FSE-120 Finals Study Guide (All)
What is the causative agent of fungal meningitis?
Cryptococcus neoformans
Your kid came home this weekend with swelling of the parotid salivary glands after playing an ill-advised game of Spin the Bottle and kissing a stranger. Your kid probably has the dreaded
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (mono)
Jock itch is caused by
The fungus Tinea cruris
In what disease is the tongue spotted with a strawberry-like appearance?
scarlet fever
You have a skin infection introduced by a kiss from the parasitic bloodborne triatomine bug. You've got a case of
Chagas disease
Mycoplasma, chlamydia, and rickettsia are bacterial diseases that come from the same
Genera
What gases make up tissue gas?
carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas
Mumps is the infection of the ____________________.
parotid glands
What is a furuncle?
serious hair follicle infection called a boil
An acid would be numbers ____ to ____ on the pH scale.
0;6
3 basic morphologyical) shapes of bacteria
1. Rod (bacillus) 2. Spiral (spirilla) 3. Sphere (cocci)
methods of preparing a specimen for study under a microscope
1. Suspending 2. Smearing 3. Staining
How much of the Earth's oxygen do autotrophic bacteria produce?
20%
Malaria is caused by what?
A protozoan
African trypanosomiasis is commonly called _________________.
African sleeping sickness
What is the vector for malaria?
Anopheles mosquito
What disease is associated with farmers, gardens and rotting vegetation?
Aspergillosis
The toxin aflatoxin is produced by _____________.
Aspergillus flavus
Lyme disease is caused by which bacterium?
Borrelia burgdorferi
What part of the body does rabies attack?
CNS
Loss of smell and taste is an odd symptom of what disease?
COVID-19
What causes yeast infections in women?
Candida albicans
What is the most frequently reported sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen in the US?
Chlamydia trachomatis
Which bacterium causes diphtheria?
Clostridium diphtheriae
Which bacterium causes gangrene?
Clostridium perfringens
Which bacterium causes tissue gas?
Clostridium perfringens
Traveler's Diarrhea is caused by the pathogen
Escherichia coli
Chlamydia trachomatis only causes venereal diseases.
False (also causes blindness)
Legionnaires' Disease is caused by the pathogen
Legionella pneumophilia
What cells of the body does the mononucleosis virus attack?
Memory B cells
What are the smallest free-living organisms in nature?
Mycoplasmas
What is the causative agent of PCP?
Pneumocystis carinii
Which is NOT one of the three categories of fungi?
Protozoa
Which of the following microorganisms causes African trypanosomiasis and is spread by the tsetse fly?
Protozoa
What are the names of the polio vaccines?
Sabin, Salk
Select the term or phrase that is NOT associated with St. Vitus' Dance
Sexually transmitted disease
Which disease is NOT an example of a pneumotropic disease?
Shingles
Which bacterium is common in raw milk and causes bacterial sepsis and meningitis in newborns, and uterine infections in postpartum women?
Streptococcus agalactiae
Which bacterium causes childbirth fever?
Streptococcus pyogenes
Which bacterium causes scarlet fever?
Streptococcus pyogenes
Which bacterium causes strep throat?
Streptococcus pyogenes
Gumma are rubberlike lesions most associated with the disease
Syphilis
Dermatropic diseases are directly associated with
The integumentary system
What is the vector for West Nile virus?
Tiger mosquito
Why is smallpox still considered a global threat despite it being eradicated as a disease in the recent past?
Two samples still exist in rival countries the US and USSR
What virus causes chickenpox?
Varicella-zoster
What virus causes West Nile?
a flavivirus
Thrush is ____________.
a fungal infection where there is white growth on the tongue
What disease in infants results from ingesting honey contaminated with C. botulinum spores?
botulism
Infection with ______________ can lead to shingles later in life.
chickenpox
Fungi lack _______________, so they are NOT photosynthetic.
chlorophyll
What kind of virus causes COVID-19? (& SARS)
coronavirus
What transmits Lyme disease?
deer ticks and field mice ticks
Fungal infections of the skin are called ________________.
dermatomycoses
The chickenpox virus can remain dormant in what part of the body?
dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
Picking at the bedclothes is an odd symptom of what disease?
epidemic typhus
The tongue is covered with a white or black fur and is rolled up in the disease ___________.
epidemic typhus
An area of dead tissue in cutaneous anthrax is _______________. (Doesn't form pus or cause pain)
eschar
Yeasts are ______________.
fungi
Necrosis of tissue is called _____________.
gangrene
Antimicrobial eye drops or silver nitrate placed in a baby's eyes on delivery because of the possibility of what disease?
gonorrhea
Cold sores are caused by ______________ virus.
herpes simplex 1
What is a local skin infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes that mostly infects children who scratch insect bites?
impetigo
Which muscles are first affected by tetanus?
jaw muscles
What virus is dangerous for a mother to contract in the first trimester and will result in birth defects?
measles
Healthcare associated infections are called _____________ infections.
nosocomial
How many viruses can cause the common cold?
over 200
A small, protein, infectious particle is a __________________.
prion
Francisella tularensis causes tularemia, which is also called __________.
rabbit fever
The malaria protozoan ends up in the human _____________, where it causes the disease.
red blood cells
A fungal infection of the scalp is ____________.
ringworm
In what fungal disease does a circular rash clear up in the middle as it spreads outward?
ringworm
In what part of the insect vector's body does the protozoan that causes malaria reside?
salivary glands
What is the only viral disease that has been eradicated from the world?
smallpox
Which bacterium causes a furuncle?
staphylococcus aureus
The disease _______________ is caused by Treponema pallidum and has three stages to it.
syphilis
Which of the following refers to fungal infections of the skin, hair and nails?
tineas
Pregnant women shouldn't clean litter boxes to avoid the disease ___________.
toxoplasmosis
Cryptosporidium parvum often causes _______________.
traveler's diarrhea
What is the vector for African sleeping sickness?
tsetse fly
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis. When the bacterium invades attacking macrophages, a nodule in the lungs called a/n ____________ forms.
tubercle
Bio
"life"
the study of
"ology"
Under what conditions must an autoclave work to sterilize?
