid raisins in 1916, and though minor changes have been made to the design, Lorraine's likeness still graces boxes of Sun-Maid raisins. As a side note, Lorraine's original red bonnet was donated to the Smithsonian Institute in 1988, though it has faded to pink over time

Cheetos •Invented by Frito's creator (Charles Elmer Doolin) in Dallas, TX •1971- The original mascot for Cheetos was the Cheetos Mouse •Today, Cheetos brand is commonly recognized by its mascot named Chester Cheetah •Created by a computer-generated cartoon •1983-first appeared in television commercials as animated cartoon character. •Slogan became "dangerously cheesy" •2009-Cheetos landed their first Super Bowl commercial.

And for the last logo that I want to present - Cheetos!! Everyone loves Cheetos, right? Cheeto's were invented by "Frito's creator, Charles Doolin, of Dallas, TX. In 1971, the original mascot for Cheetos was the Cheetos Mouse. On television commericals, the Cheetos Mouse would describe the delicious Cheetos that were either "baked to a delicate crunch," or "quick fried to a crackly crunch." (the the 1970s commercial on this slide) Today, the Cheetos trademark has changed dramatically into Chester Cheetah. Cester first appeared in television commercials in 1983 as an animated cartoon character. His slogan was "dangerously cheesy!" Today, Chester adorns packages of Cheetos. In 2009, Cheetos landed its first Super Bowl Commercial. I hope you've enjoyed learning about these food logos. Just keep in mind that there are hundreds more out there, each with its own unique story.

H.J Heinz co •1st product???? •bottled horse radish •Tomatoes •Heinz uses more than 2 million tons/year •private, hybrid variety •Heinz Ketchup •ketchup vs catsup- same ingredients--> FDA has standard of identity • heinz ketchup exits the bottle at a whopping 0.028 mph (2.5ʹ/min) •Ketchup is probably the most widely used name in the US today •Feb. 2013 •Warren Buffett •bought Heinz for $23.3 Billion •today, Kraft Heinz

But, for ketchup, Heinz uses more than 2 million tons of tomatoes every year. The company uses as private, hybrid variety of tomatoes that are grown specifically for the company's ketchup and nothing else. That brings me to a question. What is the difference between ketchup and catsup? Just the name. They both contain the same ingredients, and in fact, the FDA has a standard of identity for ketchup/catsup, so any manufacturer has to comply with those standards. Ketchup is probably the most widely used name in the US today. Some lesser-known brands use the term catsup, but they're all the same as far as ingredients go. It's the proportions that make the difference. Heinz Ketchup exits the bottle at a whopping 0.028 miles per hour - if you poured Heinz ketchup on a sloped stainless-steel counter, it would travel 2.5 feet in one minute. Any faster or any slower, and it gets dumped! Another "logo" feature on all Heinz products is the "keystone," as shown in the dashed square on this slide. Why the keystone? Heinz was founded in Pennsylvania - the "Keystone State." If you've ever driven down a Pennsylvania highway, you'll notice that the highway numbers are bordered with the same shape. In February 2013 Berkshire Hathaway (Warren Buffet) acquired Heinz for $23.3 Billion. Now Kraft Foods has become part of the mix, forming Kraft Heinz, the third largest food company in the US and 5th largest in the world!

Betty Crocker •Washburn Crosby Company (Minneapolis )-->later merged with other companies to form General Mills •Cadwallader Washburn - 1856 •large milling company •1877 - partnered with John Crosby •tons of mail asking baking questions •1921 - decided to sign letters with a name •William Crocker - retired exec •Betty - sounded "cheery, wholesome, and folksy" company secretary won the contest •1924 - radio debut •first cooking show •1936 - Betty got a face •blended features of all the women in the company

Cadwallader Washburn founded what became the Washburn Crosby Company in Minneapolis, MN in 1856. The company was a large milling company, primarily making flower and cake mixes. In 1877, Washburn partnered with John Crosby. The company received tons of mail asking for baking recipes, and someone responded to every letter. In1921, the company decided to sign the response letters with an actual name, but the million-dollar question was, "What name?" Eventually, they settled on Crocker as the last name, in recognition of William Crocker, a retired company executive. And they chose "Betty" as the first name because they thought "Betty" sounded cheery, wholesome, and folksy. Then they held a contest to see who would get to sign the letters, and a company secretary won the contest and became "Betty Crocker," at least by signature. Betty Crocker has always been a brand and not a company name. In 1924, the company had a radio debut of the Betty Crocker Show, in which a live person answered questions on the radio about baking. In 1936, "Betty" got a face. The company blended the features of all the women in the company to arrive at, in my opinion, a somewhat unfriendly-looking, schoolmarmish likeness. It changed over the years to become more modern, but the real logo of the the brand has always a spoon overlaid with the "Betty Crocker" signature, though it has been slightly modified over the years. The Washburn Crosby Company eventually merged with others to form General Mills.

C.B. Stubblefield •Former mess Sgt. during Korean War •nicknamed "Stubb" •1968 - opened BBQ joint in Lubbock, TX •became very popular •later moved to Austin •friends urged him to sell his BBQ sauce •began hand-bottling •expanded to grocery stores, etc. •Stubb passed away in 1995 •many products today

Christopher B. Stubblefield was born in 1931 in Navasota, TX, one of 12 children whose family made a living picking cotton. During the Korean War, Stubblefield, known simply as "Stubb" was a mess sergeant whose food was very popular. After being honorable discharged from the Army in 1967, Stubb went on to open a BBQ joint in Lubbock, TX. His food and restaurant were very popular, and when he later moved to Austin, TX, his friends encouraged him to bottle and sell his famous BBQ sauce. So, Stubb began hand bottling and selling his sauce. Its popularity continued to grow and before long, he was selling his product in grocery stores. Business continued to grow, and today, there are many Stubb's products on the market. Stubb passed away in 1995, but his products are his legacy. From a personal standpoint, Stubb's BBQ sauce is the ONLY barbecue sauce I will buy!

