FSHD 200 Exam #1

gametes

Each contributes half the genetic material - 1: ovum - 2: sperm

EEG

Electrical impulses (+ time, - location) - *Good* at determining *when* an electrical impulses occur, but *not so good* at *where* it occurs

macrosystem

Cultural impact on individuals (ex: political views, religious views, governmental influences) - Government could influence individual child's development

sensation

Detecting *physical* stimuli > brain - objective

proximodistal principle

Development proceeds from center - Organs, etc. develop from middle of body first

cephalocaudal principle

Development progresses head downward - Huge alien head progresses to normal head

psychosocial theory

Erickson - 3 stages - Trust vs. Mistrust *(birth - 18 months)* - Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt *(18 months - 3 years)* - Initiative vs. Guilt *(3 years - 6 years)*

qualitative change

Example: the conservation of liquid task - One kid in a given stage is going to look different in a task than a kid at a more advanced stage

social-cognitive learning theories

Learn by the imitation of others - Reward (or lack thereof) matters (ex: Bandura's Bobo study) - Ex: Adult had violent actions toward the bobo doll while children were watching; children went into a room with a bobo doll and were violent towards it. Children that did not see the adult violence did not use violence towards the doll.

dynamical systems theory

Mastering individual components and linking them - Muscle development, cognitive development, time

A-not-B error

More advanced than object permanence - Know which blanket the toy is being hid under, not confused - Even though mom hid it in one blanket the first two times, and a different one the next, the baby still knew where it went

locomotion

Motor development can be completely different for every child - movement or the ability to move from one place to another

polygenic inheritance

Multiple pairs of genes determine trait - ex: personality, intelligence

motion parallax

Nearby objects move through visual field faster - Ex: looking out the window of a train; trees close to track are blurry, mountains/trees in the distance are clear

natural selection

a recipe, for example, a bird: variation* = wingspan and speed; heritability* = fur color; selection* = type of beak for certain types of nuts for survival

genetic bottleneck

a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events (such as earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, or droughts) or human activities (such as genocide).

hypothesis (2)

a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in a study - Hypothesis is more specific in a specific part of cognition - Teens who play FarCry 4 will behave more aggressively than teens who do not.

memory in infancy

can't hold memories very long

nutrition

key to physical growth

schemes

mental models of how the world works

identical (monozygotic) twins

more identical DNA than fraternal

mesoderm

muscles, bones, blood, circulatory system

punishment

never want to see this behavior again, decrease future behavior by punishing

dependent variable

not manipulated; output (ex: level of aggression depends on what type of game is being played)

Lamarck

- species progress over time, - animals inherit characteristics from prior generations, - interested in the giraffe, interested in struggles in the environment and struggles to survive

correlation coefficient

-1 to 1; r = .9 r = -.9 - *Every time* A decreases, B decreases = 1 (not negative)

psychoanalytic awareness

"iceberg effect" - Above water: conscious awareness - Preconscious level: just below the surface Unaware, but retrievable - Unconscious: largest section, farthest underwater; Contains memories that are irretrievable, yet very important; Bad memories that were pushed down to the unconscious level

developmental discontinuity

"quick" - you can clearly see the developments occurring in something. One stage to another in a kid. // Butterfly has clear stages to go through in order to develop into a butterfly. Each stage is clear and distinct and can easily be seen

zone of proximal development

(Vygotsky) Space in between what a child can do independently vs. with a peer or parental figure - What they can do alone, what they can do with an adult

germinal

*(0-2 weeks)* First prenatal stage - Start: fertilization - Gamete to ovum - End: implantation - Zygote burrows into uterine wall

primary circular reactions (2)

*(1 to 4 months)* - Repeat chance actions involving own body, combine actions - ex: repeat thumb sucking

tertiary circular reactions (5)

*(12 to 18 months)* - "Experiment" by varying conditions - Piaget viewed infants as mini scientists

autonomy vs shame/doubt

*(18 months to 3 years)* - stage 2 of psychosocial theory - "I want to explore!" - + = self-sufficient, want to explore environment; - = doubts, protective parents, not allowed to explore, left with doubts in their abilities

new means through mental combinations (6)