15 psi at 121oC for 10 minutes
What virus causes AIDS?
HIV
What cells of the body does HIV attack?
Helper T cells
Spongiform encephalopathies leave what?
Holes in brain tissue
A patient gets nosocomial infections primarily from
Hospitals and healthcare settings
Tetanus is also known as ____________.
lockjaw
Plasmodium causes __________________.
malaria
Quinine is the treatment for ______________.
malaria
An intracellular parasite that is genetic material in a protein coat is a _____________.
virus
On the pH scale, an acid is numbers 0___ to ___.
0 to 7
antibodies are glycoprotein substances (proteins) produced by the body in response to specific antigens.
Antibody
animal vectors in which the disease-causing organism multiplies or develops within the animal prior to becoming infective for a susceptible person.
Biological vector
The prefix "orni-" (as in ornithosis) pertains to that which originates from
Birds (Parrot Disease)
A type of bacteria that is spherical or ovoid in form.
Coccus (pl. cocci)
study of protozoa
Protozoology
a manual process by which microorganisms are removed from a surface
Scrubbing
Infection with the chickenpox virus can lead to _________________ later in life.
Shingles
Communicable
Transmitted between people
Cyanobacteria produce about _________ of Earth's oxygen.
about 20
"a golden-yellow color"
aureus
The study of fungi is called
mycology
What is the vector for malaria?
the Anopheles mosquito
Aspergillus niger infects ___ _______ _____
the auditory meatus.
What is the germ theory of disease?
the theory that microorganisms cause disease
What is the vector for African sleeping sickness?
the tsetse fly
The lowest temperature at which all microbes are killed in 10 minutes is
thermal death point
What is the vector for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
ticks
_________________ is when poisonous products of bacteria are distributed throughout the body.
toxemia
State the Universal Precautions designed to protect workers with occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens:
1. All human remains are to be treated as though they are infectious. 2. Always wear appropriate personal protective clothing, including gloves, face shield, mask, full-length gown, head cover, and shoe covers. 3. Topical disinfectants should be utilized to disinfect the deceased, the deceased's clothing, and the removal cot. Linen should always be laundered between removals. 4. Always handle the deceased's clothing with care to inhibit the aerosolization of microorganisms.
What are the three sources of the spread of disease?
1. Animals or persons ill of the infection 2. Chronic animal or human carriers 3. The environment
What are the two modes of disease transmission?
1. Direct transmission: physical contac 2. Indirect transmission: food, milk, fomites, water, soil, biological vectors & mechanical vectors
The two aspects of the embalming process are:
1. Disinfection (reduction of pathogenic agents by chemical or physical means) 2. Preservation (temporary disinfection, preservation, and restoration of human remains)
Chlamydia has two growth stages:
1. Elementary body 2. Reticulate body
Name and describe the 2 methods to observe bacteria with microscopy:
1. Fluid suspension: the living specimen may be observed by suspending it in some fluid such as water 2. Smearing: smears of the specimen may be dried, fixed, and stained on a glass slide
Name the three enzymes some microbes use to better use blood as a nutrient and describe what they do:
1. Hyaluronidase - causes blood to clot 2. Fibrinolysin - digests fibrin threads 3. Coagulase - aids in blood clotting
Name and describe (make sure you also describe) the three types of infection:
1. Local infection: A local infection is caused by microorganisms lodging and multiplying at one point in a tissue and remaining in that tissue. 2. Focal infection: A focal infection is one in which the organisms are originally confined to one area but enter the blood or lymph vessels and spread to other parts of the body. 3. General (systemic) infection: If the infection becomes systemic, it is known as a general infection. Measles is an example of a systemic infection.
What 5 factors influence effectiveness of chemical agents?
1. Nature of disinfectant 2. Concentration of disinfectant 3. Nature of the material to be disinfected 4. Number of microbes present 5.Type of microbe present 6. Length of exposure to disinfectant 7. Temperature of disinfectant during exposure 8. Disinfectant's pH during exposure 9. Larger populations of microbes take longer to kill 10. More difficult when there are different species present 11. State of development of the cells matters 12. Higher temperatures usually increase effectiveness 13. Environmental factors 14. pH 15. Viscosity 16. Concentration of organic matter
Name and describe the three defenses of the host against infection:
1. Physiological 2. Mechanical 3. Chemical
What are the four kingdoms?
1. Protista (single-celled organism (Algae, amoeba, paramecium, etc. 2. Fungi (yeasts, molds, mildews, mushrooms) 3. Plantae (photosynthetic) 4. Animalia (animals (Mammals, insects, worms, etc.) Bacteria is in a separate category called a domain
Name and thoroughly describe the physical methods of controlling microbes:
1. Scrubbing (A manual process by which microorganisms are removed from a surface) 2. Incineration (used most frequently to treat hazardous waste) 3. Cremation (A form of incineration; remains undergo complete combustion) 4. Dry heat (Denatures (coagulates) proteins and is preferred over chemical methods) 5. Moist heat (boiling, free-flowing steam, and steam under pressure) boiling (kills vegetative bacteria, most viruses, and fungi but doesn't guarntee endospoores are killed) free-flowing steam (items placed in free-flowing steam for 30 minutes on successive days) steam under pressure (most effective form of controlling microbial growth because pressure, temperature, and length of exposure can be controlled) 6. Cold (refrigeration & freezing; does not destroy all vegetative cells or endospores; Inhibits growth) 7. Light (Ultraviolet (UV) light; damages cell's DNA)
What are the five portals of entry and exit?
1. Skin and mucous membranes 2. Respiratory tract 3. Digestive tract 4. Genitourinary tract 5. Placenta
The three levels in controlling microbial growth are:
1. Sterilization (process of completely removing or destroying all life-forms, including bacterial endospores) 2. Disinfection (reduction of pathogenic agents by chemical or physical means) 3. Antisepsis (microbial growth inhibited on living tissue to prevent infection)
Name and describe the three categories of heterotrophic bacteria.
