Forging the MW - Study Guide 1 Part 2

Anthony Van Dyck (1599-1641)

Flemish painter and Ruben's pupil. Worked briefly in England at the court of James I and moved to Italy in 1622. Moved back to his hometown of Antwerp, Belgium in 1626 and there continued to paint religious works.

Nanak (1469-1539)

Founded sect. Philanthropic and spiritually minded preacher. Took Hinduism and Islam and created a hybrid religion - disciples were called Sikhs.

Second Treatise on Government (1690)

Written by John Locke. New theory of limited government to justify a new system of Parliamentary government in England as result of the Glorious Revolution (1688).

Three "Estates"

Catholic Church - evaded paying for its fair share of taxes because of "ancient privilege". Nobility - control courts, lawyers, advisors to King/Queen. Commoners - taxes fell on them because the nobility and church evaded them. Consisted of peasants and middle class.

"Enclosure" Movement

15th and 16th century movement that converted common pastures into fenced-off privately owned sheep meadows.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

A French philosopher originally abandoned in Geneva by his father. Went to Paris to become a composer and became friendly with Diderot. Gained first prize in essay contest by Academy of Dijon. Exiled by Parliament of Paris for writings that offended the Monarchy and Church. Left Geneva in the early 1770s and abandoned his children. Visited England and revolted against coldly intellectual doctrines of his contemporaries. Emotion, instinct, and spontaneity are as essential to human nature as reason. Believed it was safer to rely on feelings than on intellect. Contributed to encyclopedia.

Marco Polo (1254-1324)

A Venetian merchant, went with father and Uncle to China (1271) trying to reestablish east/west trade. Mastered Mongolian and became a diplomat of Mongolia. Made it back to Venice, got captured and became a prisoner of war. Wrote Travels of ____ ____ (1477). He overall sparked interest in eastern goods and became a favorite in Mongolian court.

Regulated Company

Association of merchants, common venture. Agreements to cooperate for mutual advantage and to abide by regulations. Purpose was to maintain a monopoly of trade in a certain part of the world. Assessments - to upkeep docks and warehouses to protect against "interlopers" (traders who tried to break into monopoly)

Diggers

Believed in economic rights, productive labor, and that land was a "common treasury" of all.

James I (ruled 1603-1625)

Cousin of Queen Elizabeth I and ruled Scotland and England upon the death of his cousin in 1603. Began the Stuart royal line. Implement high handed tax, business, foreign relation, and religious policies. Showed no regards for rights, concerns or feelings for others.

Levellers

Created a political movement that believed they should be ruled by popular sovereignty in England. Small property owners, soldiers and puritans. Believed in equal political rights and privileges for all classes. Demanded written constitution, universal manhood suffrage and supremacy of Parliament.

Petition of Right (1628)

Declared all taxes imposed without parliamentary consent illegal. Condemned quartering of soldiers in private houses, prohibited arbitrary imprisonment And prohibited establishment of martial law in peacetime. Defined rights of Parliament as inalienable.

English Bill of Rights (1689)

Declared trial by jury and right of Englishmen to petition the government to remedy grievances. Condemned excessive bail, cruel punishment and unreasonably high fines. Forbade kings to suspend laws or impose taxes without consent of Parliament.

Aztecs (early 16th century)

Dominant indigenous people of Mexico. Empire by the early 16th century - most of the central & southern part of present day Mexico. War captives as human sacrifices to chief god. Comfortable lifestyle, luxurious lifestyle for rulers and rich/elaborate civilization. City of Tenochtitlan contained pyramids, temples and palaces.

Issac Newton (1642-1727)

English Scientist who wrote the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1697). Developed the Mechanical theory that stated that all measurable motion could be described in terms of formulas. Discovered the universal law of gravity. Also Devised series of navigational tables by which to measure changing positions of the moon among stars.

Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

English philosopher courtier. Famous books included Novum Organum (1620) and The Advancement of Learning (1623). Doubted received knowledge and believed in the inductive method as the basis of accurate knowledge. Also believed in direct observation of nature to accumulate facts about things and discover laws that govern them. "True" knowledge is useful knowledge.

