Foundations of Reading (190) Vocabulary

high frequency words

"sight words" automatic recognition of these words is required for fluent reading

context cues

"yesterday I read the book" so the reader uses content cues to know how to pronounce "read"

inflectional suffix

-s, -es, -ing, -ed which expresses plurality or possession when added to a noun

root

a bound morpheme, that cannot stand alone but is used to form a family of words with related meanings

metaphor

a comparison without using like or as

gradient text

a defined continuum of characteristics related to the level of support and challenge the reader is offered

grapheme

a letter or letter combination that spells a single phoneme (e, ei, igh, eigh)

linguistic approach

a reading based on highly regular spelling patterns (Nat the cat sat on the mat)

folktales

a story that often provides a moral lesson, originally orally

base word

a unit of meaning that can stand alone as a whole word (free morpheme)

dipthong

a vowel that feels like it has two parts (ow, oy, oi)

phoneme manipulation

adding, deleting, and substituting sounds in words

morphemic analysis

an analysis of words formed by adding prefixes, suffixes or other meaningful word units to a base word

cueing system

any of the various sources of information that may aid identification of a word

miscue

any substitution of a word in a text that a reader makes

metacognition

awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes

fables

brief narratives designed to teach a moral

cross checking

bringing together sources of information by checking one kind of information against another

interactive writing

children and teachers create a message and share the pen as they write the message

consonant blend

combined sounds of two or three consonants (bl in block, str in string)

blending

combining sounds rapidly, to accurately represent the word

dissonance

conflict, difference, disagreement

open syllable

ends in a vowel (solo)

conventions of print

ex. read left to right, top to bottom, words are made of letters, space between words

inversions

flipping letters either horizontally or vertically (p-d, b-d)

personification

giving human qualities to an animal, object, or idea

letter combinations

groups of consecutive letters that represent a particular sound or sound in words (digraphs)

fantasies

imaginative stories that have new worlds, but are based in reality so that readers believe they exist

phonological awareness

knowledge of sounds and syllables and of the sound structure of words

graphophonemic knowledge

knowledge of the relationships between letters and phonemes

rime

part of a syllable that contains the vowel and all that follows it

five components of reading

phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension

syllabic analysis

process of recognizing words by analyzing the syllables in a word

critical comprehension

readers analyze symbolic meanings, distinguish fact from opinion, draw conclusions

instructional level

reading level in which no more than 1 in 10 words is difficult for the reader (with good comprehension)

prosody

reading with expression, proper intonation, and phrasing

automaticity

reading without conscious effort or attention to decoding

schema

refers to prior knowledge, the knowledge and experience that readers bring to the text

reading cue system

semantic (does it make sense), syntactic (does it sound right), visual (does it look right)

phoneme

smallest unit of sound

consonant

speech sound where the air flow is partially obstructed by tongue, teeth, or lips

folklore

stories that began hundreds of years ago and were passed down generation to generation

cloze procedure

students apply deleted words in a passage take from a text they've read

analogies

students use their knowledge of rhyming words to deduce the pronunciation of spelling an unfamiliar word

phonic analysis

students use their knowledge of sound-symbol correspondences and spelling patterns to decode words when reading and to spell words when writing

expository text

text that reports factual information

phonemic awareness

the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds, phonemes, in oral language

fluency

the ability to read a text accurately and quickly, connects word recognition and comprehension

metalinguistics

the ability to think about language, talk about it, play with it, analyze it, and make judgments about correct versus incorrect forms

pragmatics

the appropriate use of language in different contexts

alphabetic principle

the concept that letters and letter combinations represent individual phonemes in written words

onset

the part of the syllable, initial consonants before the vowel

graphophonics

the relationship between the letters and the letter sounds of a language

morphemes

the smallest units of meaning in a language

phonology

the study of speech sounds in language

phonics

the study of the sounds of the letters of the alphabet

morphology

the system of meaningful parts from which words may be created

decoding

translate a word from print to speech using letter-sound correspondences

consonant digraph

two consecutive consonants that represent one phoneme, or sound (ch, sh)

digraph

two consecutive letters whose phonetic value is a single sound (ch, ng)

vowel pair

two vowels together that make one sound

closed syllable

vowels closed in, vowels make the short sound (skittles, twix)

aided retelling

when telling a story the student is prompted to tell more of the story

decodable words

words containing phonic elements that were previously taught

floss rule

words of one syllable that have one vowel and end in f, l, or s usually double the final consonant (hill, floss)

homograph

words that are spelled the same but mean different things, may or may not be pronounced the same way (can as in metal container/can as in able to)

irregular words

words that do not follow common phonic patterns (were, was, laugh, been)

orthography

writing system of language