1. Strict (obligate) saprophytes: organisms that only survive on dead or decaying organic matter 2. Strict (obligate) parasites: completely dependent on their living host for the nutrients they need to survive 3. Facultative bacteria: can adapt to differing sources of nutrition
Name and describe the 3 types of mycoses:
1. Superficial mycoses - penetrate the least and are found only in the outermost layers of the skin and hair 2. Cutaneous mycoses - fungal infections of the skin, hair, and fingernails such as ringworm, jock itch, and athlete's foot... they occur deeper in the integument than the superficial mycoses 3. Subcutaneous mycoses - occur deep in the integument and may include the deeper-lying structures such as the fascia, muscle tissue, and bone
What are the two types of African sleeping sickness?
1. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense 2. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Name the three categories of fungi:
1. Yeasts 2. Molds 3. Dimorphic Fungi
What are the 3 basic arrangements of bacteria?
1. may be connected in PAIRS 2. can be formed in a CHAIN 3. can be arranged together forming a pattern similar to a CLUSTER OF GRAPES
Name and describe the 4 types of flagella location on a bacterium:
1. monotrichous bacterium (one flagellum) 2. amphitrichous bacterium (one flagellum at either end of its cell) 3. lophotrichous bacterium (two or more flagella on either end of its cell) 4. peritrichous bacterium (flagella distributed over its entire cell)
What are the 3 basic shapes of bacteria?
1. those shaped like a sphere 2. those shaped like a rod 3. those with a spiral shape
When was it officially eradicated?
1980
The human body is up to ____ % water.
60
On the pH scale, a base is numbers ____ to ____.
7 to 14
A base would be numbers ____ to ____ on the pH scale.
8;14
Antibiotic
A natural substance found to inhibit the growth of bacterial cells (Antibiotics only kill bacteria, not viruses)
What is a prion?
A prion is a small, protein-based infectious particle that lacks DNA or RNA and resists typical inactivation methods
What is stomach flu?
A stomach virus or bacterial infection, of the digestive tract and is not viral influenza
What is the treatment for rabies?
A vaccine given in a series of injections over 28 days
Describe the structure of a virus.
A virus consists of genetic material encased in a protein coat and lacks enzymes and organelles; contain only one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA
S. aureus (Staphylococcus aureus)
Abbreviations
A microbe's virulence is generally a measure of its
Ability to produce disease
a localized infection characterized by a collection of pus in any part of the body that results from disintegration or displacement of tissue
Abscess
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 0 being extremely acidic
Acid
What does AIDS stand for?
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Aerotolerant organisms can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen; they are indifferent to oxygen, and do not gain any benefit from its presence.
Aerotolerant
The deceased's body temperature may have cooled before death, which is known as agonal algor.
Agonal algor
The deceased may have had a fever before death, resulting in what is known as agonal fever.
Agonal fever
widely used disinfectants that control microbial growth by denaturing proteins and by dissolving lipids in the cell membrane of microorganisms
Alcohols
a group of organic compounds that control microbial growth by reacting with the proteins in microorganisms and altering their chemical structure
Aldehydes
Who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
Any intracellular or intercellular starch-like protein deposit found in tissue, associated with prion disorders.
Amyloid
a mutual opposition or contrary action, and in the case of microbial relationships, the term refers to the inhibition of one microorganism's growth by the presence of another.
Antagonism
the process by which microbial growth is inhibited on living tissue to prevent infection
Antisepsis
Binary fission is a form of
Asexual reproduction
A microbe's virulence is reduced, weakened, and diluted through a process known as
Attenuation
the reduction of a microorganism's virulence by diluting or weakening the microbe to reduce or abolish its pathogenicity
Attenuation
self-nourishing bacteria capable of growing in the absence of organic compounds; autotrophic organisms are capable of obtaining nutritional value from the carbon in carbon dioxide.
Autotrophic
Any rod-shaped microorganism.
Bacillus (pl. bacilli)
the presence of bacteria in the blood
Bacteremia
A prokaryotic one-celled microorganism of the kingdom Monera, existing as free-living organisms or as parasites, multiplying by binary fission, and having a large range of biochemical properties.
Bacteria
kill bacteria but not necessarily their spores
Bactericide
Science that studies bacteria. Benign-Not recurrent or progressive; nonmalignant.
Bacteriology
study of bacteria
Bacteriology
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with... 14 being extremely alkaline (basic)
Base
asexual reproduction in bacteria, in which the cell splits into two parts, each of which develops into a complete individual; also known as simple transverse fission
Binary fission
combo of genus and species name (genus always capitalized; species lower case) (italicized in print underlined by hand)
Binomial system
Which is not one of the 3 basic shapes of bacteria?
Bone-like
The most poisonous substance on Earth is _____________________.
Botulinum toxin (not Clostridium botulinum like notes say)
disease that spreads through the blood and lymph causing hyperplastic growths of the lymph nodes
Buboes
Yersinia Pestis is the causative agent for which disease?
Bubonic Plague
Why is Cytomegalovirus (CMV) a concern for an embalmer who is also pregnant?
CMV can pass through the placenta to the fetus.
What is the causative agent of thrush?
Candida albicans
organized and firmly attached externally to cell wall Allows cell to survive through adverse conditions;
Capsule
a hard, round, deep inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue under the skin
Carbuncle
Mixed
Caused by two or more organisms
Primary
Causes the initial illness
A large group of nonmotile, gram-negative, intracellular parasites.
Chlamydia
orderly arrangement of organisms into taxa
Classification
What microbe causes botulism?
Clostridium botulinum
What microbe causes tetanus?
Clostridium tetani
What is one of the most virulent mycotic pathogens in humans?
Coccidioides immitis
Another symbiotic relationship that exists when one organism gains some benefit, such as protection or nourishment, and the host is not harmed.
Commensalism
introducing disease germs or infectious material into an area or substance
Contamination
Lockjaw is characterized by
Contractions of mandibular muscles
How was smallpox eradicated?
Controlling the human reservoir
Where does the name COVID-19 come from?