Masonic Lodge

Free-thinkers & others who opposed the influence of established churches in public life. Scotland (16th century) and Europe (mid 18th century). Members made a vow of secrecy. Had meetings, membership lists (including women) and rituals. Believed in a variety of political opinions, faith in progress, toleration and critical spirit about institutionalized religion.

Georges Buffon (1707-1788)

French naturalist. Wrote about natural history on humans, other vertebrates, the resemblances among all high species and the relationship between humans & other higher animals. Rejected the theory that linked human evolution to that of other animals but admitted that the entire range of organic forms might have been descended from a single species. Believed in the unity of human species and denied that any substantial differences separated people. Raised the earth's age from 6,000 years to an estimate of 75,000 years. He denied that God intervenes directly in nature. Believed that nature is ruled by fundamental laws despite seeming disorder of life and that the scientific theory should be derived from observation of natural phenomena.

Voltaire (1694-1778)

French philosopher with Jesuit education in Paris. Fame as dramatist and poet. Popularized ideas of Newton and Locke such as natural laws and reason & experience as only dependable guides. Wrote things such as Letters on the English (1733), Candide (1759) and Philosophical Dictionary (1764).

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

French philosopher. Wrote Discourse on Method (1637) and Doubted received knowledge. Believed in the deductive method as the basis of accurate knowledge. Reason came from axioms to conclusions. Doctrine of "innate ideas". "Dualistic" world composed of "mind" and "matter".

Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)

Genoa, Italy, at sea at about 14. Objective was to reach the orient (the east in relation to Europe) by sailing westward. Proposed expeditions and were rejected 3 times before getting accepted after defeat of Moors at Granada. Received a royal grant - one tenth of all profits of his voyage. Consequences of his voyages included mass movement from Europe, Asia and other continents, Treaty of Tordesillas (1492) and Spanish exploration of the New World.

"Glorious Revolution" (1688-1689)

Immediate cause was religious and political conflicts. King James II wanted a Catholic rule and feared a Roman Catholic rule. Opposition leaders invited William of Orange and his Wife Mary (the eldest daughter of James II) to invade England. As his loyal supporters deserted him, James II fled to France. William and Mary were declared joint rulers and Parliament declared the English throne.

Academy

In France and Italy and took on a more formal role than the role of Salons. Consisted of local people interested in science and philosophy. No organized curriculums and meetings about every 2 weeks. Meetings were minutes long with the inclusion of women that spread enlightenment ideas by gathering a literate and upper class audience to discuss work of philosophes.

Joint-Stock Company

Insurance of shares of capital to investors. Shared purchasers as joint owners of business, share in profits in proportion to amount invested, and participation or non-participation in actual work in the company. Advantages consisted of a permanent unit, and large accumulation of capital.

Matteo Ricci (1552-1610)

Italian Jesuit missionary who introduced Christian teaching and western scientific ideas to the Chinese empire in the 16th century. Was a pioneer in the attempt at mutual comprehension between China and the West. By adopting the language and culture of the country, he gained entrance to the interior of China, which was normally closed to foreigners.

Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)

Italian sculptor, architect and painter who was the leading figure in development of Baroque style. Famous Roman architectural work included Fountains in Piazza Navona.

Dahomey (1625-1894)

Kingdom in Western Africa that flourished in the 18th and 19th centuries in what is now Benin. Established by the Fon people who had recently settled in the area and developed on a Plateau. They became a regional power in the 18th century by expanding south to conquer key cities which granted it unhindered access to the tricontinental triangular trade. They threw off centuries long shackles of the Yoruba defeating the Oyo Kingdom in battle They believed in absolute equality of men and women. When the final king Agoli-Agbo opposed the French's new poll tax, it created serious political problems in the protectorate. As a result the French ended their kingdom.

Wealth of Nations (1776)

Laissez faire or "let alone". Argued prosperity of all, pursuit of self-interest and "invisible hand". Necessity of certain forms of government intervention for example in the case of injustice or oppression. Overall drew attention to middle class opposition to centralized mercantilism and defense of economic freedom.