Dr. John Harvey Kellogg •1876, Physician @ Battle Creek Sanitarium •vegetarian, advocated low-cal diets •warned that smoking caused lung cancer •advocated for exercise •obsessed with "bowel elimination" •favorite tool was enema machine •15 gal of water, followed by pint of yogurt (half eaten, half by enema) •advocated for adequate (excessive?) chewing •coached patients using zwieback one patient broke her tooth! •Created Corn Flakes (for easy chewing) •1905, established Sanitas Food Co with brother Will Keith •C.W. Post was a patient at the sanitarium •later started his own cereal company •Kellogg accused him of stealing his formula •1906 - started the W.K. Kellogg Co.

Dr. John Harvey Kellogg was a physician who worked at the Battle Creek (Michigan) Sanitarium. Dr. Kellogg was a vegetarian and was an advocate of eating low-calorie diets. He followed the teachings of Sylvester Graham, and also promoted abstinence from alcohol and sex. He also warned that smoking cigarettes caused lung cancer, an unpopular opinion at the time that was not considered reliable. Dr. Kellogg also advocated for exercise. He was somewhat obsessed with "bowel elimination." His favorite tool was an enema machine that would dispense 15 gallons of water that contained half a pint of yogurt - another half pint of yogurt was to be eaten. Kellogg was also an advocate for "adequate" (I say excessive) chewing. He would coach his patients on the arts of chewing using hard, dry zwieback. The zwieback was so hard that, at one point, one of his patients broke a tooth on it. As a result, Dr. Kellogg created corn flakes that were much easier to chew. In 1905, Kellogg established the Sanitas Food Company with his brother Will Keith. C.W. Post had been a patient of Kellogg at the sanitarium. Shortly after Kellogg created Sanitas, Post started his own cereal company, producing a cereal very similar to corn flakes. Kellogg accused Post of stealing his formula, but the matter was never resolved. In 1906, Kellogg started the W.K. Kellogg Company, today, simply know as Kellogg's

Ruth Wakefield •Toll House Restaurant •created chocolate chip cookies •Is Ruth your favorite??

From 1930 to 1967, Ruth Wakefield ran the popular Toll House restaurant in Whitman, MA. In the late 1930s, Ruth made the restaurant even more popular with her famous Toll House chocolate chip cookie! A very popular myth tells the story that Ruth ran out of nuts that she used to make her go-to ice cream cookie, so she chopped up a bar of Nestlé's bitter-sweet chocolate as a substitute, not realizing that the chocolate would not melt completely. However, Ruth was a talented chef with a degree in household arts from the Framingham State Normal School, and she claims that the creation was one of hard work and skill, rather than a simple accident. In 1939, Ruth granted Nestlé the right to use her cookie recipe and the Toll House name, presumably for the whopping price of one dollar! During World War II, Massachusetts soldiers stationed overseas shared the glorious cookie with others, who in turn, inundated Ruth with letters asking for care packages. For the past 82 years, the likes of Famous Amos, Mrs. Fields, and Nabisco's Chips Ahoy, and countless others have continued to provide the world with versions of Ruth's creation. Today, the chocolate chip cookie is the second most popular cookie in the world. Some of you would argue that it's really number one.

George Speck (Crum) - 1822-1914 •African-American/Mohawk Indian •worked as a hunter, guide, and cook in NY's Adirondack Mts. •hired by Moon's Lake House on Saratoga Lake •became renowned for culinary skills •1850s, during dinner rush, sliced potatoes extra thin, dropped them in oil •result - POTATO CHIPS!! •one story: •customer complained that his fried potatoes were too thick •angered, Speck sliced them very thin, over-fried them to a crisp •customer loved them! •Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt •regular at Moon's Lake House •could never remember Speck's name •once called him "Crum" •Speck took the nickname, decided that "a crumb is bigger than a speck." •1930s, Herman Lay began marketing potato chips

George Speck was an African American/Native American hunter, guide, and cook in the Adirondack Mountains of upstate New York. Because of his culinary skills, he was hired as a chef at Moon's Lake House in Saratoga Springs, NY in the mid-1800s. Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt (yep, that one!) was a regular at Moon's Lake House, and he could never remember Speck's last name. He once called him George "Crum," and Speck, considering that "a crumb is bigger than a speck," took to using Crum as his last name. Sliced, fried potatoes were a favorite at the restaurant, and one night at dinner in 1853, a customer complained to Crum that his fried potatoes were too thick and soggy. So, Crum made thinner slices, and again the customer complained. Angered, Crum sliced potatoes very thin and fried them to a crisp as a sarcastic gesture. But the customer loved them, and Crum began serving them regularly, calling them Saratoga Chips. [Some claim that the idea actually came from Crum's sister, Catherine Speck.] In 1860, Crum opened his own restaurant and began placing a basket of his chips on every table as an appetizer. He never mass-produced his chips, never bagged them for sale, and never patented them. In the 1920s, traveling salesman Herman Lay began introducing potato chips throughout the south. In 1932, Lay founded the H.W. Lay Distributing Co. in Atlanta, GA, and the rest, as they say, is history.

Who is the Gerber Baby? Gerber baby (1927) Humphrey Bogart (1899-1957)

Gerber Baby Food has always displayed a bright-eyed, open-mouthed cute baby as the company's logo. But was the Gerber baby real or made up, like Betty Crocker? Many people used to speculate the Humphrey Bogart, as a baby, was the model for the logo. But the Gerber baby first appeared in 1927. Bogart was born in 1899, so he would have been 28 years old - hardly a baby.

Oscar Mayer •German immigrant, Oscar F. Mayer •began as the Kolling Meat Market, Chicago, 1883 •grew from a small meat market into a huge processing corporation •1929 - yellow band = quality •red color represents meat •logo was popularized by the Oscar Mayer Wienermobile •sold to General Foods in 1981, merged with Kraft* in 1989 •now Kraft Heinz

German immigrant Oscar F. Mayer began the company as the Kolling Meat Market in Chicago in 1883. On his first day of business, his meat market made $59. In 1906, Mayer joined the Federal Meat Inspection Program, even though he was a small business that was exempt from the new Meat Inspection Act. But he wanted to demonstrate that his products were of the highest quality! Oscar Mayer grew his business form a single, small meat market into a huge processing corporation, bearing is own name. In 1929, Oscar Meyer introduced the "yellow band" to represent high quality. Oscar Mayer was the first "branded" meat product, and yellow is still used in the modern-day logo, with red representing the color of meat. Oscar Mayer was purchased by General Foods in 1981, which merged with Kraft in 1989. Once again, Kraft is now Kraft Heinz. In 1976, Oscar Mayer launced its first television commerical, shown in the video on this slide, that featured a little boy fishing, eating a bologna sandwich, and singing the "Bologna Song." The commerical and the song are classics!