*(18 to 24 months)* - Mental representations; demonstrate causality - Allow child to remember past events

embryonic

*(2-8 weeks)* Second prenatal stage - Major organs through three primary germ layers

initiative vs guilt

*(3 to 6 years)* - stage 3 of psychosocial theory - "Let me do it! Ugh, I failed! I should be able to do this." - Ex: dressing themselves: struggling with tying shoes, want to be independent but not quite there yet - + = initiate actions; - = guilt, guilty that you can't carry out these actions

secondary circular reactions (3)

*(4 to 8 months)* - Repeat chance actions involving environment - Interaction with the environment - Ex: Kick the mobile above head with foot because mobile is part of the environment; Hit a toy to make it play music

coordination of secondary circular reactions (4)

*(8 to 12 months)* Goal-orientated actions involving multiple components - Ex: Peek-a-boo; child thinks you are disappearing then reappearing

fetal

*(8 weeks-birth)* third prenatal stage - Development of limbs, fingers, toes, spine - Movement of limbs and body - Heartbeat - Size: 16 weeks: 4 oz.; Birth: 7-8 pounds (approx.)

trust vs mistrust

*(birth - 18 months)* - stage 1 of psychosocial theory - Beyond conscious control - Have cognitive abilities, but dependent on those around them - + = trust; - = fear of others

sensorimotor stage

*(birth - 2 years)* - Relationship between body and environment - divided into 6 substages

simple reflexes (1)

*(birth to 1 month)* - crucial for physical and cognitive development

stepping

*(birth to 2 months)* - If you lean the infant forward they will take a step

rooting

*(birth to ~ 3 weeks)* - Breastfeeding - Stimulation = rubbing against the cheek

palmar

*(birth to ~ 6 months)* - Grasps fingers of adults

age of viability

*~22 weeks*: capable of sustaining life - Bare minimum of structures but able to survive - Neural development accelerates - part of fetal stage

stage 1 labor

- Contractions (~30 seconds per 10 minutes) - Cervix widens - Longest stage

stage 2 labor

- Crowning, ends with birth - Length: ~90 minutes

misconceptions surrounding evolutionary theory

- Evolution isn't intentional (Variations benefitting survival/reproduction NOT intention) - Evolution isn't "Quick" - Human Behavior isn't Purely Genetic (Adaptations require environmental input Ex: callus on hands) - Human Behavior isn't Fixed (Knowledge is power: Wear gloves to avoid callus')

methods

- Identical twins (monozygotic) - Fraternal (dizygotic) don't share identical copies of genetic information, approx. 50% of genetic information like a typical sibling. - adoption

common themes of human development

- Nature vs Nurture - Developmental Continuity vs Discontinuity - Critical vs Sensitive Periods

placenta

- Nutrients and oxygen; transported by umbilical cord - Sustains life - Dangers of umbilical cord wrapping around neck, and cannot choose what nutrients are provided; along with ingestion of negative substances (smoking, alcohol, etc.)

Freud's psychoanalytic theory

- Theory that lacks evidence and support - Personality based - Early life experience is important to a child's personality, first few years of life - Unconscious is important

stage 3 labor

- Umbilical cord and placenta - Shortest stage

criticisms of Piaget

- Underestimates ability - Focuses on motor abilities - Ignores others' contributions toward development - Ignored environment outside of the child (Parents, grandparents, teachers, etc.) - Lack of universality

reaching/grasping

4 months = rudimentary reach/grasp - Ex: sticky mittens

experiments

A researcher is manipulating/controlling variables - Ex: a variable might be a video game they are playing (aka farcry 4, minecraft, or crossword) - Gain ability to infer cause (x caused y)

disequilibrium

Accommodation > assimilation (more accommodation heavy) - Discard existing theory and start from ground up - Sign that transition to next cognitive stage is nearing

infant states

Alert inactivity vs. Waking activity Crying vs. Sleeping

vision

Analogous to adult at ~6 months - Dilemma: Which Mobile to Buy? - Newborns (<2mo) look at figures way more than colors, simple shapes - ≥ 2mo can be introduced to objects and colors

equilibrium

Assimilation heavy

operant conditioning

Behavior + consequence >>> future behavior - Inhibit a behavior, have a consequence from that behavior - Ex: whiteboard on a wall in an office, child sees parent "writing on the wall" so the child doodles on his bedroom wall with no whiteboard

fMRI

Blood flow (- time, + location) *Not good* at figuring out *timing*, but *good at location* (basically opposite of EEG)

teratogens

Can cause abnormal prenatal development - Anything that can potentially cause abnormal prenatal development is categorized as this - Embryonic is the most risky period to potential (blank)

