FSOT 4

Frank and Lilian GilbrethÂ

Scientific Mgmt, "One Best Way", Science of Bricklaying

Henry L. GanttÂ

Scientific Mgmt, Gantt Charts for Scheduling

How you look at yourself, the mental picture of how you believe you appear to others, and how you picture yourself physically to others are characteristics of what?

Self-image or self-awareness

Social Support

Senstivite and empathic listening, followed bt messages of comfort or confirmation, that lets a person know that he or she is understood and valued.

messages that contradict themselves?

mixed messages

affect displays

movements that reflect the intensity of our emotions of feelings

impression

must have met a person to form one

decision criteria

musts and NTH's ("nice to have's")

self-concept?

the internal picture we have of ourselves and the role we play

Liaison role

the interpersonal role managers play when they deal with people outside their units

Leader role

the interpersonal role managers play when they motivate and encourage workers to accomplish organizational objectives

Figurehead role

the interpersonal role managers play when they perform ceremonial duties

nationalization

the process of making the government the owner of productive resources

communibiological approach

theoretical perspective that suggest commmunication behavior can be predicted based on personal traits and characteristics that result from people's genetic or biological backround

prompting

using silence and brief statements of encouragement to draw out a speaker

When writing your draft, what areas should you focas on?

(1)Introduction, (2)body, (3)conclusion, (4)transitions, and(5)support.

four steps in the process of writing?

(1)Prewriting, (2)drafting, (3)editing, and(4)revising.

What five steps are involved in the prewriting phase?

(1)Selecting your purpose and objective, (2)analizing your audience, (3)researching your subject, (4)selecting a pattern, and (5)outlining.

Cognitive maps

graphic depictions of how mangers believe environmental factors relate to possible organizational actions

social responsibilities

include obligation to perform the organization's primary function (e.g. make a profit), but to do so in a way that does not have harmful side effects to society

sales forecasting

includes the predicted demand for the goods and services provided by the organization; of vital importance for operational and production planning

sociotype

judgement based on researched fact

slang

language used by a group of people whose members belong to a similar co-culture or other group

Civil Rights Act of 1964 (part of EEO)

major piece of the structure of civil rights and EEO legislation; see Title VII.

non verbal communication

messages expressed by other than linguistic means

evaluative communication

messages in which the sender judges the reciever in some way

controling message

messages in which the sender tries to impose some sort of out come on the reciever usually resulting in a defence reaction

descriptive communication

messages that describe the seekers position without evaluating others

certianty

messages that imply that the speakers position is correct and that the other person's ideas are not worth listening to

ambiguous message?

messages with more than one potential meaning

expert opinion

method of sales forecasting; asking marketing executives what they expect will happen

Herzberg's Two-Factor (Motivator-Hygiene) Theory

motivators lead to extraordinary job performance while hygiene factors keep employee showing up and doing the minimum necessary

manipulators

movements in which one part of the body grooms masages rubs holds fidgets pinches picks or otherwise manipulates another part

stages of team development: performing stage

phase of team development in which team members progress toward team objectives , handle problems, coordinate work , and confront each other if necessary.

things self-image is composed of?

physical appearance, body shape, academic accomplishments, social skills, value system, relationships, behavior, goals, ambitions, aspirations

4 types of noise?

physical, physiological, psychological, semantic

Maslows Hearchy of needs

physical, servival, social, esteem, and self realization needs

who you are is reflected how?

physically, socially, psychologically, and holistically

which type of noise is a physical barrier within the speaker or listener?

physiological noise

influences on perception

physiological, and social

optimizing

picking the very best option; contrasts with satisficing, or finding a satisfactory but less than best solution to a problem. The model of "bounded rationality" postulates that decision makers generally "satisfice" rather than optimize

hierarchy of plans

planning flows in a top-down sequence from overall vision to more specific detailed level of plans

4 functions of managers

planning, organizing, leading, and controlling

power strategies

plans actors use to develop & deploy power capabilities to achieve their goals

Tactical Plans

plans created and implemented by middle managers that specify how the company will use resources, budgets, and people over the next six months to two years to specific goals within its mission

Standing plans

plans used repeatedly to handle frequently recurring events

Organizational Process Model

policies as decided and policies as implemented are two different things; decision making and implementation always take place at different places and by different forces

Appeasement

policy where one state must see the world from another state's point of view

5 dimensions of feedback?

positive-negative, person-focused message, immediate-delayed, low-monitored-high-monitored and supportive-critical

Marxism

power dominate classes oppress the power sub-ordinate classes by denying them access to surplus they create; includes both communism & other approaches

low-power-distance culture?

power is evenly distributed between citizenry

four concepts of self-efficacy?

predicting our performance, relationally-based self-efficacy judgments, gut-feeling based, and consequences expected from your performance

technological forecasting

predicting the state of scientific and technological knowledge and the kind of machinery and skills that will exist

poster session

prepare a poster, a series of charts or a power point program that visually highlights your research or idea

pragmatic rules

rules that govern the everyday use of language, they are rarely written down or discussed

semantic rules

rules that govern the meaning of language as opposed by its structure

Environmental scanning

searching the environment for important events or issues that might affect an organization

Maslow's safety needs

second level; physical safety, health, job security

systems approach (theory)

see an organization in terms of its parts (sub-systems)

two main points of self concept?

self image and self esteem

two types of self-fulfilling prophecies?

self-imposed prophecies and imposed prophecies by others

global company

sells a single product all over the world

Joint Chief of Staffs

senior military officers from four branches of the U.S. armed forces

episode

series of interactions between individuals during which the mssage of one person influences the messages of another

spatial method of issue arrangement

set of point of reference at a specific location and followed a geographic pattern

Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures (part of EEO)

set of rules in area of EEO, published in 1978; provide that all procedures (tests, etc.) used be valid and relevant to job performance

causal method of issue arrangement

shows how two or more events are connected in such a way that if one occurs, the other will necessarily follow

transactional modes of communication?

simultaneous sending and receiving, all elements are constantly in motion and you cannot not communicate

programs

single-use plans - broad, long-term, covering specified time period (e.g. putting a man on the moon)

John Bull

the UK uncle sam

modes of speech presentation

the preparation method and reference aids to be used during the speech--impromptu, extemporaneous, manuscript, and memorized

Behavioral substitution

the process of having managers and employees perform new behaviors central to the new organizational cutlrure in place of behaviors that were central to the old organizational culture

Behavioral addiction

the process of having managers and employees perform new behaviors that are central to symbolic of the new organizational culture a company wants to create

Human Communication

the process of making sense out of the world and sharing that sense with others bt creating meaning through verbal and non verbal messages

realism

theory in terms of power, competition, self-interest, individuals turn to animalistic behavior in absence of government

team briefing

used in technology organizations in which design projects or project proposals must be pitched to potential clients or funding agents

Political deviance

using one's influences to harm others in the company

London Naval Treaty

1930 - Two conferences in London sought to continue and extend naval armaments pacts initially agreed upon at the Washington Naval Conference of 1921â€"1922. At this conference, the United States, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy agreed on ratios for battleship and aircraft carrier tonnage in a successful effort to halt what might have been an expensive arms race; the resulting treaty also allowed the British to let the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of 1902 terminate. Britain thus avoided being caught in a possible future Japanese-American conflict as an ally of each power.

Japanese occupation of Manchuria

1931 - Japan occupied Manchuria in 1931â€"32, when Chinese military resistance, sapped by civil war, was weak. The seizure of Manchuria was, in effect, an unofficial declaration of war on China. Manchuria was a base for Japanese aggression in N China and a buffer region for Japanese-controlled Korea. In 1932, under the aegis of Japan, Manchuria with Rehe prov. was constituted Manchukuo, a nominally independent state. During World War II the Japanese developed the Dalian, Anshan, Fushun, Shenyang, and Harbin areas into a huge industrial complex of metallurgical, coal, petroleum, and chemical industries. Soviet forces, which occupied Manchuria from July, 1945, to May, 1946, dismantled and removed over half of the Manchurian industrial plant.

manchukou

1932 - Puppet state created in 1932 by Japan out of the three historic provinces of Manchuria (northeastern China). After the Russo-Japanese War (1895), Japan gained control of the Russian-built South Manchurian Railway, and its army established a presence in the region; expansion there was seen as necessary for Japan's status as an emerging world power. In 1931 the Japanese army created an excuse to attack Chinese troops there, and in 1932 Manchukuo was proclaimed an “independent†state. The last Qing emperor was brought out of retirement and made Manchukuo's ruler, but the state was actually rigidly controlled by the Japanese, who used it as their base for expansion into Asia. An underground guerrilla movement composed of Manchurian soldiers, armed civilians, and Chinese communists opposed the occupying Japanese, many of whom had come over to settle in the new colony. After Japan's defeat in 1945 the settlers were repatriated.

Munich Agreement

1938 - Settlement reached by Germany, France, Britain, and Italy permitting German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. Adolf Hitler's threats to occupy the German-populated part of Czechoslovakia stemmed from his avowed broader goal of reuniting Europe's German-populated areas. Though Czechoslovakia had defense treaties with France and the Soviet Union, both countries agreed that areas in the Sudetenland with majority German populations should be returned. Hitler demanded that all Czechoslovaks in those areas depart; when Czechoslovakia refused, Britain's Neville Chamberlain negotiated an agreement permitting Germany to occupy the areas but promising that all future differences would be resolved through consultation. The agreement, which became synonymous with appeasement, was abrogated when Hitler annexed the rest of Czechoslovakia the next year.

Katyn forest massacre

1940 - Mass killing of Polish military officers by the Soviet Union in World War II. After the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (1939) and Germany's defeat of Poland, Soviet forces occupied eastern Poland and interned thousands of Polish military personnel. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union (1941), the Polish government-in-exile agreed to cooperate with the Soviets against Germany, and the Polish general forming the new army asked to have the Polish prisoners placed under his command, but the Soviet government informed him in December 1941 that most of those prisoners had escaped to Manchuria and could not be located.

Lend Lease

1941 â€" arrangement for the transfer of war supplies, including food, machinery, and services, to nations whose defense was considered vital to the defense of the United States in World War II. The Lend-Lease Act, passed (1941) by the U.S. Congress, gave the President power to sell, transfer, lend, or lease such war materials. Originally intended for China and Britain, though the USSR was added later.

Manhattan Project

1942â€"45: U.S. government research project that produced the first atomic bomb. In 1939 U.S. scientists urged Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt to establish a program to study the potential military use of fission, and $6,000 was appropriated. By 1942 the project was code-named Manhattan, after the site of Columbia University, where much of the early research was done. Research also was carried out at the University of California and the University of Chicago. In 1943 a laboratory to construct the bomb was established at Los Alamos, N.M., and staffed by scientists headed by J. Robert Oppenheimer. Production also was carried out at Oak Ridge, Tenn., and Hanford, Wash. The first bomb was exploded in a test at Alamogordo air base in southern New Mexico. By its end the project had cost some $2 billion and had involved 125,000 people.

Iwo Jima

1945 â€" The Battle of Iwo Jima was fought between the United States and Japan during February and March of 1945. As a result of the battle, the United States gained control of the island of Iwo Jima and the airfield there. The battle is famous for the raising of the US flag by U.S. Marines.

NATO

1948 - International military alliance created to defend western Europe against a possible Soviet invasion. A 1948 collective-defense alliance between Britain, France, The Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg was recognized as inadequate to deter Soviet aggression, and in 1949 the U.S. and Canada agreed to join their European allies in an enlarged alliance. A centralized administrative structure was set up, and three major commands were established, focused on Europe, the Atlantic, and the English Channel (disbanded in 1994). The admission of West Germany in 1955 led to the Soviet Union's creation of the opposing Warsaw Treaty Organization, or Warsaw Pact. France withdrew from military participation in 1966.

Massive Retaliation

1954 â€" U.S. nuclear strategy under Eisenhower. Eisenhower’s Secretary of State John Foster Dulles said in a speech on January 12, 1954, to the Council on Foreign Relations: 'Local defense must be reinforced by the further deterrent of massive retaliatory power.'

misperceptions

mistaken processing of the available information about a decision; one of several ways-along with affective & cognitive bias-in which individual decision making diverges from the rational model

judicial review

power of courts to modify or nullify the actions of legislatures, executives, and lower courts

Lusitania

1915 â€" British liner sunk off the Irish coast by a German submarine on May 7, 1915. 1,198 people lost their lives, 128 of whom were U.S. citizens. A warning to Americans against taking passage on British vessels, signed by the Imperial German Embassy, appeared in morning papers on the day the vessel was scheduled to sail from New York, but too late to accomplish its purpose. The vessel was unarmed, though the Germans made a point of the fact that it carried munitions for the Allies.

Mein Kampf

1925 - An autobiography written by Adolf Hitler. In it, Hitler outlines his plan for the revival of Germany from the losses of World War I and blames Germany's problems on capitalists (see capitalism), communists, and Jews.

Locarno, Pact of

1925 - Multilateral treaty signed in Locarno, Switz., intended to guarantee peace in western Europe. Its signatories were Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, and Italy. Germany's borders with France and Belgium as set by the Treaty of Versailles were decreed inviolable, but its eastern borders were not. Britain promised to defend Belgium and France. Other provisions included mutual defense pacts between France and Poland and between France and Czechoslovakia. The treaty led to the Allied troops' departure from the Rhineland by 1930, five years ahead of schedule. See also Kellogg-Briand Pact.

Who was Agnes de Mille?

(September 18, 1905 - October 7, 1993) was an American dancer and choreographer. She was white. In 1939 she was invited to join the American Ballet Theatre. There she created Black Ritual, the first ballet to use an all-black cast. After that, she worked as choreographer on many major musicals and a number of films, including: Rodeo, Oklahoma!, Carousel, Brigadoon, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, Paint Your Wagon, Juno

subjects

--accept government, obey laws, don't often take time or effort to participate in government.

participants

--actively take a part in government

social movements

--collective political action by a section of society outside the realm of established parties, interest groups, and power elites. These goals are often adopted by parties and interest groups, and they can be co-opted by power elites.

Bush's stance on international trade

-for international trade b/c his main constituency is the service sector

What top-level domain is assigned to network organizaitons?

.net

Who was John Jay?

1745 - 1829 was an American politician, statesman, revolutionary, diplomat and jurist. Considered one of the "founding fathers" of the United States, Jay served in the Continental Congress, and was elected President of that body in 1778. During and after the difficult and dangerous years of the American Revolutionary War, he was an ambassador to Spain and France, helping to fashion American foreign policy and to secure favorable peace terms from the British and French. He cowrote the Federalist Papers with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. Jay also served on the U.S. Supreme Court as the first, as well as the youngest, Chief Justice of the United States from 1789 to 1794. Perhaps the most controversial of the Supreme Court's early decisions under him was Chisholm v. Georgia, in which it held that the federal judiciary could hear lawsuits against states. Soon thereafter, responding to the concerns of several states, Congress proposed the Eleventh Amendment, which granted states immunity from certain types of lawsuits in federal courts. The Amendment was ratified in 1795.

Who was Oliver Ellsworth?