Sylvester Graham •outspoken against "self-abuse" (masturbation) and sex •men should remain virgins until 30, then sex once per month •to control lust, prescribed special vegetarian diet •1829 - invented Graham Crackers •"health food" •whole grain, course, wheat flour •originally, very bland •claimed that his lifestyle would enable 100 yrs of age •last years spent in declining health •died at 57 after receiving several opium enemas at Dr.'s request •

Graham was very outspoken against "self-abuse" (i.e., masturbation) and sex. He preached that men should remain virgins until the age of 30, and then have sex once per month. To control lust, he prescribed a special vegetarian diet. In 1829, Graham invented "Graham Crackers," calling them health food. Graham crackers were made of whole grain and course, wheat flour. Don't confuse them with today's Graham crackers. The original crackers were very bland. Graham claimed that following his healthy lifestyle of living would enable a person to live to be 100. But in his final years, Graham's health began to decline. He died at the age of 57 after receiving several opium enemas at his doctor's recommendation.

Heinz 57 •Henry John (H.J.) Heinz •started company in 1869 •1896 - train ride in NYC •Ad on a sign •"21 styles of shoes" •clever way to advertise his product varieties •already had 60 products •chose "57 Varieties" •his favorite number - 5 •wife's favorite number - 7 •today, 5,700+ products in 200 countries

HJ Heinz started the Heinz food company in 1869. Heinz was searching for a catchy logo for his products, and in 1896, on a train ride into New York City, he saw a billboard along the tracks for a shoe store ad that touted "21 styles of shoes." Heinz thought that would be a clever way to advertise his products. Even though he already had 60 different products on the market, he chose the number 57 based on his and his wife's favorite numbers. So, Heinz 57 Varieties became the slogan/tradmark. Today, Heinz manufactures more than 5,700 products in 200 countries around the world. What do you think was Heinz's first product? Ketchup? Nope. Horseradish!! Who knew?

Who is Chef Boyardee?? •Hector Boyardi (originally Boiardi §Italy, 1898 §moved to New York in 1915 §opened restaurant, Il Giardino d'Italia §people LOVED his spaghetti sauce, began selling it §Americanized his name to "Chef Boyardee" §Merged with American Home Products (PA) §died in 1985 now owned by ConAgra Brands

Hector Boiardi was born in Italy in 1898. He moved to New York in 1915, changed the spelling of his last name to "Boyardi" and opened a restaurant, "Il Giardino d'Italia." Customers LOVED Hector's spaghetti sauce, so he began selling it. He Americanized his name to "Chef Boyardee" and merged his products with American Home Products of Pennsylvania. The company is now owned by ConAgra Foods. A drawing of Chef Boyardee, wearing a white chef's hat has always been the logo for Chef Boyardee products. Chef Boyardee is owned by ConAgra Brands.

Quaker oats •Henry D. Seymour and William Heston - 1877 •founded oats mill in Ravenna, Ohio •named it the "Quaker Mill" •integrity, honesty, purity •"Quaker Man" - first US trademark for breakfast cereal Today, owned by PepsiCo

In 1877, Henry Seymour and William Heston founded an oats milling company in Ravenna, OH. They named it the "Quaker Mill" to symbolize integrity, honesty, and purity. Seymour and Heston chose "the Quaker man" as the company's logo. Quakers are a religious group, originally from England. William Penn, a Quaker, founded Pennsylvania, and many people believe that the Quaker Man is modeled after William Penn, but the company says he is purely fictitious. Over the years, the logo has been modified slightly, but the Quaker Man has always appeared wearing the attire typical of the 1800's Quakers. The Quaker Man is the first US trademark issued for a breakfast cereal. The trademark was registered with the US Patent Office in 1877 as "a figure of a man in 'Quaker garb'."

Ice cream cone & chocolate chip cookies •Italo Marchiony or Ernest Hamwi •1904 World's Fair •sold pastries - "zalabia" •ice cream vendor - Ernest Hamwi •ran out of cups •Marchiony rolled zalabia into a cone shape •stuffed it with ice cream

In 1896, Italo Marchiony invented the ice cream cone in New York City, and he was granted a patent in 1903. But a popular, rival story involves Syrian immigrant, Ernest Hamwi. Ernest was a vendor at the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis. In his booth, Ernest made a waffle-like pastry called "zalabia." In a booth right next to Ernest was an ice cream vendor. Because his ice cream was very popular, the vendor ran out of ice cream cups. Ernest saw a solution and rolled up one of his wafers into the shape of a cone, or cornucopia as he called it. The vendor stuffed the cone with ice cream, and his customers loved it. While many other stories of cone inventions exist, the International Association of Ice Cream Manufacturers named Hamwi the official creator of the ice cream cone in the 1950s. Today, you can choose from a variety of cone types, including cake, waffle, sugar, and even pretzel.

Starkist and Charlie the Tuna •1918 - Yugoslav immigrant Martin J. Bogdanovich +5 partners •formed French Sardine Co. during WWI to profit from the U.S. Govt's procurement of tuna for troops •1942- adopted StarKist brand name •> ½ of product was bought by US Govt •1952- company opens the largest tuna cannery in the world •1961- Charlie the Tuna debuts in television commercials

In 1918, Yugoslav immigrant, Martin Bogdanovich, with the help of five partners, formed the "French Sardine Co." to profit from the US Government's procurement of tuna for World War I troops. In 1942, the company adopted the name "Starkist." About half of the company's product was purchased by the US Government. In 1952, Starkist opened the largest tuna cannery in the world. In 1961, Starkist introduced "Charlie the Tuna" in its TV commercials. Charlie became the company logo as well as its spokesman - umm, spokesfish

Percy Spencer •Joined Raytheon Company in the 1920's •used magnetrons to generate microwaves for radio signals •developed faster method for magnetron production •One day.... •standing in front of radar set •candy bar melted in his shirt pocket! •began experiments with •popcorn kernels •eggs •exploded!! •1945 - Raytheon filed patent for microwave oven •1st oven •6' tall •750 lbs •cost $5000 ($51K in today's dollars) •Spencer received $2 from Raytheon (same as all other patent inventors)

In 1925, Percy joined the American Appliance Company, which later became the Raytheon Company (rai, old English for "light;" theon, from the Greek for "from the gods."). Percy was working with magnetrons to generate microwaves for radio signals, and he developed a faster method for magnetron production. One day, he was standing in front of his radar set when a candy bar melted in his shirt pocket! He began studying the effects on other foods, including popcorn kernels and eggs (which exploded!). In 1945, Raytheon filed a patent for the first microwave oven. It was 6 feet tall, weighed 750 pounds, and cost about $5000. Percy was rewarded $2 from Raytheon, the same fee they provided for all other patent inventors. Today's average microwave ovens are 24-30" wide, weigh about 40 pounds, cost less than $250, and have shielding that prevents radiation from leaving the oven. Over 90% of American households have at least one microwave oven today.