microsystem

Children's immediate environment (ex: home, family, peers, teachers) - Can have more than one (school vs home)

visual expansion

Closer objects = more retinal area - Ex: If something comes towards your face you will lean back

mesosystem

Connects "units" of microsystem - Example of two different microsystems interacting = dad has lots of work projects to do, but has to bring his kid trick or treating when he gets home (two micros crossing)

sleep cycles and environment

Continuous sleep increases with age: - Newborns: 3 hour increments - 4 months: 5-6 hours - 12 months: 8 hours - Newborns are sleeping approx. 16 hours a day with lots of REM

behavioral genetics

Contributions of nature and nurture for behavior/characteristics - Use studies of twins because they have identical genes

zygote

Fertilized ovum, conception

psychodynamic theories

Freud + Erickson

chromosomes

Genetic blueprint; contain genes - 23 pairs (46 total) 23 from each parent - 23rd pair (X Y) = male

naturalistic observation

Go out in the world and view things naturally - Look at a kids behavior after playing violent video games - Problems: people might act different if someone is watching them, what you want to happen might not happen

example of Freud's personality structure

Halloween candy ID: says gobble down all the candy Superego: says I should stick to my diet Ego: one piece won't really hurt.

chronosystem

Historical events' impact on development, Time when child develops is highly impactful - Ex: child is born in 2008, recession happens, impact of recession made the child have less financial resources - Ex: child born in 80's with technology vs. people born today with all of the new technology

invariance

In order to go through Piaget's stages, you have to go through all of them in order and cannot skip over one

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory

Interactions with adults and peers integral - Help of adults can help the child's developmental level increase

reflexes

Involuntary; require select stimulation

conclusions (5)

Is hypothesis supported or refuted? Never say PROVE use SUPPORT or REFUTE

deferred imitation

One single exposure to an event, then a week or two weeks later you can recall it

Piaget's theory of cognitive development

Piaget viewed cognitive development in children as constructivists in nature. Testing hypothesis - Viewed children as little scientists

object permanence

Place a toy under a blanket, and they think it is gone (but adults know it's still there) - Piaget thought at *8 months of age* they pass this

perception

Processing of *sensory* info to make it meaningful - Subjective

amniotic sac

Protects the embryo

affordance

Relationship between organism (ex: human) and object permitting an action - Ex: Sidewalk with ice doesn't "afford" safe passage

correlation

Relationship between two factors; no manipulation

exosystem

Societal institutions (ex: schools, community, local government) - Quality of schools

behaviorism

Stimulus > Response - Ex: stimulus = see someone get a ticket for blowing a stop sign, response is that I will not blow a stop sign

prenatal stages

Three stages; not equivalent to trimesters

information processing theory

View childhood abilities like a computer - More info processing = more hard drive - Higher speed = higher processor - More knowledge/strategies = higher OS

visual cliff

Visual Expansion and Motion Parallax

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

affect on baby from the teratogen alochol - Intelligence and physical features affected - (small head, low nasal bridge, small eye openings, short nose, thin upper lip, smooth philtrum, flat midface, underdeveloped jaw)

survey

aka self-report, problem: could lie, but good way of testing a larger sample; response bias

Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems

all levels are important in human development

nature

an individual's inherited qualities - is your genes. The physical and personality traits determined by your genes stay the same irrespective of where you were born and raised. - Biological and family factors

intersexual selection

appeal to opposite sex > mating access; ex: male bird puffs up its chest when potential mate is here

theory (1)

broad, used to provide a model for understanding human thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, describe a behavior and precision of future behavior - Violent video games affect those who play them

evolution

changes over time, descending from one common ancestor

operant conditioning example

child crying for a candy bar in a grocery store - Parent has to decide whether to let the child have the candy or not. - Reinforcement: child - "every time I scream I will get a candy bar" - Punishment: when I scream I won't receive a candy bar

cross-sectional

comparing different participants at one time point

reactivity

con to naturalistic observation because, what if behavior doesn't occur?