1745-1807 an American lawyer and politician, was a revolutionary against British rule, a drafter of the United States Constitution, and third Chief Justice of the United States.

world government

A centralized world governing body with strong enforcement powers.

Dyadic Conciousness

Acknowledgement of Dyadicness

proportional representation

An electoral system in which political parties compete in multimember districts and voters choose between parties. The seats are divided according to the number of votes each party garners.

Value

An enduring concept of good and bad, right and wrong.

A Scribed Identity

An identity assigned to you by others

Contingent Self-Esteem

Based on other's goals

What is the oldest ongoing country in the world?

China.

Munich Conference

Conference held after Hitler's invasion of Czechoslovakia

Northern China

Ethnic conflicts

What were The Great Awakening (s)?

Great Awakenings are commonly said to be periods of religious revival in Anglo-American religious history. They have also been described as periodic revolutions in American religious thought. The Great Awakenings appear to form a cycle, with a period of roughly 80 years. (1510-1900s)

Treaty of Paris-1783

Great Britain recognized American independence and control over western lands as far as the Mississippi.

Reverse Culture Shock

Happens when you return to original culture

Public opinion dispersion

Hardliners usually found in south; urbanites are usually internationalists

Fritz Roethlisberger

Hawthorne Studies, Behavioral Approach, Human Relations

Elton Mayo

Hawthorne Studies, Human Relations Mvt, Behavioral Approach

Human relations (behavioral) perspective

Hawthorne studies

Who was Herbert Spencer?

He pioneered the field of social darwinism by applying Darwin's ideas to human behavior.

Budestag

Lower house in Germany.

Court of St. James

Royal court of Britain.

The line below the "TO:" line is called what?

Subject

What did Voltaire Believe?

That heretical views should not be persecuted by the government.

regime

The fundamental rules and norms of politics, embodying long-term goals regarding individual freedom and collective equality, where power should reside, and the use of that power.

stages of team development: normative stage

The stage where the team is unified, and focused and all problems are resolved.

Self

The sum of who you are as a person, your central inner force.

UNCPD

UN Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, Egypt in 1994. Called for a program of action to foster family planning and improve the access of women in such areas of education.

Who is Alan Greenspan?

Was chairman of the Fed from 1987-2006. His replacement is Ben Bernanke.

Legal responsibility

a company's social responsibility to obey society's laws and regulations

mind

a method of arranging materials visually rather than in list form

intimacy

a state of closness between two people

ethics

beliefs, values, and moral principals by which we determine what is right or wrong

Satisfying

choosing a "good enough" alternative

leakage cues

eye contact, shoulder shrug

Which type of communication deals with talking to yourself?

intrapersonal

indiscrimination?

not evaluating an individual as unique, categorizing them in a group

Single-use plans

plans that coer unique, one-time-only events

Feedback

response to a message

second principle of Scientific Mgmt

select workers systematically and scientifically

market share

the enterprise's proportion or percentage of total sales in a region, country, or the world

welfare state

a state which provides a wide array of social services to its members

strong state

a state with extensive capacity to carry out policies adopted or a state in which there are few limitations on the actions of one or more parts of the state

weak state

a state with little capacity for carrying out policies adopted or a state in which teh extent of any part of the state is limited

technical report

a statement describing a process, explaining a technique, or discussing new elements to either people within a business or industry or people outside it, such as customers or researchers, who may be interested in the topic

Thorndike's Law of Effect

behavior followed by reinforcement tends to be repeated

ethical behavior

behavior that conforms to a society;s accepted principles of right and wrong

post-materialist values

beliefs in the importance of policy goals beyond one's immediate self interest (e.g. environmentalism and cultural diversity) as well as one's prosperity and security; sometimes labeled "post-modern values"

altruistic lies

deception that was intended to be unmalicious

U.S.-China 1979

established diplomatic relations with China

commitment to the beliefs and philosophy of your culture?

ethnic identity

small group communication?

when you interact with others, solving problems, sharing knowledge and experiences

intercultural communication?

where you communicate with members of other cultures

Congenial International Environment/Interdependence

"-Needs cooperative interational environments

3 concepts of National Interest

"-Power and National Security

Necessities of Public Opinion

"-Relationship between foreign policy and public opinion

Six Tenants of Appeasement of War

"-War is caused by two parties, an aggressor and an appeaser

interpersonal communication

"-mutual influence

Ideological Principle Conception of NI

"-policy is central to country's values

Power, National Security Conception of NI

"-power

6 Tactics to weaken states

"-prying away its allies

4 Options towards Soviet Russia

"-roll back communism (aggression)

Rational Actor Model

"-states make deisions and policies as a rational entity

Six Pillars of US security

"-superior economy

Kennedy's Domestic Policy

"-vigorous foreign policy

Domestic Impact Conception of NI

"-what would improve lives of citizens

human communication as a transaction

"-when communication is mutually interactive

5 Sequential Steps of Rational Actor

"1. definition of situation

What is studying communication going to do for you?

"1. help you make connections

Solutions to being land-locked

"1. negotiate or take a secure land corridor

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

"1. territorial waters: 12 nautical miles

Motivation to manage

an assessment of how enthusiastic employees are about managing the work of others

conflict

an expressed struggle atleast between two parties who percieve incompatible goals

relatedness needs

are the need to relate to people

which type of culture values modesty, concerns for relationships and the quality of life?

feminine culture

corporation

fiction, acts as human being

Maslow's self-actualization needs

fifth (top) level; become what you are capable of becoming

individualism/collectivism

whether an individual places importance on self or on community

comparison method of issue organization

which you would tell how the two types of institutions are alike

7 Sins of US foreign policy

EEIIUA Emphasis on Military; Executive Branch Dominance, Ignorance, Isolationsm, Unilateralism, Arrogance

Where would you most likely use an SAB?

EPRs, Awards/Decoration Nomination Package.

Human Rights

Exist and must be honored, and a violation of these harms US

Generic Language

General terms that stad for all persons or things within a given category.

Washington's Farewell Address

"""Just and amicable feelings towards all nations""

Logic of Liberalism

"""Promoting liberty is a moral obligation""

Logic of Isolationism

"""interdependence does not create vital interests requiring political and military involvement""

common obstacles to sentence coherence.

"(1) Faulty order of sentence parts and misplaced modifiers-sentence parts are not in the correct order.

three common forms of tense you will use in your communication.

"(1) Past-express actions or makes a statementabout something that happened in the past.

four types of sentences you should use throughout your written communication.

"(1) Simple sentence-a sentence that expresses one complete thought.

Discribe three common forms of tense you will use in your communication.

"(1)Past-express actions or make a statement about something that happened in the past.

Kennedy's Conditions for Cuban takeover

"-CIA trained rebels trained in Guatemala

Result of Bay of Pigs

"-Dulles fired

5 Questions for Opinion Maker

"-How different is mass opinion and lead opinion?

Traety of Rapallo

"1920 - treaty between Italy and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes), issued to solve the dispute over some territories in current Slovenia and Croatia. It was signed on 12 November 1920 in Rapallo near Genoa in Italy. Tension between the kingdoms of Italy and Yugoslavia arose at the end of World War I, when the Empire of Austria-Hungary dissolved and Italy wanted to implement the borders agreed upon in the London Pact.

Neutrality act

"1937 - a law that unsuccessfully attempted to keep the United States out of international conflicts, including civil wars. Major provisions included:

The Acceptance Theory of Authority

"Chester Barnard; authority of any

What is Colonialism?

"Colonialism is the rule of an area and its people by an external nation with an Imperialist policy. Two major types:

External Balancing

"Concept of altering the distribution of power abroad in 3 ways:

Internal Balancing

"Concept of increasing the state's power resources in 4 ways:

accepted standards for the format of the printed presentation?

"Ensure you:

Frederick W. Taylor

"Father of Scientific Mgmt"

logic of appropriateness

"How should I behave in this situation?"

Isolationism

"Foreign Policy Logic that:

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC); part of EEO

est. by federal gov. to administer equal employment opportunity legislation

Valid Opinion makeup

"It must have noticeable preferences:

Russian Provisional Government

"Mar 1917 - The Russian Provisional Government was formed in Petrograd after the deterioration of the Russian Empire and the tsar's abdication.

John F. Kennedy

"President in 1961

4 Models of Decision Making

"Rational Actor Model

ERISA (Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974)

est. standards for company retirement plans

Model for communication as an interaction

"Source-message-Channel-reviever

The Int'l. Court of Justice

"States must bring the contention to the ICJ.

Self Determination

"States need this _____ because:

NATO, 1948

first U.S. alliance concluded in peacetime, provided integrated force for defense of Western Europe and North America.

encoding

"translating ideas, feelings and thought into code

Liberalism (also economic liberalism or radicalism)

"US should seek expansion of liberty because states are better when:

Realism

"What Ideology?:

Diplomatic Realism

"What sub-ideology?

Militant Realism

"What sub-ideology?:

logic of consequences

"What will happen to me if I behave this way?"

mediated interpersonal communication

"communications with others established or maintained through media.

systems theory

"describes the interconnected elements of a system in which a change in one element affects all the other elements.

dimensions of culture

"masc./femm.

masc./femm. culture

"masc=success,money,assertive,competitiveness

(non verbal)"

"mass comm- creator not present, cannot immidiately respond

channel

"message is sent from source to reciever by some sort of pathway.

communication principles for a lifetime has 5 principles

"one: be aware of communication with yourself and others

primacy of mgmt

"planning must occur before other mgmt

Jihad

"strive" or "struggle" in Arabic. An Islamic term, considered to be a duty by most faithful Muslims to struggle in the way of God or to struggle to improve one's self and/or society. Often used in reference to military combat.

Radical Anti-Imerpialism

"the US is an imperialistic country, even though it has no significant empire; its empire is informal, long-standing, maintained by a plethora of instruments of intervention

Communication competence

"the message should:

Hegemony

"the overbearing influence of one nation over another"

human communication as action

"think: one way

Cuban Missile Crisis

"•A new leader, Fidel Castro, came to power in Cuba and declared it a communist country. The US government cut off relations with Cuba in protest.

five types of support and give a brief description of each.

(1) Definitions explain or clarify unfamiliar items; (2) examples provide an illustration of what we are trying to communicate; (3) comparisonsprovide a reference to a similar and usually better known item; (4) testimony express the item through the words and thoughts of others; and (5)statistics show relationships and/or summarize collections of facts or data.

Who was Samuel Gompers?

(January 27, 1850-December 13, 1924) was the long-time leader of the American Federation of Labor who helped define the structure and the economic and political goals of the American labor movement. Founded the AFL in 1886. He was influenced by the writings of Marx.

job enlargement

(horizontally)Â addding duties of a similar level of skill at the same organizational level (horizontal loading)

job enrichmentÂ

(vertically)Â redesigning jobs to hold more motivator factors; implies increasing the depth of the job by giving it planning and controlling elements

Characteristics of bureaucratic organizations:

-Clear division of labor -Clear hierarchy of authority -Formal rules and procedures -Impersonality -Careers based on merit

What top-level domain is assigned to non-profit organizations?

.org

What top-level domain is assigned to most British companies and organizations?

.uk

Pinckney Treaty?

Also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid, was signed in San Lorenzo de El Escorial on October 27, 1795 and established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain. It also defined the boundaries of the U.S. with the Spanish colonies and guaranteed U.S. navigation rights on the Mississippi River.

What is the current poverty rate in the U.S.?

Approx. 12%. It has hovered between 11 and 15% since the 1970s.

Entrepreneur Role

the decisional role managers play when they adapt themselves, their subordinates, and their units to change

Who was Herman Melville?

1819-1891 an American novelist, essayist, and poet. During his lifetime his early novels were popular, but his popularity declined later in his life. By the time of his death he had nearly been forgotten, but his masterpiece, Moby-Dick, was "rediscovered" in the 20th century. His short story "Bartleby the Scrivener" is among his most important pieces because It has been considered a precursor to Existentialist and Absurdist literature.

Who was James Whistler?

1834-1903 American-born, British based painter and etcher. Most famous work is Whistler's Mother. Whistler's belief that art should concentrate on the arrangement of colors led many critics to see his work as a precursor of abstract art.

Arousal

Non verbal behaviors such as vocal expression facial expression and gesters that communicate feelings of intrest and excitement.

Resource allocator role

the decisional role managers play when they decide who gets what resources

Why is "extemporaneous" approach to speaking appealing?

It is the least hostile and most intimate form of communicating with your audience. You are able to speak "off the cuff", but may also use spaeking aids, such as index cards, outlines, etc.

Dominance

Non- Verbal behaviors such as relaxed posture, greater personal spaces, and protected personal spaces that communicates power status, and control.

Who was Winslow Homer?

1836-1910 an American landscape painter. By 1857 his freelance illustration career was underway and he contributed to magazines such as Ballou's Pictorial and Harper's Weekly. His works, mostly engravings, are characterized by clean outlines, simplified forms, dramatic contrast of light and dark, and lively figure groupings.

Who was Henry David Thoreau?

1817-1862 an American author, naturalist, transcendentalist, pacifist, tax resister and philosopher who is famous for Walden, on simple living amongst nature, and Civil Disobedience, on resistance to civil government and among 22 other books that Thoreau published. He was a lifelong abolitionist.

What was the Seneca Falls Conference?

1848 in Seneca Falls, NY. the first women's rights convention held in the United States, and as a result is often called the birthplace of the feminist movement.

intracultural communication

1 culture communication

How many Americans define themselves a non-white?

1 in 4

Negotiator role

the decisional role managers play when they negotiate schedules, projects, goals, outcomes, resources, and employee raises

4 steps to maintaining a healthy and self-empowering self-concept?

1. identify yourself with a strong opinion of self 2. find positive role models to guide you 3. take time to reflect and become aware of your personal needs and motivations 4. try different experiences

Who was Frederick Douglass?

1818-1895 an American abolitionist, editor, orator, author, statesman and reformer. Among the most prominent African Americans of his time, and one of the most influential lecturers and authors in American history. Most well-known work is his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Later became the publisher of a series of newspapers.

The Six Day War

1967: Israel struck its Arab neighbors (Egypt, Jordan, and Syria) pre-emptively. Israel gained Sinai, West Bank, Gaza.

Disturbance handler role

the decisional role managers play when they respond to sever problems that demand immediate action

Tet Offensive

1968 - The offensive began spectacularly during celebrations of the Lunar New Year and lasted about two months however sporadic operations associated with the offensive continued into 1969. The Tet offensive was a tactical defeat for the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese army, but it is widely seen as the turning point of the war that led to the eventual withdrawal of American forces.

Dyad

2 interacting people

By Passing

A comminication problem that arises when the same words mean different things to different people.

Balance of Power.

A concept that describes how states deal with the problems of national security in a context of shifting alliances and alignments.

bullet statement?

A concise, written statement of a single idea or a single accomplishment and the impact.

Spokesperson role

the informational role managers play when they share information with people outside their departments or companies

difference between a concrete and an abstract noun?

A concrete noun refers to objects that humans can directly experience. They usually convey the same meaning to everybody. an abstract noun is one that tends to be vague and open to interpretation. As such, its use often leads to confusion.