Sara Lee •Charles Lubin & brother-in-law - 1932, Chicago •purchased chain of bakery shops (Community Bake Shops) •new line of cheesecakes •wife suggested naming for their 8-yr old daughter •1950 - renamed company "Kitchens of Sara Lee" •1956 - acquired by Consolidated Foods Corp. •rapidly acquired other companies •1985 - Sara Lee Corp. Tyson Foods, Kohlberg & Co.

In 1932, Charles Lubin and his brother-in-law purchased a chain of bakery shops, called Community Bake Shops, in Chicago, IL. They developed a new line of cheesecakes that were very popular. Lubin's wife suggested that he name the cheesecakes. after his 8-year-old daughter, Sara Lee. So, in 1950, Lubin named his entire company the "Kitchens of Sara Lee." In 1956, Lubin sold his company to Consolidated Food Corporation. The name was changed to Sara Lee Corporation in 1985. The Sarah Lee Corp. owned a number of other brands, both bakery and meat products. In 2014, Tyson Foods purchased Sara Lee for $959 million. In 2018, Tyson sold the frozen bakery portion of Sara Lee to the private equity firm, Kohlberg & Co. But the Sara Lee brand name is still used. Sara Lee Lubin (Schupf) is still alive

Ignacio Anaya •Maître D' - Victory Club Hotel •Piedras Negras, Coahuila, Mexico •1940 - American military wives •after business hours •no cooks available •Anaya made quick snack •tortilla chips, cheese, jalapeños heated in oven •"Nacho" is nickname for Ignacio •women asked for seconds of "Nacho's Special"

In 1940, a group of American military wives, stationed in Texas, traveled across the border to Piedras Negras, a border town in Coahuila, Mexico. They went into the Victory Club Hotel for a meal, but when they arrived, the restaurant was already closed. Ignacio Anaya was the Maître D' at the hotel, and he was still there. Not wanting to disappoint the women, he ran into the kitchen and prepared a snack of tortilla chips, cheese, and jalapeño pepper slices and tossed it in the oven to melt the cheese. "Nacho" is a common nickname for Ignacio. The women loved the snack and ordered seconds of Nacho's Special. And the rest is history!!

Truett Cathy - 1921-2014 •1946 - opened the Dwarf House restaurant in Hapeville, GA •invented the boneless breast of chicken sandwich! •opened 1st Chick-fil-A restaurant in 1967 •originally, only in shopping malls •today, ~2600 locations in 47 states & DC •Devout Christian •NEVER opened on Sunday! •committed to youth •scholarships for employees •13 foster care homes •1995 - a renegade cow painted on a billboard: •Eat Mor Chikin •became exceptionally popular advertising •still used today

In 1946, Truett Cathy opened the Dwarf House in Hapeville, GA, just south of the Atlanta Airport. Mr. Cathy invented the boneless breast of chicken sandwich. He opened the first Chick-fil-A restaurant in 1967. Originally, the restaurants were in shopping malls only, but they began to move to stand-alone locations. Today, there are about 2600 Chick-fil-A restaurants in 47 states and the District of Columbia. Only Vermont, Alaska, and Hawaii do not have Chick-fil-A. Mr. Cathy was a devout Christian, and as a result, Chick-fil-A restaurants have NEVER been opened on Sunday. Mr. Cathy became committed to youth development, provided for orphan homes, and even adopted orphans himself. He established scholarships for his employees and more than 13 foster care homes. Chick-fil-A is America's favorite fast-food restaurant, 7 times in a row!

Pizza Hut •1958 - Dan & Frank Carney borrowed $600 from their mom •rented small building (shack) •chose "Pizza Hut" •sign had room for just 8 letters restaurant noted for red roof since 1974 2014, major logo replacement but reverted back to original 1974 logo in 2019

In 1958, brothers Dan and Frank Carney borrowed $600 from their mom to start a pizza restaurant, something that was uncommon in those days. They rented a small building, a "shack" really, and bought a used sign to paint the restaurant name on. The sign was only large enough to allow 8 letters, so they came up with the name "Pizza Hut," since Pizza House was too long, and their building resembled a "hut." While the logo has changed several times over the years, the word "pizza" has always been in the logo. The original logo was simple and reflective of the limited space on the original sign. Since 1974, the logo has (almost) always included a red roof, which the restaurants themselves have been noted for. But in 2014, the company announced a major change and replaced the logo with a white design inside of a read background that looks like a smear of tomato sauce. That didn't last long, and in 2019, the company reverted back to the 1974 logo. But at any given location, you can still see the 2014-2019 logo or even some older than the 2014 logo.

Dominos •1960 - Tom & James Monaghan •bought "DomiNick's" pizza from Dominick DeVarti in Ypsilanti, MI. james sold his half to tom •1965 - 2 new stores •Dominick refused use of his name •changed to "Domino's" •three dots represent the original three restaurants. •1975 lawsuit by domino sugar

In 1960, brothers Tom and James Monaghan bought a small pizza restaurant from Dominick DeVarti in Ypsilanti, MI. James didn't last long and sold his half of the restaurant to Tom. By 1965, Tom acquired two additional restaurants. But Devarti wouldn't allow him to use the name "DomiNick's" on the new locations. An employee suggested "Domino's," and Tom immediately agreed. The original logo is shown on this slide, along with the logo used today. The idea for the logo was to use bright colors, blue and red, to be very attractive and eye catching. The three dots represent the original three restaurants. Monahan originally wanted to add a new dot for every new restaurant, but the business expanded so quickly, that idea was abandoned. Can you imagine? Today, there are over 17,000 Domino's locations worldwide. In 1975, Domino's was sued by the Amstar Corporation, the maker of Domino Sugar, claiming trademark infringement and unfair competition. I guess the judge was a fan of pizza, because he ruled in favor of Domino's Pizza! The Dominos logo was slightly changed several times over the years. But the original colors and three dots have always been part of the logo

Froot Loops •Toucan Sam •created in 1963 by Manuel Vega •original voice - Mel Blanc •original commercials used "pig Latin" •Oot-fray Oops-Lay •original beak had two pink stripes •1970s - changed to match colors of the cereal (not possible, today)!