random assignment

condition determined by chance (ex: draws number out of hat)

ego

conscious - Scale between the id and superego, tries to balance them out - Decision making

assimilation

consistent with existing scheme; Incorporate information consistent with existing scheme - Ex: a horse can vary in color, size, and shape; not all horses are brown and tall

bonding after birth

critical period

sensitive period

development occurs best in a specific period of time, once the period is passed it is still possible but might be more difficult

threats to prenatal development

diet, stress, age, teratogens, alcohol, cigarettes

endoderm

digestive system, liver, respiratory system

control group

does not receive treatment; sometimes can be multiple groups

fraternal (dizygotic) twins

don't share identical copies of genetic information, approx. 50% of genetic information like a typical sibling

reinforcement

encourage future behavior, would like to see more of in future

operational definition (3)

example: IQ test Construct (ex: aggression) > Variable (ex: measurable) - Example: Teens who play Far Cry 4 will behave more aggressively than those who don't Need more information aka age, time spent

habituation

fetal learning; getting used to something

cognitive neuroscience

focus on cognition revealed through brain activity

genotype

genetic material (letters) - (ex: Bb, where B = curly; bb = straight hair)

population

group you want to know about (ex: teens)

case study

in depth look at a theory; a process or record of research in which detailed consideration is given to the development of a particular person, group, or situation over a period of time; con: subjectivity

theory of sexual selection

includes intrasexual selection and intersexual selection

scientific method

includes theory, hypothesis, operational definition, method, conclusions

accommodation

inconsistent with existing scheme; Scheme revised upon encountering new information - Get a zebra mixed up with a horse

Darwin

interested in the Galapagos Islands: went to research Galapagos finches, "Why are there different shapes of beaks in Galapagos finches?" - Adaptation to different types of foods / one beak might be better at cracking one nut than another (variation present) - One form of beak will be better for survival and be a favorable variation - Adaptation: specific beak that leads to greatest chance of survival on that island

cognitive theories

internal representations emphasized

encoding

is defined as the initial learning of information

nurture

personal experiences - refers to your childhood, or how you were brought up. Someone could be born with genes to give them a normal height, but be malnourished in childhood, resulting in stunted growth and a failure to develop as expected. - Social and environmental factors

phenotype

physical appearance of trait - Ex: Can see if someone has curly hair by looking at them

equilibration

piagetian principles: equilibrium and disequilibrium - Need a history of events to be equilibrium or disequilibrium

sample

portion of population; randomly selected (ex: teens in Tucson)

superego

preconscious - Moral compass (rules learned from others around you)

birth distinctions and outcomes

premature, low-birthweight, very-low-birthweight, cesarean delivery

genetic drift

random changes in the makings of a genetic population; all pathways fall under this

REM sleep

rapid eye movement - The older you get the less time you spend in REM sleep, along with sleep in general decreases

experimental group

receives treatment ( ex: aggressive game)

validity

refers to how well a test measures what it is supposed to measure - Response to an air horn measures level of aggression - Should be a relationship between - Invalid: bubble size of gum doesn't relate to aggression

storage

refers to maintaining information over time

correlation ≠ causation

remember this

adaptation

requires environmental input, process of adapting to an environment

intrasexual selection

same-sex battle > victory > mating access; female vs female, male vs male

ectoderm

skin, hair, teeth, brain, spinal cord

method (4)

standardized way of making observations, gathering data, forming theories, testing predictions, and interpreting results - ex: have students come in and play either Far Cry 4, Minecraft, or Crossword - Air horn - operationalization of aggression

longitudinal

study of same people over a period of time

developmental continuity

takes time - Growth of a child: height and growth proceed in a linear fashion, same as with the growth of a tree. None of this happens overnight

retrieval

the ability to access information when you need it

reliability

the degree to which an assessment tool produces stable and consistent results. - Stable, consistent - Stable and consistent across time - Ex: takes 10 seconds to respond to an air horn every time

founder effects

the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population. ex: blue eyes

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

the sudden unexplained death of a child less than one year of age, usually occurs during sleep

directionality

trouble with correlation, can't infer

third variable

trouble with correlation, ex: don't know the link between heat and aggression

id

unconsious, pleasure principle - Pleasure principle: immediate gratification - Ex: black friday shopping, people do not think about consequences, you just do it

independent variable

variable that is manipulated; the input (ex: video game being played)

appreciating affordances

video, Which of the following did not present an affordance to the child in the video? food (aka not the researcher, width of bridge, or handrail)

depth

visual cliff

considerations in birthing process

water birthing, delivery location, epidural

critical period

you either have this period, or you never will. - example: sewed kittens eyes shut at birth, never saw light, never developed properly; they did not have light fall in their retinas the first few weeks of light