Consent of the governed

A condition urged by many as a requirement for a legitimate government.

Fiedler contingency model

A contigency theory that proposed that effective group performance depended upon the proper match between a leader's style of interacting with his or her followers and the degree to which the situation allowed the leader to control and influence

Feed Foward Control

A control that prevents defects and deviations from standards by focusing on operations before they begin

Team

A coordinated group of people intentionally organized to work together to achieve a common goal.

Gender

A cultural construction that includes one's biological sex, psychological charaterics (feminnity, mascularity and drogyny), attitudes about the sexes and sexual orientation

Forms of International Business

?

Global Diversity

?

International Business Environments

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What is a Colony?

A Colony is a noncontiguous possession of a sovereign state, established by settlement, cession, and/or conquest.

Revisionist Approach to Foreign Policy?

A Revisionist approach to foreign policy seeks to alter territorial, ideological, or power distribution to the state's advantage.

What is the Revisionist Approach to Foreign Policy?

A Revisionst approach to foreign policy seeks to alter territorial, ideological, or power distribution to the state's advantage.

positive peace

A peace that resolves the underlying reasons for war; not just a cease-fire but a transformation of relationships, including elimination or reduction of economic exploitation and political oppression.

détente

A period of lessening tension between two major national powers or a policy designed to lesson that tension.

Meaning

A person interpretation of a symbol

Touch Ethic

A person own guidelines or standards as to approprate and inapprate toush

Listening style

A persons preferred way of making sense uot of messages.

nonviolence/pacifism

A philosophy based on a unilateral commitment to refrain from using any violent forms of leverage. More specifically, pacifism refers to a principled opposition to war in general rather than simply to particular wars.

Explain the following formula: SAB=SAC+2.

A single accomplishment bullet consists of the following attributes: specific, accurate, concise, single accomplishment/achievment, and impact.

Decision Support System

A specialized variant of a CIS an analytic model that joins a manager's experience, judgment, and intuition

brinkmanship

Policy of a nation that pushes a dangerous situation to the limits of safety before pulling back.

List five categories of refrence tools.

Almanacs, Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, Thesauruses, E-resources.

Marshall Plan

Also known as the European Recovery Program, this plan of Western assistance was hatched at the Paris Economic Conference in July 1947. U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall had urged the development of a plan to foster economic recovery in Germany and other European countries in the wake of the war. In April 1948, President Truman signed the act establishing the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) to administer the program.

Finlandization

Policy that a power neutralizes its neighbors in an effort to protect itself

Preemption

Act before another country acts so as to PREVENT war

Peace of Galilee

Agreement between Israel and Lebanon that was successful until 2000

primary products

Agricultural products and raw materials, such as minerals.

Liancourt Rocks

Aka Dokdo. Disputed between Japan and South Korea in the Sea of Japan.

basic concept of paragraph coherence?

All of the paragraph parts should be arranged so that their relationship is clear to the reader.

sentence unity?

All the parts of the sentence matching in number, verb, possession, etc.

Who was Stephen A. Douglas?

American politician from Illinois, was one of the Democratic Party nominees for President in 1860. Lost to Lincoln. Was an expansonist. As senator, supported the Missouri Compromise.

Who was John Dewey?

An American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer, whose thought has been greatly influential in the United States and around the world. He is recognized as one of the founders of the philosophical school of Pragmatism, a pioneer in functional psychology, and a leading representative of the progressive movement in U.S. education during the first half of the 20th century.

Sinn Fein

An Irish political party that has long combatted Britains' influence in Ireland

What is Anglicisation?

Anglicisation or Anglicization (see -ise vs -ize) is a process of making something British and/or English. For example, people may be Anglicised: an immigrant to England may be said to become Anglicised as he or she acclimates to the culture. However, Anglicisation is most commonly discussed in the more abstract context of language: language is said to become Anglicised as it becomes more like the English language.

What is Anti-clericalism?

Anti-clericalism is a historical movement that opposes religious (generally Catholic) institutional power and influence in all aspects of public and political life, and the encroachment of religion in the everyday life of the citizen. It suggests a more active and partisan role than mere seperation of church and state.

What nations are still part of the British Commonwealth?

Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the Soloman Islands, Tuvalu, the U.K.

effective communication?

Any communication that results in the receiver interpreting your message as you intended.

Mediated Communication

Any communication that is carried out using some channel other than those used in faced-to-face communication

Upon what factors dose the intelligibility of a presentation depend?

Articulation, pronunciation, vocal pauses, overuse of stock expressions, and substandard grammar.

End of Cold War 1989-91

As President George H.W. Bush stated a desire to integrate the Soviet Union into the community of nations, the Cold War ended when communist regimes collapsed across Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union disintegrated.

What is APEC?

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a group of Pacific Rim countries who meet with the purpose of improving economic and political ties. It holds annual meetings in each of the member countries and has standing committees on a wide range of issues, from communications to fisheries. Currently, most countries with a coastline on the Pacific Ocean are members of the organization, with the exception of Colombia and Ecuador in South America, the six Central American countries of Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica and Panama, Cambodia and North Korea in Asia and the Pacific Islands, such as Fiji, Tonga and Samoa. Guam has also been actively requesting a separate membership, citing the example of Hong Kong and Taiwan, but the request is objected by USA, which currently represents Guam. The heads of government of all APEC members meet annually in a summit.

Direct Preception Checking

Asking someone else whether your interpretations of what you preceive are correct.

Interpretation

Attaching meaning to what is attended to, selected, and organized

World Health Organization (WHO)

Based in Geneva, it provides technical assistance to improve health conditions in the third world and conducts major immunization campaigns.

Trotskyism

Believed that communish should depend on cooperation amonst all nations, not domination by the Soviet Union. Opposed by Stalin.

What does eugenics deal with?

Breeding people with better genes.

Bureaucratic Organization

Bureaucracy: An ideal, intentionally rational, and very efficient form of organization. Based on principles of logic, order, and legitimate authority.

Two Types of Delegate

Burkian and Representative delegate

examples of transitional devices you can use to show a contrasting relationship?

But, still, however, neavertheless, andyet.

In what way can organization personnel verify whether they are engaging critically and constructively in the exchange of ideas?

By completing a short, self-diagnostic exercise that personal but applicable barriers to communicating.

postmodern voters

Characterized by a set of values that center on "quality of life" considerations.

What is Charismatic Leadership?

Charismatic Leadership is usually headed by an individual who is revered by the people of a state and generates widespread and emotional popular support.

Leader-member relations

One of Fiedler's situational contingencies that described the degree of confidence, trust, and respect employees had for their leader

Preah Vihear Temple

Cambodia & Thailand disputed ownership of the temple; it was awarded to Cambodia

Who can participate in cases at the ICJ?

Cases can only be between states, both of whom have to accept the jurisdiction of the court to try the case.

What is Chauvinism?

Chauvinism is an extreme superpatriotism which implies an uncritical devotion to a state, jealousy of its honor, and an exaggerated sense of its glory.

UN General Assembly

Comprised of representatives of all states, it allocates UN funds, passes non-binding resolutions, and coordinates third world development programs and various autonomous agencies through the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).

Bretton Woods Conference

Conferences that established IMF, GATT, and WB

Sudan

Darfur region: oil potential causes conflict in this region. Chadian rebels near the border also cause problems.

Autocratic Leaders

Directive leaders who prefer to make decisions and solve problems on their own with little input from subordinates.

Theory X assumes that workers:

Dislike work, Lack ambition, Are irresponsible, Resist change, Prefer to be led

What is Economic Imperialism?

Economic Imperialism is the involvement of one state in the economy of another so that the power of the sovereign state is impaired.

The general environment include:

Economic, Socio-cultural, Legal-political, Technological, Natural environment

Who was Edward Teller?

Edward Teller (January 15, 1908 - September 9, 2003) was a Hungarian-born American nuclear physicist, known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb." He was an early member of the Manhattan Project charged with developing the first atomic bombs. During this time he made a serious push to develop the first fusion-based weapons as well, but these were deferred until after World War II. After his controversial testimony in the security clearance hearing of his former Los Alamos colleague Robert Oppenheimer, Teller became ostracized by much of the scientific community. He continued to find support from the U.S. government and military research establishment. He was a co-founder of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and was both its director and associate director for many years. Over the course of his long life, Teller was known both for his scientific ability and his difficult interpersonal relations, and is considered one of the key influences on the character Dr. Strangelove in the 1964 movie of the same name.

Can US states create their own foreign policy?

Generally no. US treaties and federal law are said to preempt any state or local law that can be said to be in the area of foreign relations. There is some wiggle room here, however if the effect of the local statute or ordinance is minimal. Courts upheld south african apartheid legislation, wherein cities forced pension funds to divest themselves of any South African investments.

Somalia

Ethnicities overlap across regions and cause conflict.

Amy

Fat housebound ***** with low self-esteem cause she's a frickin' glacier

unity of direction

Fayol - all activities in pursuit of a given organizational goal should be under direction of a single person

unity of command

Fayol - each subordinate should have only one boss

scalar (chain of command) principle

Fayol - should be a single, clear, and unbroken line of authority from the top of the organization to each subordinate position

What is nativism?

Fear and distrust of foreigners.

Types of Controls

Feed forward Controls, Concurrent Control, Feedback Control, Control Systems and after the fact controls

Administrative Principles

Foresight, Organization, Command, Coordination, Control

four resources for researching your subject.

Four available resources are the library, the internet, referance books, and individuals.

Position Power

One of Fiedler's situational contingencies that described the degree of influence a leader had over power-based activities such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increases

George Kennan?

He was a diplomat that advised Truman to contain communist expansion through something called the Long Telegram in 1946.

Who was Henry Adams?

Henry Brooks Adams (February 16, 1838 - March 27, 1918) was an American historian, journalist and novelist. He was a member of the Adams political family. In 1868, Henry Adams returned to the United States and settled down in Washington, D.C., where he started working as a journalist. Adams saw himself as a traditionalist longing for the democratic ideal of the 17th and 18th centuries. Accordingly, he was keen on exposing political corruption in his journalistic pieces.

Task Structure

One of Fiedler's situational contingencies that described the degree to which job assignments were formalized and procedurized

Culture shock stages

Honeymoon, crisis, recovery, adjustment, reverse

How do you use number to maintain pargraph coherence?

If the controlling idea is singular, you keep all the references to it singular.

fast track" authority in the context of trade agreements?

In various acts, Congress delegated the authority to negotiate trade agreements (treaties) to the president. The Senate then can vote the agreement up or down. Not really provided for by the constitution, but is in practice. Other countries like dealing with only the president, rather than the entire US senate. See Article II Section 2, Clause 2.

Leading

Inspiring and motivating workers to work hard to achieve organizational goals

True Self-Esteem

Involves only your goals

What is Irredentism?

Irredentism is the desire of the people of a state to annex the contiguous territories of another state that are inhabited by mostly members of linguistic and/or cultural minorities of the first state.

Number of team members

Is best when their are twelve and under members.

Is the North Ireland conflict a religious or political one at heart?

Is the North Ireland conflict a religious or political one at heart?

What was the 1975 Helsinki Conference?

It founded the The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).

lateral pressure (theory of)

It holds that the economic and population growth of states fuels geographic expansion as they seek natural resources beyond their borders, which in turn leads to conflicts and sometimes to war.

What is the European Investment Bank?

It is the EU's financing institution, founded in 1957. Located in Luxembourg, its goal is to further the economic goals and carry out the agreements of the EU within, and with other nations.

Why is communication dynamic?

It is constantly moving

Embargo Act of 1807?

It prohibited all international exports from American ports. It represented President Thomas Jefferson's response to the United Kingdom's Orders in Council (1807) and France's Continental System, which were severely hurting America's merchant marines. Although it was designed to force the British and French to change their commercial systems, neither country did, and the Act was repealed in 1808. The Act failed to prevent the War of 1812.

attributes of an effective bullet statement?

It should be specific, accurate and concise.

Contingency Plan

Plans that identify alternative courses of action for very unusual or crisis situations; typically stipulate the chain of command, standard operating procedures, and communication channels the organization will use during and emergency.

Why is ethics important?

It's going to increase your awareness of communicating in a global village.

Stimson Doctrine

January 1932 â€" a U.S. policy enunciated in a note to Japan and China from U.S. Secretary of State Henry Stimson following Japan’s unilateral seizure of Manchuria in Northeast China. The note said the United States did not recognize territorial changes effected by force.

Who was Jean Gottmann?

Jean Gottmann (October 10, 1915 - February 28, 1994) was a French geographer who was most widely known for coining the term megalopolis to describe the condition of the Boston-Washington corridor. His main contributions to human geography were in the sub-fields of urban, political, economic, historical and regional geography.

Transactional leaders

Leaders who lead primarily by using social exchanges

What function do you use to automatically insert data from an xcel file to a word document?

Mail merge wizard

Adjustment

Making things better

Mass Public Opinion Trends

Mass public is far more conservative in trade, intervention, and dimplomacy than policy makers

limited war

Military actions that seek objectives short of the surrender and occupation of the enemy

mind-mapping.

Mind mapping is a brainstorming activity in which you allow your unorganized thoughts to flow onto paper, connecting like items/thoughts as you progress.

MNCs

Multinational corporations - Private enterprises that have production subsidiaries or branches in more than one country.

Korean War Begins

N. Korea launched attack on South Korea across the 38th parallel on June 25, 1950. First test of the 1947 Truman Doctrine. Because of Soviet boycott of U.N. Security Council (due to U.S. refusal to recognize PRC), U.N. approved a defensive force. U.S.-led U.N. force entered the war in July.

What is National Self-Determination?

National Self-Determination is the idea that a group of people who consider themselves seperate and distinct from others have the right to determine the state in which they will live and the form of government it will have.

What is Nationalism?

Nationalism is the popular will that seeks to preserve the identity of a gropu by institutionalizing it in the form of a state.

Is www.whitehouse.com a government site?

No, it's a porn site.

What natural resource does Azerbaijan mainly export?

OIL.

Halo Effect

One good quality implied other ones

Mayotte

Part of the Comoros Islands. It is the only Catholic island; recently voted to become the 5th overseas department of France.

Characteristics of multicultural organizations:

Pluralism, Structural integration, Informal network integration, Absence of prejudice and discrimination, Minimum intergroup conflict.

Four P's

Peace, Power, Prosperity, Principles

dissidents

Persons who refuse to conform to prevailing political and social values.

Compellence

Persuading a country from doing something they wouldn't have done

four parts to self-image?

Phsychological(introspection), physical self-image, emotional self-image, intellectual self-image

Objective goals

Planning, Organizing, Leading and Staffing

Goal of controls

Planning, organizing, leading and staffing

What is Power?

Power is influence and control excercised by one nation over others.

Expert Power

Power that is derived from an individuals extensive knowledge in one or more areas.

Deterrence

Preventing a country from doing what they might do

Process of public opinion

Public Opinion - Opinion Submitting - Decision Making

revolution

Public seizure of the state in order to overturn the existing government and regime.

What territories did the US take from Spain in the spanish american war?