Coronavirus Disease 2019
phenolic compounds derived from a chemical known as toluene
Cresols
What disease mimics bacterial meningitis?
Cryptococcus neoformans
The microbe of great concern that can cross the placenta is
Cytomegalovirus
the time in minutes it takes to kill 90 percent of the present microorganisms
Decimal reduction time
Bacillus anthracis
Disease: Anthrax (cutaneous, inhalation, gastrointestinal forms Symptoms: Cutaneous (eschar), inhalation (respiratory failure, shock), gastrointestinal (abdominal pain, vomiting, bloody diarrhea) Treatment: Penicillin and a broad array of antibiotics
Vibrio cholerae
Disease: Asiatic cholera Symptoms: Rice-water stool, loss of fluids and electrolytes, shock, organ failure Treatment: Vaccination for treatment; hydration and antibiotics
Clostridium botulinum
Disease: Botulism Symptoms: Paralysis, cardiac failure, respiratory failure, nausea, double vision, blurred vision, difficulty swallowing Treatment: Botulinum antitoxin
Clostridium diphtheriae
Disease: Diphtheria Symptoms: Sore throat, red rash on the abdomen, fever, fatigue, swelling of the neck, bleeding in the throat, grayish-white pseudomembrane in the throat, paralysis Treatment: Antitoxins commercially produced in horses
Staphylococci aureus
Disease: Food poisoning, Skin and wound abscesses, Toxic shock syndrome & Nosocomial infection Symptoms: Food Poisoning: headaches, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea; Toxic Shock Syndrome: high fever, rash, watery diarrhea, vomiting severe hypotension, causing shock; Skin & wound infections: pimple, furuncle (boil), pus, carbuncle Treatment: Treated with Antibiotics
Clostridium perfringens
Disease: Gas gangrene (myonecrosis), food intoxication, and tissue gas. Symptoms: For gas gangrene: necrosis of tissue. For food intoxication: abdominal pain and diarrhea. Treatment: antibiotics and hydration
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Disease: Gonorrhea Symptoms: Pustular discharge from the genitalia and painful urination, rectal infections include discharge, anal itching, soreness, bleeding, and sometimes painful bowel movements Treatment: Antibiotics
Legionella pneumophilia
Disease: Legionnaires' disease; Legionellosis Symptoms: Legionnaires' disease are a high fever, cough, and symptoms of pneumonia. Treatment: Antibiotics and supportive care
Klebsielia pneumoniae
Disease: Lower respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, wound infections, and nosocomial infections in newborn nurseries Symptoms: typical signs of respiratory or urinary tract infections, which often involve coughing, fever, and pain during urination. Treatment: antibiotics
Borrelia burgdorferi
Disease: Lyme disease Symptoms: Erythema migrans (bull's-eye rash), flu-like symptoms, possible heart and nervous system involvement, arthritis Treatment: Antibiotics
Salmonella enteritidis
Disease: Salmonella gastroenteritis (salmonellosis). Symptoms: Fever, chills, abdominal pain, and watery diarrhea. Treatment: Antibiotics and supportive care
Streptococcus pyogenes:
Disease: Strep throat, impetigo, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever Symptoms: Strep throat: Sore throat, malaise, fever, headache. Scarlet fever: Pinkish-red skin rash, high fever, strawberry-like tongue Treatment: Antibiotics
Treponema pallidum
Disease: Syphilis Symptoms: Primary stage (chancre), secondary stage (rash, hair loss, swollen lymph nodes), tertiary stage (gummas, organ damage) Treatment: Penicillin & other antibiotics
Clostridium tetani
Disease: Tetanus (lockjaw) Symptoms: Opposing muscles contract at the same time, muscles of the jaw affected first, spreading to respiratory muscles where death occurs via asphyxia Treatment: Vaccination for prevention (booster every 10 yrs)
Helicobacter pylori
Disease: The Helicobacter pylori bacterium is also associated with peptic & duodenal ulcers. Symptoms: Peptic ulcers may occur in the lower esophagus, the stomach, or the upper small intestine and are typically caused by the action of gastric acid and the enzyme pepsin. Treatment: Proton pump inhibitor (PPI); antibiotics
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Disease: Tuberculosis (TB) Symptoms: a tubercule forms; severe cases may lead to cavity and bacterial spread. Treatment: may require the use of more than one drug for resistant strains
Francisella tularensis
Disease: Tularemia Symptoms: Local inflammation and a small ulcer, regional lymph nodes enlarge and fill with pus, followed by septicemia, pneumonia, and abscesses throughout the body. Treatment: Antibiotics
Bordella pertussis
Disease: Whooping cough (pertussis) Symptoms: Whooping sound while gasping for air between violent coughs Treatment: Vaccination (DTaP vaccine)
Streptococcus agalactiae
Disease: bacterial sepsis & meningitis in newborns; uterine infections in postpartum women Symptoms: Lethargy, jaundice, respiratory distress, shock, pneumonia, anorexia Postpartum women: Sepsis, meningitis, seizures, psychomotor retardation Treatment: Antibiotics
Yersinia pestis
Disease: bubonic plague. Symptoms: The disease spreads through the blood and lymph causing hyperplastic growths of the lymph nodes known as buboes and dark hemorrhagenic areas present on the body. Treatment: Antibiotics; supportive care
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Disease: most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults Symptoms: Otitis media, pneumonia... acute onset fever, chills, dyspnea (difficulty in breathing), chest pain, bloody sputum Treatment: Penicillin
Escherichia coli
Disease: traveler's diarrhea, severe diarrheal illnesses, meningitis, urinary tract infections, and wound infections Symptoms: Traveler's diarrhea: low-grade fever, watery diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps. From severe strains: fever, severe cramps, watery diarrhea with pus, mucus, and blood; hemorrhagic diarrhea leads to bloody stools, low platelet count, hemolytic anemia, kidney failure. Treatment: Antibiotics and hydration
the reduction of pathogenic agents by chemical or physical means by applying the disinfectant to an inanimate object
Disinfection
What level of classification is the broadest, most general, and most comprehensive relative to the other classifications?