François Toussaint Louverture (1743-1803)

Leader of the Haiti independence movement during the French Revolution. Emancipated the slaves and negotiated for the French colony on Hispaniola. He turned the colony into a country governed by former black slaves and made himself ruler of the entire island of Hispaniola. His example inspired liberation movements throughout Central, South and North America.

Louis XVI (ruled 1774-1792)

Mediocre bourbon king who tried to rule France absolutely. Major structural and financial problems.

Domestic System

Most typical form of industrial production during the Commercial Revolution. Putting-out system.

Babur "the Tiger" (1483-1530)

Muslim conqueror. Founded Mughal dynasty and gained nickname through military exploits. Began as ruler of Fergana. Created an empire in northern India. Used european artillery and muskets with reckless courage and clever strategy. Passed down the kingdom to his indolent son.

Salon

Nobles and bourgeois in private homes for sociability and discussion. In Paris, Berlin, London and Vienna. In Paris they had women as organizers who selected topics for discussion and presided over conversations. Paris's as models for other cities. Guests included work of philosophes (no police interference) and politics.

Huang Zongxi (1610-1695)

One of the foremost Chinese scholars and reformers in the early Qing dynasty whose major contribution was a critique of the excessive authoritarianism of the Chinese political system. He refused to serve the subsequent Qing. A social theorist who is considered by many to be the inspiration and founding father of democracy and human rights in China.

Enlightenment

Originated in France and spread to foreign nations. Goals were to apply critical thinking throughout one's life, develop individuality, reach the general public and bring light & progress to the world through application of reason to their reflections on nature of humankind. Human beings as explanations of the universe, human beings as links in chains of being, organized religion as an instrument of exploitation of ignorant masses and classical civilization as inspiration for proper living and eathly model of behavior over divine model of behavior.

Encyclopedia (1751-1780)

Philosophical and scientific knowledge. Basis for world improvement.

Columbian Exchange (1492)

Plants New World - tomato, peanuts, tobacco Old World - apple, wheat, sugarcane Domesticated Species New - llamas, fowl, guinea pigs Old - pigs, cattle, goats Disease New World - syphilis Old World - cholera, plague, measles Culture Exchange New World - Dogsled, Kayak, Lacrosse Old World - Chipmunk, Hickory, Raccoon

Incas (early 13th century)

Pre-columbian Indian people of western South America. Quechua were speaking tribes around the capital of Cuzco. Manco Capac as founder of the ruling dynasty. Expansion (1438-1525) 2175 miles north to south. High standard tech. Their Agriculture consisted of systems hillside terracing with the use of domestic dogs and llamas. Atahualpa (1502-1533) as last their last Emperor.

Social Contract (1762)

Question of how people could join together in society to find protection and justice for person and property, yet remain free individuals. Says that people surrender their natural rights to "general will" to find order and security. Citizens to live in peace because they would be ruled by other citizens, not by dynastic rulers eager to expand.

Seven Years' War (1756-63)

Resulted from an attempt by the Austrian Hasburgs to win back the province of Silesia and overseas colonial struggles between Great Britain and France for control of North America and India. The war was fought between the European Powers and Prussia, Hanover and Great Britain. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris signed between Great Britain, Hanover, France and Spain. The war was successful for Great Britain, which gained the greater bulk of land.

Philip II (1527-1598)

Ruled as King of the Spaniards (1556-98). During his reign the Spanish empire obtained its greatest power, extent, and influence. He was the epitome of an absolute ruler, who ruled with complete power over the government and the people.

Louis XIV (1658-1715)

Ruled as the King of France (1615-1615) and remains the symbol of absolute monarchy of the classical age. Extended France's eastern borders at the expense of the Habsburgs and then in the War of the Spanish Succession engaged a hostile European coalition to secure the Spanish throne for his grandson. He was the foremost example of the monarchy that brought France to its pinnacle.