Puerto Rico, The phillipines, and Cuba. it took place starting in 1898. The phillipinos, and later the cubans would fight for their independance.

standard sentence mechanics you should be aware of when writing.

Punctuation, capitalization, and abbreviation.

Economic Sanction

Punishments imposed on a nation as forms of protests

Tibet

Separatist movement for independence from China.

Transdniester Republic

Separatist movement in Moldova

Leadership ability

Social skills,cleverness, creativity, diplomacy,tact, fluency in speaking,knowledge about group task, organizational ability, and persuasiveness.

neoliberalism

Shorthand for “neoliberal institutionalismâ€, an approach that stresses the importance of international institutions in reducing the inherent conflict that realists assume in an international system; the reasoning is based on the core liberal idea that seeking long-term mutual gains is often more rational than maximizing individual short-term gains.

types of bullet statements.

Single idea and single accomplishment.

Hawthorne studies: Employee attitudes, interpersonal relations and group processes.

Some things satisfied some workers but not others. People restricted output to adhere to group norms.

Leader

Someone who can influence others and who has managerial authority

SDRs

Special drawing rights - Reserves held by the IMF that central banks of member-countries can draw on to help manage the values of the currencies. SDR value is based on a "market-base" of currencies, and SDRs are acceptable in transactions between central banks.

Who was Harlan Stone?

Supreme court chief justice nominated in 1941 by Franklin D. Roosevelt. Liberal justice who supported new deal programs.

Banana republics

Term describing any of several small nations in Latin American that have economies based on a few agricultural crops.

What country used to be known as Siam?

Thailand. The name was changed in 1949. The Thais are very proud that they were never colonized by a European power. There are two main reasons for this: it was left as a buffer state between parts of Asia that were colonised by the French and the British and Thailand had a series of very able rulers in the 1800s.

Good Neighbor Policy?

The "Good Neighbor" policy was the policy of the United States Administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in relation to Latin America during 1933-45, when the active U.S. intervention of previous decades was moderated in pursuit of hemispheric solidarity against external threats.

Walker tariff?

The 1846 Walker tariff was a Democratic bill that reversed the high rates of tariffs imposed by the Whig-backed "Black Tariff" of 1842 under president John Tyler. It was one of the lowest tariffs in American history. The tariff's reductions (35% to 25%) coincided with Britain's repeal of the Corn Laws earlier that year, leading to a decline in protection in both and an increase in trade. The bill resulted in a moderate reduction in many tariff rates and was considered a success in that it stimulated trade and brought needed revenue into the U.S. Treasury, as well as improved relations with Britain that had soured over the Oregon boundary dispute.

What is more conservative, the AFL or the CIO?

The AFL is more conservative.

What was The Antarctic Treaty?

The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System or ATS, regulate the international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earth's only uninhabited continent. For the purposes of the treaty system, Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of the southern 60th parallel. The treaty was signed by 12 countries, including the Soviet Union and the United States, and set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and banned military activity on that continent. This was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War. The main treaty was opened for signature on December 1, 1959, and officially entered into force on June 23, 1961.

Status Quo Approach to Foreign Policy?

The Status Quo Approach to Foreign Policy seeks to maintain the territorial, ideological, or power distribution of the state.

Tariff of 1857?

The Tariff of 1857 was a major tax reduction in the United States, creating a mid-century lowpoint for tariffs. It amended the Walker Tariff of 1846 by lowering rates to around 17% on average. The Tariff of 1857's cuts lasted only three years, though. In 1861 the country changed course under the heavily protectionist Morrill Tariff of 1861.

UN Secretariat

The UN’s executive branch, led by the secretary-general.

Who is brazil's biggest trading partner?

The US.

Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations

The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, which was signed and entered into force in 1961, establishes the rights, privileges and roles of a diplomatic officer of a sending state in a host state. The Convention covers such areas as diplomatic immunity, exemptions from local, state and federal taxes, and the establishment of diplomatic posts. Essentially, the Convention establishes a framework for the protection of each state's sovereignty in diplomatic relations.

Relationship Demension

The aspect of a communication message that offers cues about the emotion attitudes, and amount of power and control the speaker directs towards others how something is said.

collective attitudes

The attitudes workers have about their work life and their work life.

war crimes

Violations of the law governing the conduct of warfare, such as by mistreating prisoners of war or unnecessarily targeting civilians.

Trust

The belief in the integrity, character, and ability of a leader

Credibility

The degree to which followers perceive someone as honest, competent, and able to inspire

Material Self

The element of the self reflected in all the tangible things you own.

National Interest.

The elements that constitute a state's most vital needs

Readiness

The extent to which people have the ability and willingness to accomplish a specific task

militarism

The glorification of war, military force, and violence.

Self - Reflexiveness

The human ability to think about what you are doing while you are doing it

World Court (International Court of Justice)

The judicial arm of the UN; located in The Hague, it hears only cases between states.

Connoative Meaning

The personal and subjective meaning of a word.

Reward Power

The power a leader has because of his or her ability to give positive benefits or rewards

Closure

The preceptual process or filling in missing information

enculturation?

The process of learning your culture that you are born into

Leadership Style

The relatively consistent way in which individuals in leadership positions attempt to influence the behaviour of others.

rehabilitation

The restoration to favor of a political leader whose views or actions were formally considered unacceptable.

Denotative Meaning

The restrictive, or literal, meaning of a word.

considering the point of view for your communication, discribe how writing in the second person is done?

The second person is the person spoken to; using the second person allows the writer to maintain some personal relationship with the reader.

Corporate Culture

The set of attitudes, values, and standards that distinguishes one organization from another.

norms (of behavior)

The shared expectations about what behavior is considered proper.

Culture

The shared set of beliefs, values, and patterns of behavior common to a group of people.

External environments

all events outside a company that have the potential to influence or affect it

Small Group

The transactive process of creating meaning among three to about fifteen people who share a conmmon purpose, feel a sense of belonging to the group and exert influnces on one another

Rapprochement

a closer approach of two groups to each other. A reconciliation

What outlining formats are mentioned in this lesson?

This lesson covers four outline types: scratch; formal; informal; and talking paper.

Understand

To assign meaning to messages

What does the voice of your writing indicate?

Voice shows if the subject acts or is acted upon.

structural adjustment

World Bank programs which offer financial and management aid to poor countries while demanding privatization, trade liberalization, and governmental fiscal restraint

Is North Ireland part of the UK?

Yes.

Groupthink

a barrier to good decision making caused by pressure within a group for members to agree with each other

strategy

a broad conception of how to achieve the organization's goals

Company vision

a business;s purpose or reason for existing

hyperpersonal communication

a certain type of interpersonal communication that is facilitated by using a computer to establish relationship with others because you are more mindful about what you're saying.

disconfirmation.

a communication pattern in which we ignore someone's presence as well as what they are communicating

deescalatory conflict

a communication spiral in which each party slowly lessens their dependence on one another and become less invested in the relationship

Ethical responsibility

a company's social responsibility nnot to violate accepted principles of right and wrong when conducting its business

Competitive advantage

a core competency that clearly sets an organization apart from competitors and gives it an advantage over them in the marketplace.

high content culture

a culture that avoids direct use of language to express information especially about relational matters

neutrality

a defence arrousing behavior in which the sender expresses indifference toward the reciever

superiority

a defence arrousing style of communication in which the sender states or implies that the reciever is inferior

Problem

a gap between a desired state and an existing state

depth

a level of personal information a person reveals on a particular topic

divergence

a linguistic strategy in which speakers empathise differences between their comunicative style in others in order to create distance

stage hog

a listening style in which the receiver is more concerned with making his or her own point than with understanding the speaker

selective listening

a listening style in which the receiver responds to messages that only interest him or her

content oriented listeners

a listening style that focuses on the content of the message

time oriented listeners

a listening style that is primarily concerned with minimizing the time necessary to accomplish the task at hand

Types of teams: vertical

a manager and his subordinates. Might involve three to four levels of management.

Human Relations Skills

a managers interpersonal skills that are used to accomplish goals through the use of human resources.

summit meeting

a meeting between heads of state, often referring to leaders of great powers, as in Cold War superpower summits between the US & Soviet Union or today's meetings of the Group of 8 on economic coordination

Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 1963

first major-power agreement regulating atomic weapons testing, banned explosions in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water.

content messages

a message that communicates information about the subject being discussed

disconfirming response

a message that expresses a lack of caring or respect for another person

relational messages

a message that expresses the social relationship between two or more individuals

dialectical model

a model claiming that throughout their lifetime people in virtually all interpersonal relationships must deal with equally important opposing forces

johari window

a model that describes the realstionship between self disclosure and self awareness

linguistic relativism

a moderate form of linguistic determinism that argues that language exerts a strong influence on perceptions of the people who speak it

ERG Hiearchy

a motivation category that uses three types of needs, existence, relatedness and growth needs.

significant other

a person who’s oppinion is important enough to effect ones self concept strongly

euphemism

a pleaseant sounding word used in place of a more direct less pleaseant one

particularistic party

a political party that deos not attempt to appeal to voters beyond an identifiable group within a population

social democracy

a political philosophy centered on electoral politics, egalitarian social policies, and the creation of social welfare systems

counterfeit question

a question that disguises the speakers true motive which doesn't include a genuine desire to understand the other person

sincere question

a question that imposes a genuine desire to learn from another person

abstaction ladder

a range of more to less abstract terms describing an event or object

judging

a reaction in which the reciever evaluates the sender's message either favorably of un favorably

personality

a realitivly consistant set of traits that a person exhibits across a variety of situations

escalatory conflict spiral

a reciprical pattern of communications of which messages between communicators reinforce eachother

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

a series of agreements on international trading terms; now known as the World Trade Organization (WTO)

System

a set of interrelated elements or parts that function as a whole

internal summary

a short restatement of what has just been said in the section that you are about to leave, before proceeding to the next segment

realignment

a significant change in the party or policy loyalties of substantial groups within a nation-state

security community

a situation in which low expectations of interstate violence permit a high degree of political cooperation-as for example, among NATO members

sex roles

a social orientation that governs behavior in contrast to a person's biological gender

Accommodative strategy

a social responsiveness strategy in which a company accepts responsibility for a problem and does all the society expects to solve that problem

Proactice strategy

a social responsiveness strategy in which a company anticipates responsibility for a problem before it occurs and does more than society expects to address the problem

Defensive strategy

a social responsiveness strategy in which a company does less than society expects

perception checking

a three part method for varifying the accuracy of interpretations, including the description of the sense data two possible interpertations and a request for confermation of the interpertations

Opportunistic behavior

a transaction in which one party in the relationship benefits at the expense of the other

zero-sum games

a two-person, two-sided game in which one player's loss is the other player's gain in equal measure.

equality

a type of supportive communication suggesting that the sender reguards as worthy of respect

patron-client relationships

a usually informal alliance between a person holding power and less powerful or lower status people; the powerful patron provides power, status, jobs, land, goods, and/or protection in exchange for loyalty and political support

equivocation

a vague statement that can be interpreted in more than one way

Shareholder model

a view of social responsibility that holds that an organization's overriding goal should be to maximize profit for the benefit of shareholders

vote of confidence

a vote in a parliament expressing support for a government; a government losing a vote of confidence is expected to resign

plebiscite

a vote of an entier nation or other large political unit on an issue of great importance.

Overt integrity test

a written test that estimates job applicants' honesty by directly asking them what they think or feel about theft or about punishment of unethical behaviors

Personality-based integrity test

a written test that indirectly estimates job applicants; honesty by measuring psychological traits, such as dependability and conscientiousness

Allies and Germany 1918

accepted Wilson's 14 points as basis for just and lasting peace ending World War I.

satisfices

accepts soln that meets his criteria, not necessarily the best possible soln

behavioral description

an account that refers only to observable phenomena

Terrorism

an act of violence that targets civilians for the purpose of provoking widespread fear that will force the government to change its policies

Media advocacy

an advocacy group tactic that involves framing issues as public issues

Dynamic environment

an environment in which the rate of change is fast

direct aggression

an expression of the speakers thoughts or feelings that attack the position and dignity of the reciever

pseudolistening

an imitation of true listening in which the receivers mind is elsewhere

passive aggressive

an indirect expression of aggression delievered in a way that allows the sender to maintain a façade of kindness

peak association

an interest group organization whose membership is other organizations with parallel interests and goals; frequently a nationwide organization of specialized or localized smaller organizations

multipolar system

an international system with typically 5 or 6 centers of power that are not grouped into alliances

negative correlation

an inverse association between two variables. As one variable become larger, the other one becomes smaller.

responsibility

an obligation to complete a task or achieve some goal

public structure

an organization or process by which a government carries out its public policies

winner take all

another term for first past the post.

contextual interpersonal behavior

any communication between two people

application blank

any form on which the employer asks the candidate to provide info

Primary stakeholder

any group on which an organization relies for its long-term survival

Secondary stakeholder

any group that can influence or be influenced by a company and can affect public perceptions about its socially responsible behavior

emotional response theory

any human emotion experienced can be interpreted along three deminsions

cost-benefit analysis

any systematic comparison of what a system/program or capital good will cost compared w/ revenues or benefits that will be generated

behavior modification

application to problems of industrial mgmt of the reinforcement theory

market research

asking customers what they think

Foreign Aid

assistance given by one country to another in the form of grants loans

Treaty of Paris 1898

at end of Spanish-American War, transferred to the United States Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, expanding U.S. power into the Pacific.

Files that are sent along with an email message are called?

attachments

Merchants of Death

book of the 1930s which attributed U.S. entry into World War I to the influence of northeastern business interests who wanted to sell Britain arms.

Motion study

breaking each task or job into its separate motions and then eliminating those that are unnecessary or repetitive

speech planning outline

brief framework used to think through the process of the speech; outline contains the major ideas of the speech, without elaboration

complementary transactions?

bringing your own ideas to the conversation and how you build on others ideas/sayings

talking points

bullet points in an abbreviated outline format that serve as a framework for the speech and are used in rehearsal session and as the notes for the actual presentation

Bureaucratic Politics Model

bureaucracies argue from their stance; conglomerates come to their decisions from their organizational standing

role conflict

conflicting expectations of job behavior held

just wars

category in international law & political theory that defines when wars can be justly started & how they can be justly fought

Which term describes when the sender and receiver miss each other with their meanings?

bypassing

conclusion of a speech

can be used to summarize and/or motivate listeners to take a prescribed action

Causal attribution theory

cause for behavior is person, stimulus, circumstance

purpose of the speech

centers on the speaker's expected outcomes for the presentation

decision-making done under 3 conditions

certainty, risk, uncertainty

Planning

choosing a goal and developing a strategy to achieve that goal

Maximizing

choosing the best alternative

Types of power

coercive, reward, legitimate,expertise, and referential power

self concept stress?

connectedness to a group and to fitting in with one's group

relationship

connection established when you communicate with another person

extemporaneous speaking mode

developing a set of "talking points," such as notes or an outline, to assist them in presenting their ideas

speeches about concepts

examine theories, beliefs, ideas, philosophies, or schools of thought.