Domain
a microorganism that is virulent enough to resist pharmaceuticals designed to reduce disease
Drug-fast
What cells of the body does the mononucleosis virus attack?
EBV attacks the B memory cells within the immune system
The infectious (1st) form of Chlamydia that infects nonciliated epithelial cells, uses the host cell's energy, and later develops into reticulate bodies.
Elementary body
diseases that occur continuously in a particular region but usually have a low mortality
Endemic disease
infections caused by bacteria that are normally nonpathogenic and that normally inhabit the digestive tract
Endogenous infection
Why are endospores of particular concern to the embalmer?
Endospores are extremely important to embalmers because they are resistant to disinfectants; meaning it is possible for disease to be spread from the deceased to the living by transmission of endospores
What causes amebic dysentery?
Entamoeba histolytica
diseases that attack many people at the same time in the same geographic region
Epidemic disease
caused by organisms not present in the body
Exogenous infection
a toxin, generally a protein, produced by a microorganism and excreted into its surrounding medium
Exotoxin
A human being's ability to ward off disease based on his or her ability to acquire immunity from natural characteristics they were born with is called adaptive immunity.
FALSE
A monotrichous bacteria has multiple flagella.
FALSE
Pus is only white in color.
FALSE
The Magic Bullet Theory, in context of this course, references that fateful day in Dealey Plaza that took the life of President John Kennedy.
FALSE
bacteria that can adapt to differing sources of nutrition. As food sources in the environment change, facultative bacteria simply feed on the new food sources or produce their own nutritional sources.
Facultative
What disease keeps you from sleeping?
Fatal familial insomnia (results from a mutation of the normal prion protein in the brain)
What does Ebola do to the body?
Fever, Headache, Joint and muscle pain, Sore throat, Diarrhea, Vomiting, Rash, Red eyes, Hiccups, severe Internal and external bleeding
Which is NOT a method of preparing a specimen for study under a microscope
Flushing
An infection in which the organisms are originally confined to one area but enter the blood or lymph vessels and spread to other parts of the body
Focal infection
How can food transmit disease?
Food can transmit disease when it is prepared for cooking, cooked insufficiently, or handled improperly after cooking; since one of the most common routes of disease transmission is through ingestion of infected or contaminated food and water
A condition that can rapidly lead to death, often used to describe severe cases of hepatitis B.
Fulminant
A group of often filamentous unicellular and multicellular organisms lacking chlorophyll and usually bearing spores.
Fungi
Mycology is the study of
Fungi
kill both fungi and their spores
Fungicide
a superficial skin abscess, which is a localized area of pus surrounded by inflamed and necrotic tissue in which blood clots in the vessels and forms a core
Furuncle
if the infection becomes systemic
General infection
kill a variety of different types of microorganisms, but not necessarily their spores.
Germicide
What disease that is caused by a prion occurs after age 50?
Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome (rare central nervous system disorder)
a rubberlike lesion that appears on the bone, viscera, and skin during the tertiary stage of syphilis,
Gumma
What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?
HIV is the virus that causes infection, while AIDS is the condition that results when the immune system is severely weakened due to HIV
widely used disinfectants that work by oxidizing the components of microbial cells.
Halogens
Which bacterium has an optimum pH at pH 1?
Helicobacter pylori
What are the 3 most common hepatitis viruses?
Hepatitis A, B, and C
For which hepatitis is there no vaccine?
Hepatitis C
Cold sores are caused by ___________________________.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)
Genital herpes is caused by _____________________________.
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)
requiring complex organic food from a carbon source in order to grow and develop.
Heterotrophic
about 450 times more effective as a germicide than phenol
Hexachlorophene
Histoplasmosis is caused by _________ __________
Histoplasma capsulatum.
What does HIV stand for?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Rickettsia prowazekii causes the disease epidemic typhus. What is that disease's mode of transmission?
Human body lice
Hypertonic solution (seawater) A red blood cell will shrink and wrinkle up because water molecules are moving out of the cell; contains high concentrations of solute (like salt)
Hypertonic
Hypotonic solution (freshwater) A red blood cell will swell and burst because water molecules are moving into the cell; solution contains less solute than inside of bacterium
Hypotonic
process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so they can be recognized and placed in a taxonomic scheme
Identification:
Slime layer
If the glycocalyx is unorganized and only loosely attached to the cell wall, it is known as a slime layer.
In what disease does cellular swelling resemble owl's eyes?
Inclusion disease caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) (causes cellular swelling resembling 'owl's eyes)
condition in which the body, or part of the body, is invaded by a pathogenic agent that, under favorable conditions, multiplies and produces injurious effects
Infection
What is the difference between innate immunity and acquired immunity?
Innate immunity (natural immunity) is NOT specific; certain groups of people are simply immune to certain diseases because they are born with a natural (innate) immunity / Acquired immunity (adaptive immunity) IS specific; a specific type of white blood cell responds to a specific antigen; differs from innate immunity in that the individual must either form antibodies to a pathogen personally or be given the antibodies from an alternate source
kill insects
Insecticide
Isotonic solution (human blood serum) A red blood cell remains unchanged because the movement of water molecules into and out of the cell are the same; solution contains same amount of solute as inside bacterium
Isotonic
Name the levels of classification in order:
Levels of Classification (from most general to most specific) King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti 1. Domain 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum 4. Class 5. Order 6. Family 7. Genus 8. Species * Note genus and species are scientific name
microorganisms lodging and multiplying at one point in a tissue and remaining in that tissue
Local infection
a tuft of flagella on one end of cell (tuft on one side)
Lophotrichous
COVID-19 can have what unusual symptom?
Loss of smell and taste
a vector in or on which growth and development of the infective agent do not occur.
Mechanical vector
"extremely small"
Micro
require little free oxygen (about 2 percent to 10 percent)
Microaerophilic
What is responsible for causing disease according to the Germ Theory of Disease?
Microorganisms
Influenza strains begin in what animal?
Migratory birds
Which of the following is NOT one of the four kingdoms?