Jahangir (1569-1627)

Ruled early 17th century. "Holder of the World". Ruled in peace, prosperity and artistic flowering in the first half of his reign but in rebellion and conflict in the later half. Lost Kandahar province in Afghanistan to Persia.

Akbar "the Great Mughal" (1542-1605)

Ruled mid 16th century to early 17th century. Became ruler at 20 years old and surprised the court & haremschemers by taking personal command of the government. Consolidated his position in Northern and central India by force. Continually extended rule. Effective and judicious administration.

Aurangzeb (1618-1707)

Ruled mid 17th century and early 18th century. Son of Sha jahan. Ablest descendant of Akbar however still unconquered Deccan. Governed consciously in the first half by adhering to Akbar's patterns but ruled poorly in the 2nd half by being discriminatory to Non-Muslims.

Sha Jahan (1592-1666)

Ruled mid 17th century. Son of Jahengir's Persian wife. Provided 3 decades of splendor at staggering cost such as spending at 2 capitals, continuous wars on deccan and military expeditions into central Asia and against Persia. Burdened poor cultivators with high taxes and ended his days as a prisoner of his rebellious son Aurangzeb.

Persian Letters (1721)

Satirical critique of political and social injustices of the west and of France. Travelogue in the form of letters of 2 visitors to Paris. French King as potentate. Natural, universal standard of justice for all people in all places at all times. Reflection of increased interest and contact in rest of the world. First critical examination of society by philosophe - slavery as extension of despotism and transgressor of natural law & general good of society.

Kangxi (1654-1722)

Second Emperor of the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty. He opened four ports to foreign trade and encouraged the introduction of Western education, arts and Roman Catholicism. He laid the foundation for a long period of political stability and economic prosperity in China.

English Civil War (1642-1649)

Started when Charles I built an army against the wishes of Parliament to apparently deal with a rebellion in Ireland. Roundheads (Parliament army) & Cavaliers (Royalist supporters of King Charles I). Fought between Charles I and Parliament. The King surrendered in 1646. Charles I was executed later in 1649 after being convicted of treason.

Linnaeus (1707-1778)

Swedish naturalist and physician. The 3 kingdoms of natural objects consisted of minerals, animals and vegetables.

Mercantilism

System of government intervention to promote national prosperity and increase power of state. Program of economic policy with political objectives. Purpose was to expand the volume of manufacturing & trade to bring more $ into the treasury of the monarch and to build fleets, equip armies, and make the monarch's government. Two main elements were bullionism (wealth defined by the amount of precious metals owned) and the government (more $ in taxes and greater amounts of precious metals. Caused an increase in trade.

Capitalism

System of production, distribution, and exchange where accumulated wealth is invested by private owners for sake of gain. Features were private enterprise, competition for markets, business for profit and wage system and the effects were that banking grew, credit expanded and coins.

American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)

The American military conflict in which American Patriot forces under George Washinton's command defeated the British, establishing and securing the independence of the United States. American and allied victory - Great Britain gave up all mainland territories east of the Mississippi River, south of the Great Lakes, and north of the Floridas to the United States. Was ultimately a war fought by the Americans with help from Spain, the Netherlands and France versus the British.

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)

The French military general and statesmen. Played a key role in the French Revolution, served as first consul and emporer of France. Today he is widely considered one of the greatest military generals in history. In his time ruling he reformed the French educational system, developed a civil code and negotiated the Concordat of 1801. He modernized the French military.

Kublai Khan (1216-1294)

The Grandson of Genghis Khan. Completed conquest of northern China and became the Mongol emperor of China upon brother's death. Made Beijing the Capital, and became the founder of the Yuan dynasty. Expanded the empire into Indochina and failed to conquer Japan. Had Marco Polo as diplomat and as governor of the city of Yangzhou.

Restoration (1660-1668)

The death of Oliver Cromwell (1658) caused the end of the protectorate and the monarchy to be revived. Parliament proclaimed Charles II king and invited him to occupy the previous throne of his father. Charles II ruled with a pro-catholic attitude and was succeeded by James II who ruled arbitrarily.

Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616)

The founder of the last shogunate in Japan - the Edo or shogunate. Triumphed in the Battle of Sekigahara and became shogun to Japan's imperial court. He possessed a combination of organizational genius and military aptitude that allowed him to assert control of a unified Japan. As a result, his family (dynasty) presided over a period of peace, internal stability, and relative isolation from the outside world for more than 250 years.

National Assembly (1789-91)

The name of the revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate. It represented the common people of France and demanded that the king make economic reforms to ensure that the people had food to eat. They drafted a constitution for the new regime.

Commonwealth/Protectorate (1653-1659)

The political structure in which England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland were governed as a republic after the end of the Second English Civil War and the execution of Charles I. Governed by Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector.

Opera

The popular art form in Enlightenment that combined both music and drama.

Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)

Third son of King John I. Naval experience from the Portuguese navy as well as interest in navigation and exploration. Court at Sagres - improved ship design there due to his men's innovation. Created the Caravel. His motivations were trade, advancing knowledge, spreading christianity and national glory. He improved Cartography and Navigation by figuring out you can get to China by sailing west if the earth was round.

Charles I (ruled 1625-1649)

Took on leadership of Scotland after his father James I. Conflicted with Puritans & Parliamentary opponents. Gained revenue from war against France and became a tyrannical leader who forced loans from subjects, punished noncompliance, quartered soldiers in homes, and imprisoned subjects without trial.

Peter the Great (1672-1725)

Tsar of Russia who reigned jointly with his half-brother Ivan V shortly and alone thereafter. Proclaimed emperor in 1721. Modernized Russia which at the start of his rule had greatly lagged behind the Western countries and transformed into a major power. Through his numerous reforms, Russia made incredible progress in the development of its economy and trade, education, science and culture and foreign policy.

Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)

Used the army to disband "rump parliament" (inefficient form of govt). He was irritated by it's self-serving interests and slowness in developing solutions. He marched troops into "rump parliament" and ordered its members to disperse. This led to the establishment of the Protectorate where he ruled as the First Lord Protector of England. He was able to raise his country's status to that of a leading European power from the decline it had been in since the death of Charles I.

Asante Empire (1701-1900)

West African state that occupied modern southern Ghana in the 18th and 19th centuries. They were active in the slave trade in the 18th century and unsuccessfully resisted British penetration in the 19th. The empire emerged from the union of loosely affiliated states and fell when a British force was dispatched and in less than 6 months defeated their army and burned their capital. Hostages were freed and their people were forced to sign a harsh treaty.

Robinson Crusoe (1719)

Written by English novelist, journalist, and pamphleteer, Daniel Defoe. Book was about a shipwreck and solitary survival of an English sailor on a desert island. Included practical integrity of Europeans and subjugation of indigenous peoples by Europeans.

Spirit of the Laws (1748)

Written by Montesquieu. Depicted the historical role of Parliament during the civil war - parliament as "intermediate power" that prevented Britain from becoming monarchical. Said the French monarchy had signs of despotism and no separation of powers. Claims: Nobles, aristocrats or towns could be the buffers between the monarchy and the people. And that limited monarchy would be the most appropriate form of government for France.

John Locke (1632-1704)

Wrote Two Treatises on Government (1690) and Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) as an English Philosopher. Rejected Descartes doctrine of innate ideas. Believed sense perception as origin of all knowledge and the concept of "tabula rosa" (blank slate until sensation and raw materials lead to reason and meaningful form). Applied scientific method to study society.

Oyo Empire (1650-1750)

Yoruba state in present-day southwestern Nigeria. Geographic advantage and the protection of the trade route played significant roles in its rise. Was involved in slave trading and maintained its traditional position as brokers and traders. Enslaved laborers provided food for the empire on their work on royal farms. Following a series of internal crises and foreign invasions from virtually every direction, they gradually disintegrated.

Taj Mahal

a mausoleum built by Shah Jahan for his favorite wife with Hindu, Indian and middle eastern elements.