Department of Homeland Security

executive department meant to provide a unifying force in the efforts of the government to prevent attacks on the United States and to respond to such attacks through law enforcement and emergency relief should they occur

Economic interest groups/ Issue groups/ identity groups

groups that promote public interest such as labor unions and industry groups, pro-life and pro-choice groups, and minority and women's rights groups

goal of the speech

expressed in terms of its expected outcome

Evaluation apprehension

fear of what others will think of your ideas

territory

fixed space that an individual assumes some right to occupy

speech presentation outline

flesh out the outline with examples and illustrations and write in internal summaries and forecasts

Designing acceptable controls

focus on critical control points, integration, acceptability, timeliness, feasibility, accuracy and comprehensibility.

variable sum games

games in which the outcome can at times be beneficial for all or most of the players.

Efficiency

getting work done with a minimum of effort, expense, or waste

orienting material

gives an audience the background necessary to understand the basic material of the speech

SMART goals

goals that are specific measurable attainable, realistic and timely

plutocracy

government by the rich.

regulatory policies

government policies designed to control practices and behavior of citizens and organizations and prevent harmful results and/or ensure civic benefits of those behaviors

Characteristics of a leader

guide, direct, persuade, coach, counsel and inspire others

directing (leading) function

guiding and influencing people to seek organizational objectives

Hawk

hardlingers; willingly pursue the national interest through confrontation; emphasis on power; smart; tough; crafty; cunning

informative speaking

has been defined as discourse that imparts new information, secures understanding, or reinforces accumulated information

sentence outline

has complete sentences for all entries and usually has correct punctuation

Contingency approach

holds that there are no universal management theories and that the most effective management theory or idea depends on the kinds of problems or situations that managers are facing at a particular time and place.

Personal agression

hostile or aggressive behavior toward othera

Maslow's Need Hierarchy Theory

human needs arranged in 5 groups in a hierarchy of pre-potency (lower needs must be satisfied first)

relationships must have

inclusion, control over relationship, affection (give and recieve)

gestures

incorporate the use of hands, body movements, and facial expressions

sovereignty

independent legal authority over a population in a particular place; the degree to which a state controls its own territory and independently make and carry out policy

Often, what is the results of communications having to pass through many organizational levels?

it offten causes a delay in communications and creates chances for distortion of the original message.

why study self-concept?

it's the frame through which we communicate, it influences the roles we play and how we behave, and it affects the way we view others

psychographics

its attitudes and beliefs--are an important consideration; profile can also be determined by analyzing the listeners

autostereotype

judgement about your own culture

Allness

language reflecting unqualified, often untrue, generalization denying individual differences

emotive language

language that conveys the senders attitude rather than simply offering an objective description

"I" language

language that describes the speakers position without evaluating others

"you" language

language that judges another person increasing the likely hood of a defensive reaction

abstract languge

language that lacks or does not refer to observable behavior or other sensory data

eye contact

looking into the eyes of your audience as you speak

trait approach

looks for permanent traits of personality which distinguish leaders from non-leaders or effective leaders from non-effective onesÂ

In which culture are messages clearly verbalized?

low-context culture.

Maslow's physiological needs

lowest level; hunger, thirst

Options-based panning

maintaining flexibility by making small, simultaneous investments in many alternative plans

barriers to perception

making a fundamental attribution error, exhibiting a self-serving bias, imposing consistency

static evaluation?

making evaluations without change while the thing/person being discussed is changing

controlling function

making sure things are being done in a way that we want; the reverse of planning (measure/observe how much performance is deviating from plans)

fabrication

making up information or guessing at information and making it appear true

Team Leaders

managers responsible for facilitating team activities towards accomplishing a goal

First-Line managers

managers who train and supervise the performance of non managerial employees who are directly responsible for producing the company's products or services

8 Key Results Areas

market share, productivity, profitability, innovation, resources, worker performance and morale, manager performance and development, social responsibilities

In which type of communication are you entertained, informed, and persuaded by the media?

mass communication

3 self

material, social, spiritual, cyber?

abstract

meaning resulting from inability to experience a referent with one of senses

Anti-terrorism

measures to protect and defend U.S. citizens and interests from terrorist attacks

Sustainable development

meeting current needs without compromising future needs.

Types of teams: horizontal team

members are from different departments in an organization

Equal Pay Act of 1963 (part of EEO)

men and women performing the same work must get the same pay

Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act of 1935) NLRA

nation's basic labor legislation; est. employee rights to form unions, requires employers to bargain w/ such unions in good faith, and prohibits unfair labor practices

newly-industrializing countries

nation-states that began developing economic industrial sectors relatively recently

growth needs

needs that relate to a person's achievement and competence.

paralanguage

non linguistic means of vocal expression rate pitch tone and so on

negative core beliefs?

not good enough, powerless, don't know, in danger, defective/imperfect

Nonproliferation Treaty, 1967

now signed by 110 governments, banned the spread of atomic weapons.

Weapons of Mass Destruction

nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons that can kill a whole lotta peeps

heterostereotype

observation about another culture without judgement

process of the speech analysis

observing the audience for feedback

plagiarism

occurs when a speaker uses the ideas and words of others as his or her own without giving credit to the originator of the material

exception principle

once procedures, policies, and other plans have been est. and are working, mgmt should focus on the exceptions where performance does not meet standards

horn effect

one bad quality implies others

public distance

one of Halls four distance zones extending outward from twelve feet

social distance

one of Halls four distance zones ranging from four to twelve feet

intimate distance

one of Halls four distance zones ranging from skin contact to eighteen inches

listenable speech

one that is formatted in a way that when it is received it is understood by listener

closed systemsÂ

one you can analyze as though it is in a black box w/ impenetrable boundaries

4 major functions of feedforward?

open the channels of communication, preview the message, altercast and disdain

cultural differences in general talk?

opening and closing conversations, interrupting, knowing when to use humor, using nonverbal behavior, knowing proper balance of speech and listening

time method of issue arrangement

orders information from a beginning point to an ending one, with all the steps developed in numerical or time sequence

National Security Council

organization within the Executive Office of the President that provides foreign policy advice to the President

which communication deals with input, throughput, and output?

organizational communication

supranational

organizations or events in which nations are not totally sovereign actors (e.g. the European Union or global warming)

How does self-concept develop?

others tell us who we are; social comparisons; culture; and gender

Implicit personality theory

our past influences how we judge others

self-esteem?

our personal belief system; your self-appraisal assessment, evaluation; sense of self-worth

decision-making done under certainty

outcome or payoff for an alternative has a probability of 1.0 (few real-world examples)

productivity

output divided by input; determinants include efficiency of labor, technology and capital, and competence of mgmt

strategic plans

overall company plans that clarify how the company will serve customers and position itself against competitors over the next two to five years

post speech analysis

paying attention to reactions following a speech

conditional value

payoff you think would happen under condition of each of the states of nature

refugees

people fleeing their countries to find refuge from war, natural disaster, or political persecution. International law distinguishes them from migrants

assimilationist perspective?

people should leave their native culture and go to a new one.

purr words?

positive meanings

operational (action) planning

provides the detailed plans and assignments of responsibilities and authority required to execute strategic plans

responding

providing observable feedback to another person's behavior or speech

Which type of communication has others informing and persuading you?

public communication

speechophobia

public speaking anxiety

Budgeting

quantitative planning trough which mangers decide how to allocate available money to best accomplish company goals

public opinion

range of views on foreign policy issues held by citizens of a state

self disclosure

the process in which we deliberately reveal information about ones self that is signifigant and would not normally be known by others

relative power

ratio of the power that 2 states can bring to bear against each other

In order to protect your Word file so that no one can change the content when shared, you must save the file as what?

read-only

bounded rationalityÂ

real-world decision-maker has his thinking limited by such things as societal and organizational norms and impracticality of obtaining all possible info about problem or alternatives

spiral

reciprocal communication pattern in which each person's message reienforces eachother

Herzberg's motivator (satisfier) factors

recognition, responsibility, achievement, etc., intrinsic

political economy

refers broadly to the relationship between politics and economics. How are economic resources dealt with through political processes. How much of a role does the government have in the economy.

polarity

refers to number of independent power centers in system

social penetration theory

relationships start with breadth and then moves toward depth of information

Louisiana Purchase 1803

removed foreign control of Mississippi's mouth and doubled U.S. territory.

syntactic rules

rules that govern the ways in which symbols can be arranged as opposed to the meanings of those symbols

Decision making

the process of choosing a solution from available alternatives

Whistleblowing

reporting others' ethics violations to management or legal authorities

Jay's Treaty 1795

required Great Britain to remove troops from northwestern frontier; Pinckney's Treaty with Spain opened mouth of Mississippi River to U.S. navigation.

motivator factors

responsibiltiy, opportunities for professional growth, achievement and recognition

objectives

results, attainments, or accomplishments used as the end points for plans and actions (narrower than a goal)

Sexist language

reveals bias in favor of one sex against another

reciprocity

rewarding behavior that contributes to the group & punishing behavior that pursues self-interest at the expense of the group

Leadership style: posetive vs. negative motivation

rewards praises and promotion are the approach that a posetive leader takes

attending

the process of focusing on certain stimuli from the enviorment

staffing process

same as personnel process; includes manpower planning, recruitment, selection, orientation, training, etc.

Chester Barnard

saw organization as open system

first principle of Scientific Mgmt

scientific study of work - use systematic procedures, gather info, est. method of performance

self-schemas?

scripts as to how you believe you should act to fit the image

Proximal goals

short- term goals or subgoals

Distal goals

short-term goals or subgoals

topic of the speech

should be stated as specifically as possible

supporting speech material

should clarify a point you are making in the speech or offer evidence of the validity of the argument presented

budget

single-use plan - plan for use of resources (usu. along w/ expected results stated in quantitative terms)

haptics

study of human touching behaviors

COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION

source, message, receiver, channel

primary sources of information

sources that represent the original reports of the observation or research

secondary sources of information

sources the report, but did not originally generate, the observations or research

ad lib speaking

speaker has no time to organize ideas and responds immediately when answering a question, volunteering an opinion, or interacting during a question-and-answer session

the communication accomodation theory.

speakers change their speaking style based on who their audience is

Who are the encoders?

speakers or writers

comparison-contrast of issue arrangement

speech that shows both similarities and differences

A .xls extension indicates what kind of file?

spreadsheet

rule

standing plan - prescribes or prohibits behavior in specific terms

Rules and regulations

standing plans that describe how a particular action should be preformed or what must happen or not happen in response to a particular event

opinion statement

statement based on the speaker's beliefs

factual statement

statement that can be verified as being true of false

optimizing

strategy of mythical rational-economic man who knows all

social learning theory

suggest that we can learn how to adapt and adjust our behavior towards others; how we behave is not solely dependent on our genetic makeup.

spontaneity

supportive communication behavior in which the sender expresses a message without any attempt to manipulate the reciever

which dimension confirms the worth of the person and what the person says?

supportive-critical

darwins universal emotions

surprise, anger, disgust, fear, interest, sadness, happiness

Open system

systems that can sustain themselves only by interacting with their environment, on which they depend for their survival

Closed systems

systems that can sustain themselves without interacting with their environment

How does culture affect communication?

talking with friends, lovers, family; interacting in group; topics you talk about and strategies used to inform and persuade; how you use the media and the credibility you give it

3 skills involved in mgmt

technical, interpersonal, conceptual

extensional orientation?

tendency to look first at the actual people, objects, and events and then look at their labels

cultural context?

the beliefs, values and ways of behaving that are shared by a group of people and passed down from one generation to the next

service sector

that part of the economy which organizes and provides services at an economic cost

What are the 5 pillars of Islam?

the 5 Pillars of Islam are: 1. Profession of faith, 2. Fasting during Ramadan, 3. Praying 5 times a day, 4. giving alms to the poor, 5. Doing the Hajj

empathy

the ability to project one's self into another person's point of view, so as to experience the others thoughts and feelings

human skills

the ability to work well with other

Resource scarcity

the abundance or shortage of critical organizational resources in an organization's external environment

communication.

the act by one or more persons, of sending and receiving messages distorted by noise, occur within a context and provide feedback

understanding

the act of interpreting a message by following syntactic symantic and pragmatic rules

unitary actor assumption

the actor exercising power is a single entity that can "think" about its actions coherently & make choices

statecraft

the art of managing state affairs & effectively maneuvering in a world of power politics among sovereign states

reductivism

the attempt to explain complex correlations and causations using a single independent variable; oversimplification

social contract

the basic agreement between group members and the group as a whole as to rights, privileges, duties, benefits, and costs; often partially explicit in a constitution; usually implicit, in part, in the history and politics of a group

self-efficacy?

the belief in your ability to effectively control specific events in your life

legitimacy

the belief that a regime is a proper one and that the government has a right to exercise authority

Probability of effect

the chance that something will happen and then harm other

How can communication be a nonverbal behavior?

the clothes you wear, the way you walk, shake hands, cock you head, comb your hair, sit and smile

political culture

the collection of history, values, beliefs, assumptions, attitudes, traditions, and symbols that define and influence political behavior within a nation-state

affect blends

the combination of two or more expressions each following a different emotion

Specific environment

the customers, competitors, suppliers, industry, regulations, and advocacy groups that are unique to an industry and directly affect how a company does business

respect

the degree in which we hold others in esteem

Ethical intensity

the degree of concern people have about an ethical issue

Supplier dependence

the degree to which a company relies on a supplier because of the importance of the suppliers products to the company's and the difficulty of finding other sources for that product

Buyers dependence

the degree to which a supplier relies on a buyer because of the importance of that buyer to supplier and the difficulty of finding other buyers for it products

affinity

the degree to which people like or appreciate eachother; normally expressed nonverbally

7. McCellands Theory power

the desire to control overs and have influence over them.