In 1963, Froot Loops Cereal was created by Kellogg's. Manuel Vega created "Toucan Sam" as the trademark for the popular cereal, that contained "various fruit flavors." Toucan Sam was origanaly voiced by Mel Blanc, the voice of Bugs Bunny and many other cartoon characters. Originally, Toucan Sam spoke in "pig Latin," pronouncing the cereal as "oot-fray oops-lay." Toucan Sam's beak originally had two pink stripes but was changed in the 1970s to match new colors of the famous Loops. The videos on this slide are classic and modern Froot Loops. By the way, notice the spelling of "Froot," instead of "fruit?" And notice that my parenthetical use of "various fruit flavors?" Well, I hate to be the one to tell you, but all of the loops in Froot Loops taste exactly the same! Yeah, I know - you're gonna go on imagining otherwie.

Frank Bellissimo •1964 - Anchor Bar, Buffalo, NY •large order of chicken wings •Frank's wife fried the wings, covered them with her sauce •Boom - Buffalo wings! •1920 - w/ Adam Estilette created Franks RedHot Sauce

In 1964, Frank Bellissimo, owner of the Anchor Bar in Buffalo, New York, accidentally received a large order of chicken wings instead of other chicken parts. In an effort to use up the wings, Frank's wife, Teressa, fried the wings and covered them with her own special sauce and, voila, the Buffalo Wing was invented. Today, no sports bar is complete without its own version of hot wings. But don't confuse Frank's RedHot Wing Sauce with Teressa's "special sauce." In 1920, pepper farmer Adam Estilette partnered with Jacob Frank in New Iberia, LA to create the original Franks RedHot Sauce.

William Mitchell •Food Scientist at General Foods •1975 - accidentally invented Pop Rocks •trying to invent an instant soft drink •combined sugar flavoring mix and CO2 •exploding sensation in the mouth •became a cultural phenom •taken off market in 1983 •brought back by Kraft Foods in 1985 as "Action Candy" •now back to Pop Rocks

In 1975, William Mitchell, a food scientist working for General Foods, accidentally invented Pop Rocks. Mitchell was attempting to invent an instant soft drink. He had combined a sugar flavoring mix with carbon dioxide, and when he put the mix into his mouth, he experienced an "exploding" sensation that caused a "sizzling noise. Kids loved it. Around 1983, a rumor was started that claimed if you swallowed some Pop Rocks while drinking a soft drink, your stomach would explode. The used to be a little boy named "Mikey" was was featured in TV ads for Life Cereal. It was claimed that Mikey had died doing just that. Also in 1983, Pop Rocks were removed from the market, which substantiated the rumor. But it was just that - a rumor. "Mikey," who is actually former actor John Gilchrist, is alive and well in New York with his wife and three children. Pop Rocks were brought back by Kraft Foods in 1985 under the name "Action Candy." Today, they are sold under their original name. By the way, Mitchell also invented Tang, Cool Whip, and Powered Egg Whites!

John Lea and William Perrins •Lord Marcus Sandys •travel in India •delicious condiment •commissioned 2 pharmacists •John Lea & William Perrins •Worcestershire Sauce •fermented and aged •oldest commercially bottled condiment in US

In the 1830s, while on travel in India, Lord Marcus Sandys encountered a delicious condiment that he was eager to replicate upon his return to Worcester, England. He commissioned two pharmacists, John Lea and William Perrins, to duplicate a recipe that he had acquired. John and William mixed the ingredients, which included vegetables and fish, and intended to sell some of the batch in their store. But they found the mixture unpalatable and had a strong odor. So, instead, they moved the container to the cellar and completely forgot about it. They found it again two years later and decided to taste it again. To their surprise and delight, it was delicious! Later, they learned that fermentation and aging were the secrets to the flavor. Lea and Perrins named their concoction "Worcestershire (wu·stuh·shuh ) Sauce" with a nod to their hometown. The pair went on to form the Lea and Perrins Co. and began bottling their sauce. In 1876, the English High Court ruled that Lea and Perrins could not trademark the term "Worcestershire," making it a generic term that could be used by others. Lea and Perrins never revealed their full recipe, but Worcestershire sauce contains, among other things, malt vinegar, molasses, sugar, salt, tamarind, onion, garlic, and anchovies and is fermented and aged in wooden barrels for 18 months (originally 36 months). First imported into the US in 1839, Lea and Perrins® Worcestershire Sauce is the oldest commercially bottled condiment in the US.

Constantine Fahlberg •Ira Remsen •chemistry professor @ Johns Hopkins •Constantine Fahlberg •Russian chemist, studied sugar •tested sugar for impurities for US Govt. •after work, noticed dinner roll tasted sweet •backtracked in the lab •o-sulfobenzoic acid •saccharine!!

Ira Remsen was a young chemistry professor at Johns Hopkins University who conducted research on sulfobenzoic acids in the late 1800s. The H.W. Perot Import Company, in importer of sugar. A large shipment of sugar had been impounded by the US Govt. because of a purity issue. Constantin Fahlberg was a Russian chemist who studied sugar. So, in 1878, H.W. Perot commissioned Remsen to hire Fahlberg so that he could have access to Remsen's lab to test the sugar purity. One evening in June, after working all day in the lab, Fahlberg went home to have dinner with his wife. He picked up a dinner roll, tasted it, and noticed that it tasted sweet, followed by a bitter flavor. Tasting his fingers, he noted the same flavors of sweet, then bitter. Remembering that he had spilled an experimental compound on his hands during the day, he rushed back to Remsen's lab and tasted everything on his work bench! Finally, finding a beaker containing o-sulfobenzoic acid that had been reacted with phosphorus chloride and ammonia to produce benzoic sulfinide, he discovered the source of the flavor. Fahlberg published his research and went on to name his new compound - saccharin! For years, saccharin was the only viable alternative to sugar, thereby enabling diabetics and others with health conditions to enjoy sweetened beverages. So, fortunately I suppose, Fahlberg was obviously not observing the good sanitary practice of washing one's hands. BTW, saccharin was considered a carcinogen until 1997. But thanks to Theodore Roosevelt and later, Richard Nixon, it was permitted for use with a warning label, which was removed by the FDA in 2000.

