Forensics Ch 12 Review (Drugs)

Analgestic

A drug or substance that lessons or eliminates pain.

Oxycontin

A legally manufactured drug that is chemically related to heroin and heavily abused is ______.

room

A major advantage of high-performance liquid chromatography is that the entire process takes place at _____ temperature.

Liquid Hashish

A marijuana preparation having the highest THC content is _____.

chromatography

A mixture's components can be separated by the technique of _____.

Screening Test

A non-specific and preliminary test in nature.

One

Drugs that have no accepted medical use are placed in schedule _____.

Five

Federal law establishes _____ schedules of classification for the control of dangerous drugs.

a) depressant; alcohol b) hallucinogen; LSD c) stimulant; amphetamine d) narcotic; opiates

Following are descriptions of behavior that are characteristic among users of certain classes of drugs. For each description, indicate the class of drugs (narcotics, stimulants, and so on) for which the behavior is most characteristic. For each description, also name at least one drug that produces the described effects. a) slurred speech, slow reaction time, impaired judgment, reduced coordination b) intense emotional responses, anxiety, altered sensory perceptions c) alertness, feelings of strength and confidence, rapid speech and movement, decreased appetite d) drowsiness, intense feelings of well-being, relief from pain

a) Schedule III b) Schedule V c) Schedule II d) Schedule I

Following are descriptions of four hypothetical drugs. According to the Controlled Substances Act, under which drug schedule would each substance be classified? a) This drug has a high potential for psychological dependence, it currently has accepted medical use in the United States, and the distributor is not required to report to the US Drug Enforcement Administration. b) This drug has medical use that in the United States, is not limited by manufacturing quotas, and may be exported without a permit. c) This drug must be stored in a vault or safe, requires a separate record keeping, and may be distributed with a prescription. d) This drug may not be imported or exported without a permit, is subject to manufacturing quotas, and currently has no medical use in the United States.

Depresses respiration and blood pressure

How can excessive use of depressants cause death?

1) rohypnol (roofies) 2) GHB -odorless, colorless, mixable in drinks and alcohol enhances the drug effect

Name 2 club drugs that are associated with drug-facilitated sexual assualt, rape and robbery. Why are these drugs relatively easy to administer to an unsuspecting victim?

physiological: 1) withdrawal 2) dependency nondrug: 1) depression 2) peer pressure

Name 2 physiological factors and 2 nondrug factors that influence drug dependence.

1) amphetamines, methamphetamine -methamphetamine smokable "ice" 2) cocaine -cocaine smokable "crack" -Smoking provides more intense drug experience because it passes through the mucus membrane and gets in the system quicker; to the brain in less than 15 seconds.

Name the 2 most commonly abused illegal stimulants and the smokable forms of each. Why does smoking provide a more intense drug experience than inhaling, or "snorting," stimulants?

Analgestics, depress

Narcotic drugs are _____ that ________ the central nervous system.

Physical Dependence

Need for a drug that has been brought about by its regular use; dependence is characterized by withdrawal sickness when administration of the drug is abruptly stopped.

1) high potential for addiction 2) high potential for abuse 3) medical acceptability

On what 3 criteria does the Controlled Substances Act classify dangerous substances?

Controlled Substances Act

The Federal drug control law is known as _____.

Marquis

The _____ color test reagent turns orange-brown in the presence of amphetamines.

Marquis

The _____ color test reagent turns purple in the presence of heroin.

Monocrystalline Test

The _____ identifies specific substances by the color and morphology of the crystals formed when a substance mixes with specific reagents.

spectrophotometer

The _____ is the instrument used to measure and record the absorption spectrum of a chemical substance.

Scott

The _____ test is a widely used color test for cocaine.

THC

The active ingredient of marijuana largely responsible for its hallucinogenic properties is _____.

Beer's

The amount of radiation a substance will absorb is directly proportional to its concentration as defined by _____ law.

Physical

The development of (psychological/physical) dependence on a drug is shown by withdrawal symptoms such as convulsions when the user stops taking the drug.

Rf

The distance a spot has traveled up a thin-layer plate can be assigned a numerical value known as the _______ value.

Clandestine

The drug phencyclidine is often manufactured for the illicit market in _____ laboratories.

a) Phenobarbital b) Butabarbital c) ~3 mins

The following figure shows a chromatogram of a known mixture of barbiturates. Based on this figure, answer the following questions: a) what barbiturate detected by the chromatogram had the longest retention time? b) Which barbiturate had the shortest retention time? c) What is the approximate retention time of amobarbital?

monochromator

The function of the _____ is to select a single frequency of light emanating from the spectrophotometer's source.