7. McCellands Theory Achievement:

the desire to excel or achieve in relation to a set of standards

General environment

the economic, technological, sociocultural, and political trends that indirectly affect all organizations

supply side economics

the economy theory that 1. markets are the most efficient and fair way to allocate productive resources and valuable products; 2. government should interfere in the production of goods and services as little as possible; and 3. economic actors will negate any actions by government to manipulate demand by anticipating the actions and taking counter measures

Internal environment

the events and trends inside an organization that affect management, employees, and organizaional cutlture

Department of Defense

the executive department charged with managing country's military personnel, equipment, and operations

Department of State

the executive department charged with managing foreign affairs

Bureaucracy

the exercise of control on the basis of knowledge, expertise, or experience

Economic responsibility

the expectation that a company will make a profit by producing a valued product or service

Discretionary responsibility

the expectation that a company will voluntarily serve a social role beyond its economic, legal and ethical responsibilities

primacy effect

the first info you learn about someone is the most important

Pre conventional level of moral development

the first level of moral development in which people make decisions based on selfish resons

political communication

the flow of information from and about government to its constituents and feedback from constituents to people in government

prebendalism

the form of patron-client politics that legitimizes the exploitation of government power for the benefit of office holders and their followers

national debt or surplus

the historic total of yearly government budgetary deficits and surpluses for a nation-state

Keynsian economics

the idea that governments can manipulate macroeconomic demand through taxation and spending policies in order to foster stable growth

presenting self

the image a person presents to others; it may be identitical to the percieved selves

Protectionism

the imposition of trade barriers, especially tariffs, to make trading conditions favorable to domestic producers

nonassertion

the inability or unwillingness to express ones thoughts or feelings when necessary

Monitor Role

the informational role managers play when they scan their environment for information

technology

the knowledge, tools, and techniques used to transform input into output

power transition theory

the largest wars result from challenges to the top position in the status hierarchy, when a rising power is surpassing the most powerful state

social welfare

the material condition of the members of a group; may also refer to the group-supplied material benefits in a society (e.g. health care)

manuscript speech mode

the material is written out and delivered word for word; offers the advantages of providing accurate language and solid organization; gives the speaker a permanent written record of the speech

Recency effect

the most recent info you learn about someone is the most important

simple majority

the most votes cast (does not have to be a majority of all votes cast)

existence needs

the need related to a person's well being

Environmental complexity

the number of external factors in the environment that affect organizations

lobbying

the process of talking with legislators or officials to influence their decisions on some set of issues

hearing informational speaking

the process where a sound wave strikes the ear-drum and causes vibrations that are transmitted to the brain

political recruitment

the processes by which people become public participants and leaders

politics

the processes through which groups of people govern themselves or are governed; activities associated with the exercise of authority

Propaganda

the promotion of information which may or may not be correct , designed to influence the beliefs and attitudes of a foreign audience

breadth

the range of topics at which an individual discloses

Environmental change

the rate at which a company's general and specific environments change

self concept

the relavtive stable set of percieptions each individual holds of them selves

Conventional level of moral development

the second level of moral development in which people make decisions that conform to societal expectations

Ethics

the set of moral principles or values that defines right and wrong for a person or group

multiple causality

the simultaneous effects of a number of independent and intervening variables that bring about changes in dependent variables

control

the social need to influence others

Proximity of effect

the social, psychological, cultural, or physical distance between a decision make and those affected by his or her decisions

interactional view of communication?

the speaker and listener take turns speaking and listening.

speech participants

the speaker and the members of the audience

linear view of communication.

the speaker speaks and the listener listens

Technical skills

the specialized procedures, techniques, and knowledge required to get the job done

jargon

the specialized vocabulary that is used as kind of a short hand by people with common backgrounds and experience

Action plan

the specific steps, people, and resources needed to accomplish a goal

proliferation

the spread of weapons of mass destruction into the hands of more actors

social-psychological context?

the status relationship among the participants

kinesics

the study of body movement posture and gesture

chronemics

the study of how humans use and structure time

Organizational Culture

the system of shared beliefs and values that develops within an organization and guides the behavior of its members.

self fulfilling prophecy

the tendency to become what other people expect you to become

intensional orientation?

the tendency to view people, objects, and events according to the way they are talked about

self serving bias

the thendancy to interperet and explain information in a way that casts the perciever in the most favorable manor

reflected appraisal

the theory that a persons self content matches the way the way a person believes others reguard him or her

Post conventional level of moral development

the third level of moral development in which people make decisions based on internalized principles

Temporal immediacy

the time between an act and the consequences the act produces

temporal (time) context?

the time of day or time in history in which the communication is taking place

Magnitude of consequence

the total harm or benefit derived from an ethical decision

Concentration of effect

the total harm or benefit that an act produces on the average person

How is culture primarily passed on?

through culture

Time study

timing how long it takes good workers to complete each part of their jobs

introduction to a speech

to gain the listeners' attention and orient them to the material that will be presented

Foresight

to complete a plan of action for the future.

nature of communication?

to discover, to relate, to help, to persuade and to play

Coordination

to fit diverse efforts together and ensure information is shared and problems solved.

speech of introduction

to identify the person who will be speaking to the audience and give any other information that may spark listeners' interest in the speaker or the topic

Command

to lead, select, and evaluate workers to get the best work toward the plan.

Control

to make sure things happen according to plan and to take necessary corrective action.

statistical methods

use of regression analysis, or correlations b/w variables, to predict one from the other (e.g. to predict housing starts from marriages)

staff mangers

use technical expertise to advise and support the efforts of line workers.

Organization

to provide and mobilize resources to implement the plan.

3 levels of mgmt

top (upper) - president, chief executive; middle - district manger, base commander; first-line (lower-level, front-line, supervisory) - foreman, head nurse

bureaucracy theory - 3 kinds of authority

traditional (the way it's always been done); charismatic (leader has magnetism); rational-legal (based on expertise, training, experience)

third principle of Scientific Mgmt

training workers in methods developed by Sci. Mgmt, providing incentives, giving leadership support

ideal model of communication?

transactional communication

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)Â

tried to balance power more equally b/w labor and mgmt; outlawed the closed-shop (which required union membership before employment)

devil effect

ugly: dumb, poor, dishonest

Covert Operations

undercover actions in which the prime mover country appears to have had no role

Property deviance

unethical behavior aimed at the organization;s property or products

Production deviance

unethical behavior that hurts the quality and quantity of work produced

Workplace deviance

unethical behavior that violates organizational norms about right and wrong

self concepts emphasize?

uniqueness

Attribution theory

very general causal attributions (crying-sad, laughing-happy)

snarl words?

very negative

influence

viewed as the essence or equivalent of leadership by some; ability to get others to do something desired by the person doing the influencing

What is a program or piece of code that is loaded onto your computer without your knowledge and runs against your wishes?

virus

Visible artifacts

visible signs of an organization's culture, such as the office design and layout, company dress code, nd company benefits and perks, like stop options, personal parking spaces or the private company dining room

supplementary speech aids

visual, audio, audiovisual, and computerized graphic

proxy wars

wars in the 3rd world-often civil wars in which the US & Soviet Union jockeyed for position by supplying & advising opposing factions

selective exposure

we attend to msg that are in accord with our already held attitudes

social information-processing theory

we can communicate relational and emotional messages via the internet, but it just takes longer due to lack of non-verbals.

impression formation theory

we make up stories about people

selective retention

we remember what is consistent with preexisting attitudes and interest

WOTS-UP analysis

weaknesses, opportunities, threats and strengths underlying planning

attention

what you attend to or notice in your environment

selection

what you choose to focus on within a range of stimuli in your environment

self concepts describe?

what you could or want to be

Constant organizational culture

when a company actively defines and teaches organizational values, beliefs, and attitudes

Principle of selective exposure

who do people surround themselves with?

Johari model of self disclosure

window of self (open,blind,hidden,unknown)

Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1842

with Great Britain delimited northeastern U.S. (Maine) boundary.

Oregon Treaty 1846

with Great Britain extended U.S. sole dominion to the Pacific.

Adams-Onis Treaty 1819

with Spain, transferring Florida, extended the U.S. to present boundaries in southeast.

relative words

words that gain their meaning by comparison

rejection?

you disagree with the person, you are unwilling to accept somethin the other person says or does

demographics

your listeners' characteristics based on their descriptions and backgrounds--include such factors as age, gender, religion, ethnicity, education, occupation, and race

referent power

 based on the follower's liking, admiration or respect for the leader

Opinion Maker's duties

"-Present options for constituents

2 factors that make up congressman's stance on trade

"-constituency

Faults of Containment

"-ideolical threat of communism

United Nations Security Council Resolution 242

"1967 - adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 22, 1967 in the aftermath of the Six Day War. It was adopted under Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter. [1] The resolution was framed by Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg and British ambassador Lord Caradon.

What is a Protectorate?

"A Protectorate is a relationship between a strong sovereign state and a semisovereign state or an area not recognized as a state. Two traditional reasons for their establishment:

Who was Aaron Copland?

(November 14, 1900 - December 2, 1990) was an American composer of concert and film music. Instrumental in forging a uniquely American style of composition, he was widely known as "the dean of American composers." Copland's music achieved a difficult balance between modern music and American folk styles, and the open, slowly changing harmonies of many of his works are said to evoke the vast American landscape.

profitability

(goes beyond dollars) - the benefit resulting from an activity

Who was John Marshall?

1755-1835 Supreme court chief justice nominated by John Adams in 1801. In the landmark case Marbury v. Madison (1803), Marshall held that the Supreme Court could overturn a law passed by Congress if it violated the Constitution, legally cementing the power of judicial review. The Marshall Court also made several important decisions relating to federalism. Marshall took a broad view of the powers of the federal government—in particular, the interstate commerce clause and the necessary and proper clause. For instance, in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the Court ruled that the interstate commerce clause and other clauses permitted Congress to create a national bank, even though the power to create a bank is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution. Similarly, in Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), the Court found that the interstate commerce clause permitted Congress to regulate interstate navigation. The Marshall Court also made several decisions restraining the actions of state governments. The notion that the Supreme Court could consider appeals from state courts was established in Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816) and Cohens v. Virginia (1821). In several decisions, the Marshall Court confirmed the supremacy of federal laws over state laws. For example, in the aforementioned decision in McCulloch v. Maryland, the Court held that a state could not tax an agency of the federal government. At the same time, however, the Marshall Court held in the landmark case Barron v. Baltimore (1833) that the Bill of Rights restricted the federal government alone, and did not apply to the states. Nonetheless, the Supreme Court would in later years hold that the Fourteenth Amendment had the effect of applying the Bill of Rights to the states.

Who was Harriet Beecher Stowe?

1811-1896 an abolitionist, and writer of more than 10 books, the most famous being Uncle Tom's Cabin which describes life in slavery.

Who was Mark Rothko?

1903-1970 Russian-born American Jewish painter who is often classified as an abstract expressionist. Among the founders of the New York School, his work concentrated on basic emotions, often filling the canvas with very few, but intense colours, using little immediately-apparent detail. He killed himself.

Who was Robert Maplethorpe?

1946-1989 an American photographer, famous for his large-scale, highly-stylized black & white portraits, photos of flowers and male nudes. The frank, erotic nature of some of the work of his middle period triggered a more general controversy about the public funding of artworks. His most common themes were portraits of (now) famous people (including Andy Warhol, Deborah Harry, Richard Gere, and Patti Smith)

Sino-Indian War

1962: Dispute over the Himalayan border between India and China.

Prague Spring

1968 - Brief period of liberalization in Czechoslovakia under Alexander Dubcek. In April 1968 he instituted agricultural and industrial reforms, a revised constitution to guarantee civil rights, autonomy for Slovakia, and democratization of the government and the Communist Party. By June, many Czechs were calling for more rapid progress toward real democracy. Although Dubcek believed he could control the situation, the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact countries, alarmed by the threat of a social-democratic Czechoslovakia, invaded the country in August, deposed Dubcek, and gradually restored control by reinstalling hard-line communists as leaders.

NPT

1968 - International agreement intended to prevent the spread of nuclear technology. It was signed by the U.S., Britain, the Soviet Union, and 59 other countries in 1968. The three major signatories agreed not to assist states lacking nuclear weapons to obtain or produce them; the nonnuclear signatories agreed not to attempt to obtain nuclear weapons in exchange for assistance in developing nuclear power for peaceful purposes. France and China, both nuclear powers, declined to ratify the treaty until 1992, and some nuclear powers, including Israel and Pakistan, have never signed it. In 1995, when the treaty was due to expire, it was extended indefinitely by a consensus vote of 174 countries at the United Nations.

What year did the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty take effect? What countries had nues then and now?

1970. U.S., U.K., China, Russia, France had them then. Today Israel, Pakistan, and India do also.

Yom Kippur War

1973: Egypt & Syria attacked Israel. No changes in territory.

Oslo Accords

1993 agreement between Israel and the PLO that promised Palestine its own state one day.

Kurds

25 million Kurds split across 4 countries

Refugees in SW Asia

4 million have been displaced since the US invasion of Afghanistan. Pashtos have moved into western Pakistan.

Kashmir

4 wars over Kashmir between Pakistan and India, including the Kargil Conflict

Balance Sheet

546 A plan and control for the receipt and spending of income over a fixed period Assests= liabilities + shareholders equity

What is a Capability Analysis?

A Capability Analysis is an evaluation by the state of its military, political, diplomatic, and economic abilities to see if it has the means to achieve national interest and foreign policy objectives.

Rule

A followable precription that indicates what behavior is required or preferred and what behavior is prohibited in a specific situation.

Emotional Noises

A form of communication noises caused by emotional arousal

Trigger Word

A form of language that arouses strong emotions in listeners.

Mission Statement

A formal document that states and organizations purpose and reason for existing; and describes its basic philosophy.

Legitimate government

A government generally acknolwedged as being in control of a nation and deserving formal recognition by other countries.

Managerial grid

A grid of two leadership behaviors - concern for people and concern for production - which resulted in five different leadership styles

Confederation

A group of nations or states in which the component states retain considerable independence.

What is a domain name?

A name that identifies one or more IP addresses.

Sedition

Acts that incite rebellion or civil disorder against an established government.

What are Alliances?

Alliances are groups of states in opposition to other groups of states. Each alliance is developed to help the member states promote their national interests and achieve foreign policy objectives.

Who was Charles A. Beard?

Charles Austin Beard (November 27, 1874 - September 1, 1948) was, with Frederick Jackson Turner, the most influential American historian of the early 20th century. As a leader of the "Progressive School" of historiography, he introduced themes of economic self-interest and economic conflict, such as the conflict among industrialists in the Northeast, farmers in the Midwest, and planters in the South that he saw as the cause of the Civil War. His revisionist study of the financial interests of the drafters of the United States Constitution seemed radical in 1913, since he proposed that the U.S. Constitution was a product of economically determinist, land-holding founding fathers. He saw ideology as a product of economic interests. His approach lost favor after 1950 as historians paid more attention to ideology as a force. Beard's interest in progressive higher education was an early one. In 1899, he collaborated with John Ruskin at Oxford in the founding of Ruskin House, the first institution of labor education, and which set in motion a succession of failed attempts in the United States which finally culminated with the founding of the National Labor College in 1999. After resigning from Columbia University in protest in 1917, he helped to found the New School for Social Research in New York, and advised on reconstructing Tokyo after the earthquake of 1923. He supported the new deal.

paraphrasing

Checking the accuracy of your understanding by restating your partners message in your own words.

What is Collective Security?

Collective Security is a power system in which each state would guarantee the security and independence of every other state.

Implementing CIS

Computer operations, System programming, Data entry, Application development, Application maintenance, data management, Communication management End-user computing

Riga Axioms

Conferences that established Soviet Union as a ideolically driven country that cannot be dealt with

Traditional Conflict

Conflict is unnecessary ,conflict is to be feared,conflict is harmful,conflict is a personal failure, immediately stop conflict remove all evidence of conflict , including people.

Organization

Converting information into convenient understandable, and efficient patters that allow us to make sense of what we have observed.

Recovery Stage

Coping with the problem

Ethical Issues for Multinational Corporations

Corruption, Sweatshops, Child labor, Sustainable development

What is Cultural Imperialism?

Cultural Imperialism is the imposition of an alien ideology or civilization on an unwilling society.

which view states that some cultures are higher than others and relates to Darwinism view of humainty?