Who is the Gerber Baby? •Ann Turner Cook •1927, ~5 months old •family friend, Dorothy Hope Smith •charcoal sketch of Turner •1928, Gerber called for ad images •Gerber baby was born in 1928, copyrighted in 1931 •1950, Gerber paid Cook a "lump sum" • •Gerber Generation Photo Search •for commercials only

It turns out that the original Gerber baby was real. In 1927, when Ann Turner was just 5 months old, her mother's friend, Dorothy Hope Smith, did a charcoal sketch of baby Ann as a gift. In 1928, Gerber called for people to submit photos or images in an ad competition in order to find a likeness for a new logo. The charcoal sketch was submitted, Gerber selected it in 1928 and copyrighted it in 1931. In 1950, Gerber paid Ann Turner Cook a "lump sum" for her lifetime use of her likeness. The original Gerber Baby charcoal drawing remains the company's logo today and is widely recognized. In 2011, Gerber launched a "Gerber Generations" advertising campaign for TV commercials only. Photos are submitted and one lucky baby is chosen (and paid) for a year-long recognition. Cutie-pie Mercy Townsend from Toledo was selected as the first Gerber Generations baby. Ann Turner Cook is still alive today at 94 years young!

John Montagu - 1718-1792 •British statesman •raised by his grandfather, the 3rd Earl of Sandwich •succeeded his grandfather as the 4th Earl of Sandwich •devoted gambler •would spend 24 hours straight at the gambling table. •ordered his cook to bring him meat inside of bread •voila - the sandwich was invented! •inspired James Cook to name the "Sandwich Islands" for him •today known as the Hawaiian Islands

John Montagu was raised by his grandfather, Edward Montagu, the 3rd Earl of Sandwich in Kent, UK. When Edward died, John became the 4th Earl of Sandwich at the age of 10. After his education, he rose through the ranks of military and became a British Stateman. He had a few flings and tragic circumstances in his life and, at some point, became a devoted gambler. It is said that Montagu would often spend 24 hours straight at the gambling table. Once during such a gambling binge, he ordered his cook to bring him some meat inside of bread, so that he could eat one-handing while continuing to gamble. And, voila - the sandwich was invented! BTW, Capt. James Cook was quite inspired by the Earl and named the "Sandwich Islands" for him. Today, these islands are known as the Hawaiian Islands.

Planters •Mr. Peanut •logo and mascot of Planters •division of Kraft Heinz •2021 - sold to Hormel for $3.35B •In 1916 Planters held contest to make company logo •a 14-year-old boy named Antonio Gentile won •Antonio called him Mr. Peanut Planter •2006 - Planters asked public if logo should change NO!

Mr. Peanut is the widely recognized logo of Planters. For years, Planters was a division of Kraft (now Kraft Heinz), but in June 2021, Planters was bought by Hormel for $3.35 billion. In 1916, the Planters Nut and Chocolate Company held a contest for a trademark design. Fourteen-year-old Antonio Gentile from Suffolk, VA submitted a series of sketches of an anthropomorphized peanut, one carrying a lunch pail. Antonio won the prize of $5. But interestingly, Antonio named his character "Mr. P. Nut Planter," which was not actually symbolic of the nut itself, but of the people who worked with peanuts - a working class man, with a clear nod to the peanut's agricultural roots. But Planters had other ideas. They modified young Antonio's drawing to make Mr. Peanut look much more sophisticated, with a top hat, cane, monocle, and spats on his shoes. Planters wanted Mr. Peanut to look "wealthy," representing something fancy and aristrocratic. And though the trademark has always been known as, simply, Mr. Peanut, Planters actually named him Bartholomew Richard Fitzgerald-Smyth to further highlight him as the great "English aristocrat." Planters wanted peanuts to come across as fancy and not common. In 2006, Planters asked the public if the famous logo should be changed, and the response was a resounding "NO." Mr. Peanut's appearance has changed only slightly over the years. But he has always retained his aristocratic accessories.

Frank Epperson •11-year-old Frank •home-made soda •used stirring stick to keep mixed •left on front steps overnight •soda froze, Frank licked it •began making for friends •1923, applied for patent for his "Epsicle" •kids called it "Pop's 'sicle" •Frank changed name to popsicle

One day in 1905, 11-year-old Frank Epperson sat on his front porch in San Francisco enjoying a soda he had mixed up with powdered soda and water. Using his stirring stick, he would mix it up, take a sip, and repeat. He later went inside and forgot his soda on the front steps. That night, the temperature dipped below freezing, so the next morning, young Frank found his soda frozen solid with the stirring stick protruding. Like most any kid, Frank simply licked the frozen soda on a stick, and he thought it wasn't half bad. He began making them for his family and friends, continuing to try new flavors and concoctions. In 1923, Frank applied for a patent for his "Epsicle." His children call the creation "Pop's 'sicle," and eventually persuaded Frank to change the name, and the Popsicle was born. Today, Popsicles (and other name-brands) come in just about any imaginable flavor, with and without sugar. But classic cherry still ranks as the most popular.

Percy Spencer •Born July 1894, Howland, ME •father died when 18 mo. old, mother left him with aunt & uncle •uncle died when 7 •left school to earn money •at 12, worked full time •joined Navy at 18 •became expert in radio technology •taught himself trig, calculus, chemistry, physics

Percy Spencer was born in 1894 in Howland, ME. His father died when he was 18 months old, and with his mother unable to care for him, she left him with his aunt and uncle. His uncle died when he was 7, so Percy left school to earn money. By the age of 12, he was working full time. He joined the Navy at 18 and became an expert in radio technology. He taught himself trigonometry, calculus, chemistry, and physics.