Monera (Prokeryotae)
The vaccine for smallpox also gives immunity to _________________.
Monkeypox
one flagellum on each end of cell (amphi=both)
Monotrichous
How many viruses can cause the common cold?
More than 200 viruses
If polio spread to the CNS, what is the result?
Muscle weakness leading to flaccid paralysis
Bacteria of the Mycoplasma genus that are found in humans, most having no cell wall; the smallest free-living organisms presently known, being intermediate in size between viruses and bacteria.
Mycoplasma
The correct way to write the name of the bacterium that causes gonorrhea is
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Has it been totally eradicated - do any of the virus particles remain on Earth?
No, it has not been totally eradicated; samples are stored in the US and former Soviet Union
unrelated infections that occur in a healthcare setting
Nosocomial infections
There is no clear definiition of the word "obligate" in our text or powerpoint material, however, dictionary.com defines obligate as "capable of existing only in a particular environment or by assuming a particular role"
Obligate
What can kill endospores?
Only sterilization
microorganisms that exist as part of the normal microbial flora but can become pathogenic under certain conditions and result in disease
Opportunists
Exogenous
Organism not present in the body
The three (morphologyical) arrangements of bacteria are
Pairs - prefix diplo- Chains - prefix strepto- Clusters - prefix staphylo-
diseases that affect the majority of the population of a large region or are epidemic at the same time in many different parts of the world
Pandemic disease
What disease can you get from inhaling aerosolized microbes from bird droppings?
Parrot Fever (Psittacosis or Ornithosis) caused by Chlamydia psittaci
What causes malaria?
Plasmodium
What microbe causes malaria?
Plasmodium malariae
Which pneumonia-causing fungus has a cell wall?
Pneumocystis jirovecii
How are prions transmitted?
Prions are transmitted through blood-to-blood contact
The four kingdoms are
Protista, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi
single-celled eukaryotes In kingdom Protista that lack a cell wall. Most do not cause disease but ones that do cause disease such as amebic dysentery, malaria, toxoplasmosis, African sleeping disease, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, brain infections, infections of skin and lungs
Protozoa
What genus of bacteria is commonly associated with secondary infections in burn patients?
Pseudomonas
The pus from __________________ is blue.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What genus of bacteria is commonly associated with secondary infections in burn patients?
Pseudomonas is a genus of bacteria that is commonly associated with secondary infections in burn patients
Quaternary ammonium compounds that are chemical disinfectants and antiseptics that damage cellular membranes and denature microbial proteins
Quats
ability of human body to defend against pathogen
Resistance
The noninfectious (2nd) form of Chlamydia that multiplies within the host cell, eventually forming new elementary bodies and causing cell rupture.
Reticulate body
The combustion chamber for cremation (a temp of approximately 1600°F (871°C) is maintained until the remains have undergone complete combustion)
Retort
Which are the most common?
Rhinoviruses and coronaviruses
A genus of rod-shaped, gram-negative, pathogenic, intracellular parasitic microorganisms.
Rickettsia
What causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
Rickettsia rickettsii
study of rickettsia
Rickettsiology
What is ringworm?
Ringworm is caused by dermatophytes, which grow in the keratin of the skin, hair, and nails
What is the strain that causes COVID-19?
SARS-CoV-2
What causes the foaming at the mouth in rabies?
Spasms of the mouth and pharynx
What level of classification is the most specific and exclusive relative to the other classifications?
Species
Diseases caused by prions are collectively known as spongiform encephalopathies because they leave holes in the brain tissue that resemble a sponge
Spongiform encephalopathy
diseases that occur occasionally or in scattered instances within a geographic region
Sporadic disease
Describe the six stages of malaria:
Stage 1: Mosquito #1 bites a human, injecting Plasmodium malariae under the skin Stage 2: P. malariae migrates to human liver and reproduces. Stage 3: P. malariae develops in human red blood cells. Stage 4: Mosquito #2 then bites infected human and becomes infected. Stage 5: In mosquito #2 intestine, male and female reproductive cells of P. malariae unite. Stage 6: P. malariae #2 migrates to salivary glands of mosquito #2 * Now it can infect another human
"shaped like a sphere or ball"; "clustered together," similar to grapes
Staphyl
gold-colored grapes
Staphylococcus aureus
the process of completely removing or destroying all life-forms, including bacterial endospores
Sterilization
chain
Strepto
When two or more different species of organisms live together in close association
Symbiosis
occurs when the harmonious action of two microorganisms produces an effect that neither could produce alone.
Synergism
Reheating food contaminated with Staphylococci will kill the bacteria itself but not the toxin.
TRUE
The scientific name for lockjaw is tetanus.
TRUE
If it was eradicated, why is it still a threat?
The CDC considers smallpox to be a potential bioterrorism threat (US & former Soviet Union kept 1 sample each)
What causes mononucleosis?
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
When the mother is infected with the measles virus in the first trimester, what can happen to the baby?
The baby may suffer birth defects such as deafness, cataracts, heart defects, or mental retardation
What is the purpose of the cell wall?
The cell wall's primary purpose is to prevent bacteria from rupturing when the osmotic pressure inside the cell differs greatly from the osmotic pressure outside the cell.
What part of the body does rabies attack?
The central nervous system
The chickenpox virus can remain latent (dormant) in what part of the body?
The dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
What causes West Nile virus?
The flavivirus
What part of the body does hepatitis affect?
The liver
What is the difference between eukaryote and prokaryote?
The major, and extremely significant, difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, is that eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotes do not. The word eukaryote means 'true nucleus,' while the word prokaryote means 'before nucleus.'
What causes mumps?
The mumps virus (enveloped RNA virus)
Mumps is infection of ______________________.
The parotid glands
In what gland does the mononucleosis replicate?
The parotid salivary glands
Polio is caused by ______________________.
The poliovirus (A highly contagious infectious disease of the spinal cord)
What causes rabies?
The rabies virus (rhabdovirus)
German measles is caused by __________________.
The rubella virus
Measles is caused by ___________________.