Cultural evolution

Customer-Driven Organizations

Customers want: High quality, Low price, On-time delivery

In Xcel, what function allows you to automatically list data in alphabetical order?

Data: Sort

Diversity

Describes differences among people at work.How diversity is handled in the workplace reflects the organization's culture

Critiques of Appeassment Theory

Detterents almost always cause War (Security theory)

Oman vs. UAE

Dispute over islands in the strait of Hormuz

Louisa Reef

Disputed between Malaysia and Brunei; Brunei claims an EEZ around the reef.

issue areas

Distinct spheres of international activity (such as global trade negotiations) within which policy makers of various states face conflicts and sometimes achieve cooperation.

Balkanization

Division of a place or country into several small political units, often unfriendly to one another.

Theory X and Theory Y

Douglas McGregor; traditional mgmt (X) views man as lazy, w/o initiative, etc. vs. (Y) - motivation is internal, desire to work like desire to play, etc.

three most common uses for bullet statements in the Air Force?

EPR, award/decoration nomination, talking paper.

Activity in control process

Establishing performance standers, Measuring performance, Comparing measured performance to established standers, Talking corrective actions

Yalta

Feb. 1945 â€" Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met face-to-face at Yalta in the U.S.S.R. to plan for the end of World War II. It was at this conference that Churchill and Roosevelt agreed to the Soviet occupation of much of Eastern Europe. Although the agreements provided for eventual free elections in the countries of Eastern Europe, the Soviets did not comply with that portion of the agreement.

Foreign Policy Objectives?

Foreign Policy Objectives are the goals of a foreign policy, derived by relating a state's national interest to the international situation and the power available to the state.

What are Foreign Policy Objectives?

Foreign Policy Objectives are the goals of a foreign policy, derived by relating a state's national interest to the international situation and the power available to the state.

Fourteen Points

Fourteen goals of the United States in the peace negotiations after World War I. President Woodrow Wilson announced the Fourteen Points to Congress in early 1918. They included public negotiations between nations, freedom of navigation, free trade, self-determination for several nations involved in the war, and the establishment of an association of nations to keep the peace. The "association of nations" Wilson mentioned became the League of Nations. (See also Treaty of Versailles.)

Contingency Theory of Leadership Effectiveness

Fred Fiedler; effectiveness of a particular leadership style depends on the situation

Who was Hegel?

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770-November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher born in Stuttgart, Württemberg, in present-day southwest Germany. He is best known for attempting to elaborate a comprehensive and a system of metaphysics from a logical starting point. Many consider Hegel's thought to represent the summit of early 19th century Germany's movement of philosophical idealism. It would come to have a profound impact on many future philosophical schools, including schools that opposed Hegel's specific dialectical idealism, such as Existentialism, the historical materialism of Karl Marx, historicism, and British Idealism.

Hard Power

Getting others to do what another says

What is deism?

Historical and modern deism is defined by the view that reason, rather than revelation or tradition, should be the basis of belief in God. Deists reject both organized and revealed religion and maintain that reason is the essential element in all knowledge. Deism has become identified with the classical belief that God created but does not intervene in the world, though this is not a necessary component of deism.

directive leadership

House's Path-Goal theory; used in complex, non-routine jobs

supportive leadershipÂ

House's Path-Goal theory; used in routine, repetitive situations

naturalist school of law

Humans, by nature, have certain rights and obligations. Lockian thought.

Buber

I-IT(impersonal) and I-Thou(interpersonal) communications

What is an aspect of procedural justice theory in management?

If you are giving negative feedback on job performance, you must make it clear why negative feedback is being given.

Cognitive dissidence

Ignoring or schewing information unfavorable to a person's opinion

What is Integral Nationalism?

Integral Nationalism glorifies the state as the highest focus of individual loyalties.

What is Intelligence?

Intelligence is information gathered by the state about another state's capabilities and intentions.

What part of communication is the way you sit/look?

Interactional/transactional

Noise

Interference, either literal or psychological, that hinders the accurate encoding or decoding of a message.

Israel vs. Lebanon

Israel has invaded Lebanon 3 times, most recently in 2006

Why is broadcasting a useful feature in e-mail systems?

It allows you to simultaneously send the same message to multiple recipients.

Why is the "extemporaneous" approach to speaking appealing?

It is the least hostile and most intimate form of communicating with an audience. You are able to speak "off the cuff," but may also use speaking aids, such as index cards, outlines, etc.

Potsdam

Jul.-Aug. 1945 -- A city of northeast Germany on the Havel River near Berlin. The city was the site of the Potsdam Conference, at which American, British, and Soviet leaders drew up preliminary plans for the postwar administration of Germany and assigned various captured territories to Poland.

three responsibilities of commanders and supervisors-their staffs and subordinates-when it comes to orginizational communication?

Keep communication channels open, maintain an environment conducive to communication; and communicate effectively.

Defensive Communication

Language that creates a climate of hostility and mistrust.

Supportive Communication

Language that creates a climate of trust, caring and acceptance.

Homophobic Language

Language that overtly denigrates persons of non-heterosexual orientations, usually arising out of a fear of being labeled gay or lesbian

Democratic Leaders

Leaders who solicit input from all members of the group and then allow the members to make the final decision through a vote.

Transformational leaders

Leaders who stimulate and inspire followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes

Behavioral Theories

Leadership theories that identified behaviors that differentiated effective leaders from ineffective leader

LDCs

Least developed countries - Countries, located mainly in Africa, Asia and Latin America, with economics that rely heavily on the production of agriculture and raw materials and whose per capita GDP and standard of living are substantially below Western standards.

Laws, Values, & Ethical Behavior

Legal behavior is not necessarily ethical behavior. Personal values help determine individual ethical behavior: Terminal values and Instrumental values

Extradition

Legal process by whih one government may obtain custody of individuals from another government in order to put them on trial.

Who was Mary Cassat?

Lived 1844-1926. American impressionist artist who worked in Paris. After experimenting with different printmaking techniques like etching and aquatint she finally discovered drypoint combined with aquatint as her favorite intaglio process. Between 1889 and 1890 she created a set of twelve wonderful drypoints. From 1890 to 1891 she made a series of ten color prints, known as The Ten. This series is considered as a landmark in Impressionist printmaking.

During the editing phase, what specifically are you looking for?

Look for basic grammatical errors and correct format. Check for complete paragraphs and sentences, then compare it to your outline to ensure you have included all of the main points and subpoints you intended to cover.

Supervisory Management

Managers who design and carry out operational plans for the ongoing daily activities of the firm.

Strategic Goals

Mission statement, Strategic plans, Past Experience, Feedback from External Environment, Control System Design

Liberal Democrats

Most disadvantaged party because of the British FPTP/SMD

nonaligned movement

Movement of third world states, led by India and Yugoslavia, that attempted to stand apart from the U.S.-Soviet rivalry during the Cold War.

peace movements

Movements against specific wars or against war and militarism in general, usually involving large numbers of people and forms of direct action such as street protests.

National liberation movements

Movements that arise in developing nations to expel colonial powers.

Kwame Nkrumah

Nationalist leader and president of Ghana (1960â€"66). Nkrumah worked as a teacher before going to the U.S. to study literature and socialism (1935â€"45). In 1949 he formed the Convention People's Party, which advocated nonviolent protests, strikes, and noncooperation with the British authorities. Elected prime minister of the Gold Coast (1952â€"60) and then president of independent Ghana, Nkrumah advanced a policy of Africanization and built new roads, schools, and health facilities. After 1960 he devoted much of his time to the Pan-African movement, at the expense of Ghana's economy. Following an attempted coup in 1962, he increased authoritarian controls, withdrew from public life, increased contacts with communist countries, and wrote works on political philosophy. With the country facing economic ruin, he was deposed in 1966 while visiting Beijing.

NICs

Newly industrialized countries - Less developed countries whose economies and whose trade now include significant amounts of manufactured products. As a result, these countries have a per capita GDP significantly higher than the average per capita GDP for less developed countries.

Para Language (vocalics)

Non - Verbal aspects of voice(e.g. pitch, rate, volume,use of silence.)

Immediacy

Non verbal behavior such as eye contact, foward lean, touch and open body orientation that communicate feelings of liking pleasure and closeness. the degree of interest or attraction we feel toward and communicate to others

Quasi- Courtship Behavior

Non verbal behaviors exhibited both consciously and unconsciously when we are attracted to someone.

What excuses do jewish and islamic men need to divorce their wives?

None. They can divorce with no explanation. Women can only divorce in a few circumstances.

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement - An economic agreement among Canada, Mexico and the US that wen into effect on Jan 1, 1994. It will eliminate most trade barriers by 2009 and will also eliminate or reduce restrictions on foreign investments and other financial transactions among the NAFTA countries.

What are North-South relations?

North-South relations are the relationship between industrialized, developed countries (the North) and mostly poor, developing countries (the South). Most developed countries are geographically north of Lesser Developed Countries

Where are the Adirondack Mountains?

Northeast New York state. It is a resort area.

Washington Naval Disarmament Conference

November 1921-February 1922 â€" U.S., China, Japan and the powers of Europe attended. Three treaties resulted. The Five-Powers Treaty, adopted by France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and the United States, established a ratio for the size of each navy, placed a ten-year ban on the building of warships, put restrictions on submarine warfare, and outlawed poisonous gas. The other treaties dealt with issues in the Pacific, including the Open Door Policy and China’s territorial integrity.

Wilson Suffers Stroke

Oct. 3, 1919 -- Wilson suffered a catastrophic, disabling stroke while campaigning for passage of the Versailles Treaty. The campaign was cut short and Wilson was never the same. This doomed any chance of passage of the treaty as Wilson, in this disabled state, withdrew from negotiations with Senate Republicans and refused to entertain any amendments to the treaty.

Peace

P associated with International institutionalism, world order, and diplomacy

Power

P associated with Realism, competition of power, and coersion

Principles

P associated with democratic idealism, global democracy, and politics

Prosperity

P associated with economic liberalism, global capitalism, and economy

schlieffen Plan

Plan of attack used by the German armies at the outbreak of World War I. It was named after its developer, Count Alfred von Schlieffen (1833â€"1913), former chief of the German general staff. To meet the possibility of Germany's facing a war against France in the west and Russia in the east, Schlieffen proposed that, instead of aiming the first strike against Russia, Germany should aim a rapid, decisive blow with a large force at France's flank through Belgium, then sweep around and crush the French armies against a smaller German force in the south. The plan used at the beginning of World War I had been modified by Helmuth von Moltke, who reduced the size of the attacking army and was blamed for Germany's failure to win a quick victory.

poisoning the well"?

Poisoning the well is a logical fallacy where adverse information about someone is pre-emptively presented to an audience, with the intention of discrediting or ridiculing everything that person is about to say.

Referent Power

Power that is derived from an individuals personal charisma and the respect and/or admiration the individual inspires.

Legitimate Power

Power that is derived from and individuals position in an organization.

Wilson's 14 points?

Presented at Peace Talks (1919) at end of WWI: Versailles. St. Germain and Trianon Treaties. Free trade and lower tariffs. Reductions is armaments. Decolonization of empires. Self determination with trusteeships. CREATE INTERNATIONAL PEACEKEEPING FORCE WITH COLLECTIVE SECURITY PROVISION (LEAGUE OF NATIONS AND ARTICLE 10 OF LEAGUE CHARTER)

Bush Doctrine

Preventive/Preemptive war against potential aggressors before they are capable of mounting attacks against the United States

phases of the speaking process?

Prewriting, drafting, editing, and presentation phase.

Social Comparison

Process of comparing ones self to others to measure ones worth in relationship to others who are simular

Marshall Plan?

Program of European economic recovery after World War II, financed by the United States. Britain, France, West Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium, and Italy were main recipients. Named for United States Secretary of State George Marshall and supported by President Truman.

Key customer service lessons:

Protect reputation for quality products. Treat customers right.

What three components are evaluated in the introduction of a written or spoken presentation?

Purpose,motivation, and overveiw.

According to Dr. Kline, what properties of voice?

Quality, intelligibility and variety.

Second Guessing

Questions the assumptions underlying a message

Radio Free Europe?

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is a radio and communications organization which is funded by the United States Congress. The organization exists in Europe and the Middle East. It broadcasts more than 1,000 hours per week, in 28 languages, via shortwave, AM, FM and the internet. RFE/RL's mission statement is: "To promote democratic values and institutions by disseminating factual information and ideas." The National Committee for a Free Europe was founded in June 1949 in New York. RFE was the broadcasting arm of this organization. The headquarters was established in Munich and it transmitted its first short-wave program on July 4, 1950, to Czechoslovakia. The organization received its funds from the Congress of the United States and until 1971 they were passed to RFE through the CIA. The broadcasts were part of a general CIA psychological warfare campaign directed behind the Iron Curtain.

What section is used to evaluate punctuation, grammar, and spelling?

Readability and Mechanics.

Earth Summit. 1992

Representatives of more than 175 nations, including the United States, met at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, which produced a treaty on climate change and was the largest international meeting on the environment ever convened.

Non-programmed Decisions

Responses to infrequent, unforeseen, or very unusual problems and opportunities, where the manager does not have a precedent to follow in decision-making.

Soviet New Economic Policy

Restored private ownership to small parts of the economy, loosened trade restrictions, and tried to regain alliances with foreign countries. Succeeded in creating an economic recovery after the devastating effects of WWI.

Discribe the revising phase.

Revising is a finishing step to improve the communication based on the editing phase and the feedback from the reveiwers. You revise or rewrite your draft to make it into a more formal presentation.

Kuril Islands

Russia took posession of the islands after the Russo-Japanese War but they are still in dispute.

Pedra Branca

Singapore and Malaysia dispute ownership of the islands in the Singapore strait. ICJ ruled the Malaysia has no title to the Pedra Branca.

SIB?

Single idea bullet.

Name some elements of national power.

Size, location, climate, topography of a national territory, natural resources and production, population and demographics, size and efficiency of industry, extent/effectiveness of transportation and the media, science and technology, military, political economic and social system, quality of diplomacy, policies/attitudes of leadership, national character/moale.

Where do the majority of UN troops come from?

Smaller countries. The top 5 troop donating nations are India, Nigeria, Jordan, Bangladesh, and Australia. The US is the top money donator to the UN, but it donates few troops.

What is the Social Contract?

Social contract theory (or contractarianism) is a concept used in philosophy, political science and sociology to denote an implicit agreement within a state regarding the rights and responsibilities of the state and its citizens, or more generally a similar concord between a group and its members, or between individuals. All members within a society are assumed to agree to the terms of the social contract by their choice to stay within the society without violating the contract; such violation would signify a problematic attempt to return to the state of nature. It has been often noted, indeed, that social contract theories relied on a specific anthropological conception of man as either "good" or "evil". Thomas Hobbes (1651), John Locke (1689) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762) are the most famous philosophers of contractarianism, which is the theoretical groundwork of democracy. It is also one of a few competing theoretical groundworks of liberalism, but Rousseau's social contract is often seen as conflicting with classical liberalism which advocates protection of individual liberty from the will of the community.

In what manner did Socrates describe speech? How did this correlate to a speech structure?