Mass Spectrometer

The gas chromatograph, in combination with the _____, can separate the components of a drug mixture and then unequivocally identify each substance present in the mixture.

Cystolithic

The microscopic identification of marijuana largely depends on observing short hairs on the leaf known as _____ hairs.

Intravenous

The most severe form of amphetamine abuse stems from its (oral, intravenous) administration.

Infrared

The pattern of an _____ absorbtion spectrum is unique for each drug and thus is a specific test for identification.

Morphine

The primary constituent of opium is _____.

can

The selective absorption of electromagnetic radiation by materials (can, cannot) be used as an aid for identification.

Spectrophotometry

The study of the absorption of light by chemical substances is known as _______.

mass spectrometry

The technique of ______ exposes molecules to a beam of high-energy electrons in order to fragment them.

retention time

The time required for a substance to travel through the gas chromatographic column is a useful identifying characteristic known as _______.

GHB, Rohypnol

The two drugs usually associated with drug-facilitated sexual assaults are _____ and _____.

Anabolic Steroids

These promote muscle growth.

Schedule II; listed incorrectly as a narcotic because it's actually a stimulant

Under what class of drugs is cocaine listed according to US federal drug laws? Explain why this classification is pharmacologically incorrect.

Analog: A chemical substance substantially similar in the chemical structure to a controlled substance -listed as Schedule I: no medical use example: designer drugs: substances that are chemically related to some controlled drugs and are pharmacologically potent -not listed as controlled substance (fentanyl)

What is a controlled substance analog? Why are such substances considered schedule I drugs?

Precursor: chemical compounds used by clandestine drug labs to synthesize drugs of abuse -may or may not have any drug use but is used to make illegal drugs -example: ammonia -treated at the schedule level of drug they would be used to make

What is a precursor? How is possession of a precursor treated under the Controlled Substances Act?

Ecstasy (MDMA) -negative health effects: 1) increased body temp, heart rate, blood pressure 2) damage to areas of the brain responsible for thought and memory 3) severe anxiety

What is the most popular club drug? Name 3 negative health effects associated with chronic use of the drug.

-alcohol -listed as a depressant; not illegal -lowers respiration rate/body temp/blood pressure; personality changes

What is the most widely abused drug in the US? Under what class of drugs is it listed, and what are its short-term physical and psychological effects at low-to-moderate doses?

-marijuana -listed as narcotic but it's actually a hallucinogen -Schedule I -supresses nausea, increases appetite, improves sense of well-being, muscle relaxant, reduction of excessive eye pressure in sufferers of glaucoma

What is the most widely used illicit drug in the US? Under what class of drugs is it listed and what are its short-term physical and psychological effects at low-to-moderate doses?

Opium; poppy plant

What is the source of most narcotic drugs? From what plant is this substance derived?

-heroin -injected because 1) it speeds up effect of the drug 2) high solubility in water makes its street preparation simple

What opium derivative is most widely used by addicts? How is it typically administered? Give 2 reasons why this route of administration is popular.

A) purple liquid; heroin (Marquis Test) B) pink layer above blue chloroform layer; cocaine (Scott Test) C) purple liquid above green vegetation; marijuana (Duquenois-Levine Test) D) violet-blue liquid; barbituates (Dillie-Koppanyi Test) E) orange-brown liquid; amphetamines (Marquis Test)

When investigating a potential warehouse for storing illegal drugs, the police collected a variety of drugs. The drugs were tested with presumptive color tests for determining their possible identity. The test tubes shown in the following figure display the positive color tests. Match the drugs on the right with the color tests on the left and name the test. A) purple liquid B) pink layer above blue chloroform layer C) purple liquid above green vegetation D) violet-blue liquid E) orange-brown liquid ______cocaine ______barbituates ______heroin ______amphetamines ______marijuana

Antipsychotics, antianxiety drugs

_____ and _______ are drugs used for the relief of anxiety and tension without inducing sleep.

Amphetamines

_____ are a group of synthetic drugs that stimulate the central nervous system.

Barbiturates

_____ are called "downers" because they depress the central nervous system.

Heroin

_____ is a chemical derivative of morphine made by reacting morphine with acetic anhydride.

Opium

_____ is a gummy, milky juice exuded through a cut made in the unripe pod of the opium poppy.

True

True or false: color is a usual indication that substances selectively absorb light.

False

True/False : Cocaine is a powerful central nervous system depressant.

False

True/False : Color tests are used to identify drugs conclusively.

False

True/False : Glue sniffing stimulates the central nervous system.

True

True/False : Methadone is classified as a narcotic drug, even though it is not derived from opium or morphine.

True

True/False : The potency of a Marijuana preparation depends on the proportions of the various plant parts in the mixture.