Black vs. golden raisins •It's all in the drying •black raisins - sun dried on paper trays,right in the field (2-3 weeks)

So back to the question, "How are they different?" Well, it's all in how they are dried. For black raisins, the grapes are picked and laid on paper trays, right in the field between the rows of vines. They lay there for 2-3 weeks before they are properly dry. And there is something interesting about how the grape vines are planted. As you've driving down the road, you may have noticed that crops are typically planted either parallel or perpendicular to the road. But not necessarily so for Thompson Seedless Grapes. They may be planted parallel, perpendicular, or at angles to the roadway. Why? Because the plant the rows of grapes directly East to West. That way, they maximize the sun that hits the grapes drying in the field.

Thornton Prince, III •Nashville Hot Chicken •spicy chicken served for generations in AA community •mid-70s, Thornton was a womanizer •came in late, girlfriend ticked off •made extra spicy fried chicken to "punish" him •he loved it •later opened Prince's Hot Chicken Shack •today owned by André Prince Jeffries - great-niece

Spicy fried chicken has been a staple in the African American community for generations. But it is generally accepted that the concept of "hot chicken," as in "Nashville Hot Chicken" was created by the owner of Prince's Hot Chicken Shack in Nashville, TN. In the mid-30s, Thornton Prince, III was supposedly a bit of a womanizer. After a night of being out on the town, he came home very late (meaning early) to a very angry girlfriend. She cooked him a fried chicken breakfast but loaded it up with hot pepper to get her revenge on him. But it turns out that old Thornton really liked it. So much, that he and his brothers developed their own recipe and opened the BBQ Chicken Shack. Today, the business is named Prince's Hot Chicken Shack and is owned by Thornton's great-niece, André Prince Jeffries. Today, Nashville hot chicken is a very popular dish that has been copied by many.

Sylvester Graham - 1794-1851 •Presbyterian minister, New Jersey •Early 19th century health reformer (nut?) •preached on the evils of: •meat •alcohol •fat •refined flour •believed that these things stimulated sexual urges •advocated eating unprocessed foods, fresh water •"Bland food curbs sexual urges."

Sylvester Graham was a 19th century Presbyterian minister from New Jersey. He was an early advocate for healthy lifestyles, though many today might call him a health "nut." Graham preached about the evils of eating meat, fat, refined flour, and drinking alcohol. Graham believed that eating such "unhealthy" foods stimulated uncontrollable sexual urges. He proclaimed that "bland" diets would curb sexual urges.

Green Giant •Minnesota Valley Canning Company - 1925 •sought to market canned peas •developed a mascot •spooky, grey gnome •didn't work very well!! •hired ad agency to help •Leo Burnett Co. •developed the "green giant" - named him "Jolly" •Jolly Green Giant was a huge marketing success •1950 - renamed company "Green Giant" •2001 - acquired by General Mills •today, B&G Foods

The Minnesota Valley Canning Company was founded in 1925 and sought to market canned peas. They developed a mascot that appeared as a grumpy, greyish colored gnome (greyish because TVs were black and white). The character was creepier and scared kids, so the company abandoned that mascot. They hired an advertising agency, the Leo Burnett Company, who developed the Green Giant," and they named him "Jolly" to counter the image that was left by the creepy guy. The Jolly Green Giant was a huge marketing success, so much so that the company changed its name to "Green Giant." The Jolly Green Giant has been the company's logo ever since. In 193, the company introduced "Sprout," a mini-Green Giant as a sidekick to Jolly in TV commercials. Check out these two videos - the original scary one and a much friendlier 1960s version. General Mills acquired Green Giant in 2001, and today B&G Foods is the parent company of the Green Giant brand of products.

Nabisco •National Biscuit Company •Founded in 1898 by Adolphus Green and William Moore •First logo introduced in 1900 •15th century printers mark •octagonal shape from the Uneeda Biscuit •Modern Triangle Logo •designed by Raymond Loewy in 1952 •updated slightly since 1952 •Changed name to "Nabisco" in 1971 •1985 - merged with RJ Reynolds (RJR Nabisco) •1993 - Kraft acquires Nabisco •2011 - Kraft splits - snack foods division becomes "Mondelēz International" •caught criticism •Latin: mashup of world and delicious •But Russian slang for ________!

The National Biscuit Company was founded in 1898 by Aldophus Green and William Moore. In 1900, the company introduced its original logo, a 15th century printers mark featuring the words "Inner Seal". The mark was octagonal in shape, representing the company's primary product, the "Uneeda Biscuit." Green and Moore had developed a waxed package wrap that contained the cooking inside a cardboard box. The inner seal prevented the cooking from drying out and getting stale. Think if the packaging used for Ritz Crackers. Today's logo, is a modification of the design created in 1952 by Raymond Loewy. The logo is a red triangle with the printer's mark inside and bears the word "Nabisco." The company changed its name to "Nabisco" in 1971. In 1985, Nabisco merged with tobacco giant, RJ Reynolds, to form RJR Nabisco. Kraft Foods (now Kraft Heinz) acquired Nabisco in 1993. In 2011, Kraft decided to split its snack foods into a separate division that it named "Mondelēz International," as it exists today. But after naming the new company, Kraft delayed releasing the name for a bit due to criticism it received regarding the name. Kraft intended the name "Mondelēz" to be a mashup of the Latin words for "world" and "delicious." But someone caught wind that the word is also a Russian slang term for - oral sex! The company overcame the obstacle, and all is good today.

Sorry Charlie! §Charlie the Tuna was created by the Leo Burnett Co** •Charlie - "hipster" wearing glasses and a Greek fisherman's hat to depict him as having "good taste" •He's always rejected in the form of a note attached to a fishhook that says, "Sorry, Charlie." •StarKist was not looking for tuna with good taste, but rather for tuna that tasted good

The character, Charlie, and commericals were created by the Leo Burnett Co. (remember them - from Green Giant? The Leo Burnett Co. has done dozens of food commericals for television). Charlie was presented as a "hipster," wearing thick-rimmed glasses and a Greek fisherman's hat. The image was intended to show that Charlie had "good taste." But when Charlie would try to get caught by Starkist on a fishing line, the bait would be snatched away at the last second, returning with a note that read, "Sorry, Charlie." Charlie's sidekick would always explain to a dejected Charlie, "Starkist doesn't want tuna with good taste. Starkist wants tuna that tastes good!" Check out the classic 1970s commerical.