The rubeola virus
Which bacterium does not have a cell wall?
The smallest known bacteria that can grow and reproduce outside the living host cell are mycoplasmas that are caused by a bacterium known as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which does not have a cell wall
Microbiology
The study of microorganisms, or microbes, a diverse group of generally minute, simple life-forms that include bacteria, archaea, algae, fungi, protozoa, and viruses and their effect on other living organisms. Micro=extremely small / bio=life/ literally=extremely small life
What part of the brain does it affect?
The thalamus (the sleep control center for the body)
What is the vector for West Nile?
The tiger mosquito
What is chickenpox caused by?
The varicella-zoster virus
What causes smallpox?
The variola virus
bacteria that grow best at high temperatures, between 40°C and 70°C (104°-158°F).
Thermophile
Why do children tend to contract more illnesses than adults?
They are born with immature immune systems.
solution of iodine and alcohol that is primarily used as an antiseptic
Tincture
A chronic, contagious form of conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, leading to blindness if untreated.
Trachoma
real or genuine disease-producing organisms
True pathogen
a structure formed in the lungs in response to the invasion of the tuberculosis bacterium; occuring when macrophages die, resulting in a "caseous, or cheese-like, center in the tubercle"
Tubercle
What microbe causes tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis is spread by this invasive, highly virulent, intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis
3. In which disease is the tongue covered with a white or black fur and is rolled up in the back of the mouth?
Typhus / Epidemic typhus
Picking at bedclothes is an odd symptom of what disease?
Typhus / Epidemic typhus
What kind of light controls microbial growth?
UV
The physical method of controlling microbes that damages the cell's DNA is
UV light
What kind of light controls microbial growth?
Ultraviolet (UV) light; by damaging the cell's genetic material
the presence of viruses in the blood
Viremia
study of viruses/bacteria
Virology
How can water transmit disease?
Water can transmit disease when it is contaminated, particularly in untreated water supplies that are polluted by sewage from human and nonhuman animals. This can lead to the spread of diseases such as dysentery and cholera. Contaminated water can be a problem even in the United States, where there have been "outbreaks of diseases due to contaminated water supplies."
The bacterium that causes bubonic plague is
Yersinia pestis
A retort is
a combustion chamber
Aflatoxin -
a condition associated with specific molds: A. flavus, which is a mold found on corn, peanuts, and grains; caused by ingestion or exposure to these molds and their toxins
Thrush -
a white overgrowth of the tongue often developed in infants; caused by the fungus Candida albicans, especially when the immune system is immature or weakened
Dermatophytes -
a wide variety of fungi that can infect the integumentary system. The infections they cause are dermatomycoses. Dermatophytes grow in the keratin of the skin, hair, and nails causing infections called ringworms (tineas) The condition is caused by three genera of fungi: Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton
______________ immunity is a result of being sick once or getting a vaccination.
acquired
A chemical method of controlling microbes that denatures proteins and dissolves lipids in the cell membrane is
alcohol
What is the purpose of a capsule on a bacterium?
allows the cell to avoid the immune system and stick to surfaces
Quaternary ammonium compounds
also known as quats, are chemical disinfectants and antiseptics that damage cellular membranes and denature microbial proteins; effective but can be deactivated by soap and organic matter
Describe the process of binary fission:
also known as simple transverse fission, is a method of asexual reproduction in bacteria, in which the cell splits into two parts, each of which develops into a complete individual.
When bacteria have flagella on each end of the cell, that is known as... (amphi=both)
amphitrichous
When one bacterium inhibits the growth of another, that is known as __________.
antagonism
Glycoprotein substances developed in response to and interacting specifically with an antigen; also known as immunoglobulins.
antibodies
Proteins that are Y-shaped and either neutralize or destroy antigens are
antibodies
A foreign substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies that interact specifically with it.
antigen
An _________________ causes the body's immune system to respond.
antigen
What is the treatment for malaria?
antimalarial medications
Inhibiting microbial growth on living tissue is
antisepsis
Mycoses
any fungal infection; Superficial (the least) skin & hair; Cutaneous is deeper like ringworm and jock itch; Subcutaneous deep in skin & tissue
An exogenous infection is caused by microbes that
are not normally present in the body
Vector
arthropod vectors are organisms that spreads infection (such as lice, fleas, ticks, or mites)
Dilution or weakening of the virulence of a microorganism, reducing or abolishing its pathogenicity.
attenuation
Reducing a microbe's virulence by diluting or weakening it is
attenuation
Organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis are
autotrophs
A virus that infects bacteria is
bacteriophage
Why is it called sleeping sickness?
because it causes progressive neurological symptoms, including fatigue and drowsiness
Bacteria reproduce by a process called
binary fission
What is fecal-oral transmission?
capable of being spread from person to person; shaking hands; hands contaminated & bacteria then enter through break in skin or through eyes, nose, or mouth
What is used to treat municipal drinking water and swimming pools?
chlorine
The prefix staphyl- means
cluster
The three basic shapes of bacteria are
coccus, bacillus, spirilla
In a microbial association, when one bacterium benefits and the other is unaffected, that is known as ___________.
commensalism
Mycotic -
conditions or diseases caused by fungi. Coccidioides immitis is one of the most virulent mycotic pathogens in humans. The condition is caused by various fungi that infect different parts of the body, such as Coccidioides immitis in respiratory diseases
Aspergillus flavus infects _____ _____ _____
corn, peanuts, and grains.