True

True/False: Underlying emotional factors are the primary motives leading to the repeated use of a drug.

True

True/False: abuse of barbiturates can lead to physical dependency.

False

True/False: the repeated use of LSD will lead to physical dependency.

Methaqualone (Quaalude)

_____ is a powerful sedative and muscle relaxant that possesses many of the depressant properties of barbiturates.

Cocaine

_____ is extracted from the leaf of the Coca plant.

Hashish

_____ is the sticky resin extracted from the marijuana plant.

Anabolic

_____ steroids are designed to promote muscle growth but have harmful side effects.

Microcrystalline

_____ tests tentatively identify drugs by the size and shape of crystals formed when the drug is mixed with specific reagents.

Chromatography process

______ provides a means of separating drugs from their diluents while making a tentative identification.

Medical acceptability -Schedule I: none -Schedule II: some acceptable medical use

According to the Controlled Substances Act, what is the legal difference between a schedule I drug and a schedule II drug?

Depresses

Alcohol (stimulates, depresses) the central nervous system.

Chain of Custody

All packages containing drugs must be marked for identification by the police officer before being sent to the laboratory in order to maintain the _____.

infrared

An (ultraviolet, infrared) absorption spectrum provides a unique "fingerprint" of a chemical substance.

Narcotic

An analgestic or pain-killing substance that depresses vital body functions such as blood pressure, pulse rate, and breathing; regular administration of these will produce physical dependence.

Clandestine

An increasing percentage of amphetamines available on the illicit-drug market originate from _____ drug laboratories.

Cocaine. Based on these observations the subject would most likely be on some type of stimulant drug, particularly cocaine. This group of drugs is known to cause a high level of psychological dependence yet no physical dependence. Cocaine commonly leaves the user feeling depressed and anxious, and at times with a sense of paranoia.

An individual who has been using a drug for an extended period of time suddenly finds himself unable to secure more of the drug. He acts nervous and irritable and is hyperactive. He seems almost desperate to find more of the drug, but experiences no sickness, pain, or other outward physical discomfort. Based on his behavior, what drugs might he possibly have been using? Explain your answer.

Screening test you would perform for heroin would be the Marquis color test. If powder tests positive for heroin, you would conduct confirmation tests, including mass spec or IR spec.

A police officer stops a motorist who is driving erratically and notices a bag of white powder on the front seat of the car that he suspects contains heroin. The officer brings the bag to you, a forensic scientist in the local crime lab. Name one screening test that you might perform to determine the presence of heroin. Assuming the powder tests positive for heroin, what should you do next?

Confirmation

A single test that specifically identifies a substance.

Stimulant

A substance taken to increase alertness or activity.

Hallucinogen

A substance that induces changes in mood, attitude, thought, or perception.

Depressant

A substance used to depress the function of the central nervous system. These calm irritability and anxiety and may induce sleep.

Gas Chromatography

A technique that separates mixtures on the basis of their distribution between a stationary liquid phase and a moving gas phase is ______.

thin-layer chromatography

A technique that uses a moving liquid phase and a stationary solid phase to separate mixtures is _______.

qualitative, quantitative

A(n) _____ analysis describes the identity of a material, and a(n) ______ analysis relates to a determination of the quantity of a substance.

visualized

Because most chemical compounds are colorless, the final step of the thin-layer development usually requires that they be ______ by spraying with a chemical reagent.

Hallucinogens

Drugs that cause marked alterations in mood, attitude, thought processes, and perceptions are called _____.

Psychological Dependence

Conditioned use of a drug caused by underlying emotional needs.

High

Drugs such as alcohol, heroin, amphetamines, barbiturates, and cocaine can lead to a (high/low) degree of psychological dependence with repeated use.

Lysergic Acid

LSD is a chemical derivative of _____, the chemical obtainment from the ergot fungus that grows on certain grasses and grains.

Four

Librium and Valium are listed in schedule _____.

Long

Phenobarbital is an example of a (short-, long-) acting barbituate.

Regular

Physical dependency develops only when the drug use adheres to a _____ schedule of drug intake.

higher

The (higher, lower) the solubility of a gas in a liquid, the greater its tendency to remain dissolved in that liquid.

Marijuana

The Duquenois-Levine test is a valuable color test for _____.

Sniffed or "snorted."

Traditionally, cocaine is _____ into the nostrils.

true

True or false: A mass spectrum is normally considered a specific means for identifying a chemical substance.

True

True or false: Henry's law describes the distribution of a volatile chemical compound between its liquid and gas phases.

true

True or false: In order for chromatography to occur, one phase must move continuously in one direction over a stationary phase.

False

True or false: Thin-layer chromatography yields the positive identification of a material.