Paul Newman - 1925-2008 Actor, director, entrepreneur •created "Newman's Own" brand in 1982 •started with his homemade salad dressings to friends •100+ products today •every cent of profit goes to charity •> $550 million to various charities

The late, great actor, Paul Newman, made his own salad dressing that was such a hit with friends, he gave it to them as gifts. In 1982, he created the "Newman's Own" brand of salad dressings, then expanded to more than 100 products today. Newman's philosophy was "Let's give it all away to those who need it." And so, since the company's inception, EVERY SINGLE CENT of profit, after taxes, goes to the Newman's Own Foundation, which in turn, has given away more than $550 million to charitable organizations.

Frank Dorsa •Catholic Church •unleavened wafers - oublies (Greek for wafer) •wafer became wafel •the English added a 2nd "f" •1953 - Frank Dorsa •pre-cooked & froze waffles •reheat in a toaster •egg flavor - Frank called them Eggos

Waffles are distinctly patterned, toasted cakes with a history that traces back to the ancient Greeks. Greek cooks would roast flat cakes between two metal plates attached to a wooden handle. Over time, sugar and flavorings were added. During medieval times, the Catholic Church made large, unleavened wafers, similar to communion wafers, that depicted religious icons; these were called "oublies," from the Greek for wafer. Over time, the "wafer" became "wafel," and in the 18th century, the English added a second "f," to form the word we use today. The Pilgrims brought waffles to the US, after having sampled them in Holland on their way. Thomas Jefferson brought four waffle irons home from a trip to Amsterdam in 1789 and regularly served waffles at Monticello. In 1953, Frank Dorsa of San Jose, CA developed a process that enabled waffles to be pre-cooked, frozen, and packaged for consumers who could reheat them in a toaster. Because of their egg flavor, Frank called them Eggos (now owned by Kellogg's). But don't try to grab someone else's, lest they may shout, "Leggo my eggo!!"

Wendys •Founded by Dave Thomas, 1969 •named after his 8-yr-old daughter, Melinda Lou •nickname was Wendy (wenda) Dave apologized for the name before he died bc too much pressure

We've already covered Wendy's in the lecture on hamburgers, but I wanted to point out a couple things. First, it is not at all uncommon for founders of food companies to name their company after their children, and as you know, that is the case with Wendy's. When Dave Thomas founded Wendy's, he "sort of" named the restaurant chain after his 8-year-old daughter, Melinda Lou. When Melinda was younger, she had difficulty pronouncing her name, and it came out something like "Wenda." So, Dave nicknamed her Wendy (sounds kinda cruel, huh?) and that's the name he chose for his restaurant. Before he died, Dave Thomas apologized - not because of the name, she was ok with that - but because he thought it put too much pressure on her. The Wendy's logo has always featured a cartoon drawing of real-life Wendy wearing a blue striped dress with blue bows in her pig tails. If you look closely at the neckline of the modern-day version of the logo, the word "Mom" appears to be present. The company claims that it is purely coincidental, but many people continue to perpetuate the urban legend.

Prunes vs Dried plums

What about dried prunes vs dried plums? Do you prefer one over the other, assuming you eat either? Well, guess what. They are BOTH dried plums. It's simply a matter of naming. So why bother with different names? Many people have a negative impression with prunes. Maybe because their grandparents or someone else threatened to make them drink prune juice to keep them "regular!" It doesn't matter whether you eat prunes or dried plums. They are the same, and both are very high in fiber. So, eating either will keep you "regular."

1962 - "Golden Arches" Starbucks Ray Kroc changed single yellow arch with the double "Golden Arches, Ray Kroc worked with Louis Cheskin, to develop the double-arched logo. logo stands for "McDonald's Coca-Cola was created in 1886 by pharmacist, Dr. John Pemberton. Frank Robinson suggested the name. - scripted the Coca-Cola logo. logo has never changed Starbucks is the most well-know café worldwide. - logo ranks #3 in recognition, right behind Coca-Cola. Today's Starbucks' logo is far cry from the original half-naked twin-tailed siren

When Ray Kroc bought out the McDonald brothers, he immediately changed single yellow arch with the double "Golden Arches," representative of the letter "M." Kroc's idea paid off. The McDonald's trademark is the most widely recognized food product logo in the world! The McDonald's logo has not changed since 1962. Ray Kroc worked with a design consultant (and psychologist), Louis Cheskin, to develop the double-arched logo. Cheskin claimed that the logo certainly stands for "McDonald's," but that it is also a Freudian representation mother McDonald's breasts. Coca-Cola was created in 1886 by pharmacist, Dr. John Pemberton. It was his bookkeeper, Frank Robinson, who suggested the name. Robinson had excellent handwriting, so he personally scripted the Coca-Cola logo. Unlike many companies, Coca-Cola has never changed its logo. Starbucks is arguably the most well-know café in the world, and its logo probably ranks #3 in recognition, right behind Coca-Cola. Of course, Coca-Cola's logo/trademark is actually the product's name spelled out, so it's hard to argue that point. Today's Starbucks' logo is clean and simple and is far cry from the original half-naked twin-tailed siren surrounded by the words "Starbucks Coffee • Tea • Spices."

Black vs. golden raisins •White raisins •NOT sun-dried •treated with sulfur dioxide •retain color •dried in large dehydrators •much higher moisture contentthan black raisins

White, or golden, grapes are NOT sun-dried. First, they are treated with sulfur dioxide, an antioxidant. Oxidation is what makes black raisins black! Thank of a peeled apple that has been left out for a while - it begins to darken quickly. The sulfur dioxide prevents the grapes from darkening as they are dried in large dehydrators. Golden raisins have a much higher moisture content than black raisins, so they are moist. If you prefer golden raisins to black raisins, this is probably the reason why.

Raisens •Both are made white seedless grapes •> ½ of world's raisins are made from Thompson seedless grapes •90% of these grapes come from California •picked by hand when sugar content reaches 22% •Takes 4 lbs. of grapes for 1 lb. of raisins

You may be surprised to learn that BOTH are made from white seedless grapes. About ½ of the world's raisins are made from Thompson white seedless grapes. And 90% of these come from California! For making raisins, Thompson seedless grapes are picked by hand when their sugar content reaches 22%. It takes 4 pounds of grapes to yield 1 pound of raisins.