What disease gave milkmaids immunity to smallpox?
cowpox
What chemical is used to produce Lysol?
cresols
Cryptosporidium parvum often causes _______.
diarrhea
A double bacillus, two being linked end to end to each other.
diplobacilli
Any of various spherical bacteria appearing in pairs.
diplococci
Destroying pathogenic agents by disinfecting inanimate objects is
disinfection
Aspergillus glacus infects ______________.
dried fruit
Resistant, as in bacteria, to the action of a drug or drugs.
drug-fast
The physical method of controlling microbes that denatures proteins is
dry heat
Inflammation of the brain is called ________________.
encephalitis
A thick-walled cell produced by bacteria to survive unfavorable conditions is the
endospore
Vegetative cell
endospore germinates to this when conditions are good again; not the same as a plant seed germination; germinates into vegetative cell
A/n ____________________ is toxin confined within the body of a bacterium and is released only when the bacterium is broken down.
endotoxin
Ebola is a ____________________ disease.
epidemic
Bacteria that can adapt to different sources of nutrition are ____________ bacteria.
facultative
Some bacteria use an enzyme that digests fibrin threads to better utilize blood as a nutrient. That enzyme is
fibrinolysin
Appendages on a bacterium that allows it to attach to surfaces is
fimbriae
Long, whip-like, filament-containing appendages that propel bacteria in liquid.
flagella
An infection where microbes enter blood or lymph vessels and spread to other parts of the body is called a/n ___________________ infection.
focal
An inanimate object to which infectious material adheres and can be transmitted is a
fomite
Saprophyte
fungi that grows on decomposing matter
What is the structure of a virus? (Briefly answer)
genetic material (DNA or RNA) in protein coat; some have membrane around protein coat (enveloped virus); are sensitive to disinfectants
What disease is caused by a protozoan that has two nuclei and can be found in all types of water, even chlorinated water? Most common waterborne illness in US
giardiasis
A sticky, gelatinous coating on bacteria that surrounds the cell wall is the
glycocalyx
A disinfectant that oxidizes certain molecules within the microbial cell is (choose two):
halogen & iodine
Organisms that cannot make their own food and require food from a carbon source are
heterotrophs
The organism from which a microorganism obtains its nourishment.
host
The enzyme that Staphylococcus aureus uses to penetrate the body's connective tissue is
hyaluronidase
A bacterium in a ___________ would shrivel.
hypertonic
A bacterium in a ______________ solution would swell and might burst.
hypotonic
Where is that bacterium located in the human body?
in the stomach
The best method to treat hazardous waste is
incineration
Another word for skin is
integument
Proteins that respond to viruses, bind to receptors on uninfected cells, and cause the uninfected cells to produce antiviral enzymes are
interferons
A disinfectant that is a tincture is
iodine
A compound of iodine and surfactant is
iodophore
How does higher temperature affect the effectiveness of chemical agents?
it usually increases effectiveness
In controlling microbes, heat _____ _______while cold_________________________.
kills microorganisms; inhibits the growth of microorganisms
An agent that kills mosquito larvae is
larvicide
What part of the body does hepatitis affect?
liver
A living organism or an object that is capable of transmitting infections by carrying the disease agent on its external body part or surface.
mechanical vector
Bacteria that prefer human body temperatures are... between 25°C and 40°C (77°-104°F)
mesophiles
Placing remains in a refrigerated unit slows the growth of which type of bacteria?
mesophilic bacteria
The study of the size, shape, and arrangements of microorganisms.
morphology
When both species of bacteria benefit in an association, that is known as __________. (symbiotic)
mutualism
Bacteria that MUST have oxygen are
obligate aerobes
Bacteria that must NOT be in the presence of oxygen are
obligate anaerobes
Bacteria that would be utilizing tissue of human remains as a nutrition source would be _____________ bacteria.
obligate saprophyte
How many chromosomes do bacteria have?
one
Protozoa -
one-celled eukaryotes of the Kingdom Protista; the majority are free-living organisms with no disease-causing potential in humans but certain protozoa do cause serious diseases like amebic dysentery and malaria
Capsule
outer coating on prokaryotic cells; organized and firmly attached externally to the cell wall. The capsule on some species of bacteria allows the cell to avoid the immune system and stick to surfaces.
COVID-19 is a ____________________ disease.
pandemic
organism/microorganism capable of producing/causing disease.
pathogen
The state of producing or being able to produce pathological changes and disease.
pathogenicity
When bacteria have flagella over the entire cell, that is known as... (peri=around)
peritrichous
A chemical method of controlling microbes that has a sickeningly sweet and tarry odor is
phenol
Salmonella food poisoning comes from
poultry
Bacteria that might prefer the temperature of remains in a refrigeration unit are ... 0°C and 25°C (32°-77°F)
psychrophiles
Name some zoonoses:
rabies, brucellosis, tularemia, and listeriosis (communicable from animals or animal products)
The natural habitat of a pathogen is
reservoir
Organisms that utilize decomposing matter as nutrients are
saprophytes
Selectively permeable
selects what molecules can pass through
The proper term for "blood poisoning" is
septicemia
Viroid
similar to a virus but contain only RNA, do not have protein coat
Integument
skin
An unorganized coating on bacteria that is loosely attached to the cell wall is the
slime layer
Plasmids are
small circles of DNA separate from the main chromosome in bacteria
Prion
small, infectious proteins that do not contain DNA or RNA or cause an immune response in humans; resistant to most procedures that modify nucleic acids.
An agent that kills endospores is
sporicide
Describe the life cycle of the malaria protozoan:
sporozoites are injected into the bloodstream by the Anopheles mosquito, infecting the liver, where they mature, then invade red blood cells, causing symptoms of malaria
The process bacteria use to produce the endospore is
sporulation
Gram-positive, nonmotile bacteria that tend to aggregate in irregular, grapelike clusters.
staphylococci
Completely removing or destroying all life-forms, endospores, or their products is
sterilization
Bacteria containing gram-negative rods that form a chainlike colony.
streptobacilli
Gram-positive spherically shaped bacteria that occur in chains.
streptococci
What alters the surface tension of the cell membrane, causing the cell contents to leak out and kill the cell?
surfactants
Guidelines designed to protect workers with occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens.
universal precautions
An organism that spreads disease is called a/n
vector
An agent that kills viruses is
viricide
The ability of a microbe to survive and produce disease is
virulence
microorganisms that exist as part of the normal microbial flora but can become pathogenic under certain conditions and result in disease.
virulence opportunists
Genetic material in a protein coat would describe a __________________.
virus
Bacteriophage
virus that infects bacteria
Diseases that are communicable from animal or animal products are
zoonoses