Socrates analogized the parts of a speech to a body of an animal having a head(Introduction), body, and tail(Conclusion).

prisoners of war (POWs)

Soldiers who have surrendered (and who thereby receive special status under the laws of war).

Uzbekistan conflicts

Some ethnic problems. The Islamic Movement of Uzbek. causes some instability.

Specific other perspective

Specific past behaviors used to predict future

Ethics training

Structured programs that help participants to understand ethical aspects of decision making. Helps people incorporate high ethical standards into daily life.

Qualitative method/analysis

Study through an in-depth investigation of a limited number of cases.

Taiwan (Quemoy)

Taiwan occupes Quemoy, 3 miles from the Chinese mainland, which heightens tensions

Other-Oriented

Taking other's feelings into account

Where would you most likely use an SIB?

Talking paper, point paper, or bullet background paper.

three areas to focus on when preparing a speach?

Technical accuracy and coverage, arrangement and flow, and presentation and delivery.

sustainable development

The ability to continue to improve the quality of life of those in the industrialized countries and, particularly, those in the less developed countries while simultaneously protecting the Earth's biosphere.

Visionary Leadership

The ability to create and articulate a realisitic, credible, and attractive vision of the future that improves upon the current situation.

Power

The ability to influence others to behave in a particular way.

merchandise trade

The import and export of tangible manufactured goods and raw materials.

Content

The information, ideas or suggested actions that a communicatior wishes to express what is said.

Meta- Message

The message about the message

Ecoding

The process of translating ideas feelings, and thoughts that have been translated into a code.

Rhetoric

The process of using symbols to influence or persuade others.

ABC Democrats

The promotion by the US of any government opposed to communism regardless of human rights violations

What are islam's three holy books?

The quran, hadith, and sunna. Respectively gods words to Muhammed, Muhammed's sayings, and Muhammed's deeds.

Civil disobedience

The refusal to obey a lay out of a belief that the law is morally wrong. David Thoreau, Ghandi, Martin Luther King.

Health Communication

The study of communication that has an impact on human health.

What is Leavenworth?

There are two US prisons in Leavenworth, Kansas. One is for the military, one is for civilians. Both are maximum security. The military one houses the US Military's Death Row.

Who patented the movie camera?

Thomas Edison.

How are transitional devices valuable tools when arranging the elements your message?

Transitional devices, when woven skillfully into your message, can assist your audience in following your train of thought.

devices are used to ensure the continuity of thought?

Transitions and interim summaries are used to ensure the continuity of thought.

What nations oppose the ICC?

US, China, Israel, Zimbabwe.

What counrty has the most nobel prizes?

USA.

What is the core culture

Underlying assumptions and beliefs that influence behavior and contribute to the observable culture.

What is Unilateralism?

Unilaterialism is a state's dependence on its own power to maxime security and achieve national interests.

Raw Data

Unprocessed facts and figures

expatriation.

Voluntary departure from the nation of one's birth for permanent or prolonged residence in another nation.

Communication Channels

Ways of Communicating, Can be rich(face to face) or poor(e-mail)

What is observable culture

What one sees and hears when walking around an organization.

rational choice theory

When making political decisions or voting, people calculate the expected gains and costs of a particular action and choose accordingly.

Russia, Nigeria, Mexico

Which of the states we have studied are federal systems.

Theory Y assumes that workers are:

Willing to work, Capable of self control, Willing to accept responsibility, Imaginative and creative, Capable of self-direction

What is World Government?

World Government is a theoretical power system in which all states would surrender their sovereignty and create a supranational state to govern the affairs of the entire world.

WTO

World Trade Organization - the organization that replaced GATT as an organization and now implements it as a treaty.

Message

Written, spoken and unspoken elements of communication to which people assign meaning

What is Xenophobia?

Xenophobia is the fear and distrust of foreigners and the policies and objectives of other states.

Social Self

Your concept of self as developed through your personal, social interactions with others.

SPIRITUAL-SELF

Your concept of self, based on beliefs and your sense of who you are in relationship to other forces in the universe, also includes your thoughts and introspections about your values and moral standards.

Self Image

Your view of yourself in a particular situation or circimstance.

What is Zionism?

Zionism is a movement which promotes political, economic, financial, and military support for Israel.

low context culture

a culture that relies heavily on language to make messages especially of relational nature explicit

slack resources

a cushion of extra resources that can be used with options-based planning to adapt to unanticipated change, problems, o opportunities

Devil's advocacy

a decision-making method in which an individual or a sub group is assigned the role of a critic

Brainstorming

a decision-making method in which group members build on each others' ideas and generate many alternative solutions

Electronic Brainstorming

a decision-making method in which group members use computers to build on each others' ideas and generate many alternative solutions

Delphi technique

a decision-making method in which members of a panel of experts respond to questions and to each other until reaching agreement on an issue

Nominal group technique

a decision-making method that begins and ends by having group members quietly write down and evaluate ideas to be shared with the group

socialism

a political/economic system in which the government plays a major role (usually ownership) in determining the use of productive resources and the allocation of valuable goods and services; may be democratic or authoritarian

Relative comparisons

a process in which each criterion is compared directly to every other

Absolute comparisons

a process in which each criterion is compared to a standard or ranked on its own merits

rent seeking

a process in which political leaders essentially rent out parts of the state to their own patrons, who as a result control public goods that would otherwise be distributed in a nonpolitical manner.

protectorate

a relationship between a strong sovereign nation and a weak one. The strong then controls the weak.

defensive listening

a response style in which the receiver perceives the speaker's comments as an attack

supporting

a response style in which the receiver reassures comforts or distracts the person seeking help

confirming response

a response that conveys valueing caring and or respecting another person

security dilemma

a situation in which actions states take to ensure their own security (such as deploying more military forces) are perceived as threats to the security of other states

prisoner's dilemma

a situation modeled by game theory in which rational actors pursuing their individual interests all achieve worse outcomes than they could have by working together

Reactive strategy

a social responsiveness strategy in which a company does less than society expects

topical method of issue arrangement

a speaker explains an idea in terms of its component part

signposting

a speaker states where the listeners have been, where they are presently, and forecasts where they are going

impromptu speaking

a speaker uses information acquired from experience, speaks with little or no preparation, and organizes ideas while he or she is communicating

professional paper

a speech in which the presenter briefs his or her audience on some findings that relate to the speaker or the listeners' area of interest

memorized speech mode

a speech is written out word for word and then committed to memory

Policy

a standing plan that indicated the general course of action that should be taken in response to a particular event or situation

Procedure

a standing plan that indicates the specific steps that should be taken in response to a particular event

Vision

a statement of a company's purpose or reason for existing

convergence

accomodating ones speaking style to another person who usually is desirable or has higher status

Counter terrorism

activities to stop terrorists from using fore and responding when they do

rational actors

actors conceived of as single entities that can "think" about their actions coherently, make choices, identify their interests, & rank the interests in terms of priority

Communication accomodation theory

adjustment of behavior to fit the behavior of others

Herbert Simon

adminstrative man model of decision-making; 3 phases of decision making (Nobel prize winner)

Social consensus

agreement on whether behavior is bad or good

language distortion where one assumes that all can be known or is known about a given person?

allness

which term applies to asking the receiver to approach your message in a particular role or as someone else?

altercast

Product boycott

an advocacy group tactic that involves protesting a company's action by convincing consumers not to purchase its products or service

Public communications

an advocacy group tactic that relies on voluntary participation by the news media and the advertising industry to get the advocacy group's message out

Coalition

an alliance of political groups formed to oppose a common foe or pursue a common goal.

prospect theory

an alternative explanation of decisions made under risk or uncertainty

comprimise

an approach to conflict resoloution in which both parties attain atleast part of what they seek through self sacrifice

lose-lose problem solving

an approach to conflict resoloution in which neither parties achieve their goals

Integrative conflict resolution

an approach to dealing with conflict in which both parties deal with the conflict by indicating their preferences and hen working together to find an alternative that meets the needs of both

Delphi method

an approach to technological forecasting; used w/ expert respondents in the field of interest; getting individuals to state their judgments, review them, and make a final judgment about some question

plurality system

an electoral system in which election winners are determined by which candidate receives the largest number of votes (regardless of whether or not a majority is received)

single-member district

an electoral system in which voters choose an individual running for office in each legislative district (also called "first past the post" if the winner is chosen by a plurality)

run-off elections

an electoral system that requires winners to earn a majority of votes cast; in cases where no candidate wins a majority in the election, least successful candidates are removed form the ballot and another election is held

Stable environment

an environment in which the rate of change is slow

Simple environment

an environment with few environmental factors

Complex environment

an environment with many environmental factors

Principle of personal virtue

an ethical principle that holds that you should never do anything that is not honest, open, and truthful

Principle of utilitarian benefit

an ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that does not result in greater good for society

Principle of distributive justice

an ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that harms the least fortunate among us

Principle of individual rights

an ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that infringes on others; agreed-upon rights

win-lose conflicts

approach to conflict resoloution in which one party reaches it's goal at the expense of the others

win-win problem solving

approach to conflict resoloution in which the parties work together all to satisfy their goals

Functional managers

are responsible for a single area of activity.

General managers

are responsible for more complex units that include many functional areas.

Line managers

are responsible for work activities that directly affect organization's outputs.

Landrum-Griffin Act (1959)

attempted to eliminate racketeering from org. labor, to promote union democracy and self-government, and to provide for closer supervision by the Federal gov.

self concept components

attitudes, beliefs, values

halo

attractive: smart, happy, rich, honest

Group Think

attributes decisions to the most intelligent; the way people interact often affect decision making and group decisions are often the best guided

coercive power

based on ability to inflict punishment or deprive others of something valued

Why is communication a process?

because it is ever changing, ongoing activity

psychological noises"?

cognitive or mental interference

Why study communication?

communicate to satisfy needs, provide a meaning that others will understand

metacommunication?

communication about communication

Asynchronous Commuication

communication in which timing is out of sync there is a time delay between when you send a message and when you receive it.

Interpersonal Communication

communication that occurs simultaniously between two people who attempt to mutually influence each other, usually for the purpose of managing relationship.

Impersonal Communication

communication that treats people as objects or that responds only to their roles, rather thanto who they are as quique people.

Synchronous Communication

communications in which message occurs in real time when you speak or write someone immediate responds to your message

Competitors

companies in the same industry that sell similar products or services to customers

suppliers

companies that provide material, human, financial, and informational resources to other companies

sympathy

compassion for another situation

Reparation

compensation demanded by a victorious nation from a defeated nation.

unitary state

concentration of political power in a central government as opposed to federalism

inferential statement

conclusion arrived at from an interpretation of evidence

expected value

conditional value of alternative times probability of state of nature

what is it called when you acknowledge the presence of the other person but also accept the person?

confirmation

normative analysis

consideration based upon preferences and values about what things should be like

audience analysis

consists of assessing the demographics psychographic, and rhetorographic characteristics of your prospective listeners

Types of teams:task force

consists of members from different departments who have gotten together to achieve a task, usually the team is disbanded when the project is acomplished.

worker performance and morale

contribute to productivity, product quality, and reputation of organization not only for its goods and services but also as a place to work

denotative level

conveys content and is literal and restrictive meaning of a word

connotative level

conveys feelings, people create personal and subjective meaning

Rogue States

countries that break international norms and produce, sell, or use weapons

internation communication

country based communication

long-range plans

covering a period of more than one year into the future

Geert Hofstede

created a framework of culture

Ninth International Conference of American States 1948

created the Organization of American States (OAS) to intensify U.S. and Latin American collaboration in all fields.

which term describes the difference of culture but that not any one is better or worse than the others?

cultural relativism

meanings are

culture bond, and context bond

manager performance and development

deal w/ a critical aspect of the firm - quality of mgmt and continuous availability and updating of managerial competence

reviever

decoder

Who are the listeners and readers?

decoders

act of receiving messages and translating the sound waves?

decoding

steps in problem-solving and decision-making

define the problem, analyze info and try to understand cause-and-effect relations, generate alternative solns, identify criteria, make decision, develop action/contingency plans

statement of central idea

defines the subject and develops the criteria by which to evaluate the material to be included in the speech

Representative

delegates of people are of the people and are also citizens and share values with their constituents

unicameral

describing a legislative body consisting of one house

contrast method of issue arrangement

developing the ideas by giving specific examples of differences between the two types of institutions

body of a speech

develops through major points as well as any sub-points needed to develop the speaker's central idea

semantic noise.

different meanings are used by speaker and listener (such as people speaking a different language or speaking more complexly than the listener comprehends)

assertion

direct perception of sender's needs, thoughts, or feelings delievered in a way that does not attack the reciever's dignity

Which part of language communicates your meaning explicitly and leaves little doubt for the thoughts you are trying to convey?

direct speech

C-Type conflict (cognitive)

disagreement that focuses on problem-and issue-related differences of opinion

A-type Conflict (affective)

disagreement that focusses on individual or personal issues

punctuation of communication consist of?

dividing parts of communication into stimuli and responses

specialization (division of labor)

dividing the work into very simple or basic tasks

organizing function

dividing work, grouping resources, est. structure of authority/responsibility, devising means for coordination of parts

monetary policy

domestic government policies affecting interest rates and the supply of money available within an economy.

Employee shrinkage

employee theft of company merchandise

Sweatshops

employing workers at low wages for long hours and in poor working conditions.

act of producing a message?

encoding

method of speech development

encompasses how you plan to approach the presentation

speaking setting

encompasses where the speech is given, what the time limit is, when the presentation is made, and the attitude of the audience

Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty (Camp David Accords) 1979

ended 30 years of conflict between the two countries and provided possible framework for comprehensive peace in the Middle East.

Alaska purchase 1867

ended Russian territorial presence and completed U.S. expansion on North American mainland.

The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia 1995

ended the Bosnian civil war by providing for NATO troops to serve as peacekeepers.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848

ending 1846-48 war with Mexico, confirmed U.S. claim to Texas and completed U.S. expansion to Pacific.

values

enduring concepts of good bad, right or wrong

Treaty of Alliance with France, 1778

engineered by Benjamin Franklin, enabled the fledgling republic to continue its struggle for independence

quality work life

factors in a work environment that are negative or positive that affect an inviduals work life, well being and job satisfaction.

insensitive listeners

failure to recognize the thoughts or feelings that are not directly expressed by a speaker instead accepting the speakers words at face value

messages sent back to the speaker reacting to what was said?

feedback

questioning

feedback that usually request the speaker to supply additional information in order to clarify or expand the receivers understanding

low-monitored-high-monitored dimension of feedback?

feedback varies from spontaneous and totally honest to carefully constructed responses

Advocacy groups

groups of concerned citizens who band together to try to influence the business practices of specific industries, businsesses and professions

topic outline

has words or phrases for all entries and usually has little or no punctuation after entries

parliamentary system

head of government is chosen by and serves at the pleasure of the legislature

Sanctions against S. Africa

helped to bring an end to apartheid in 1991.

advising

helping response in which the reciever offers suggestions about how the speaker should deal with a problem

technocrats

highly-educated bureaucrats who make decisions based on their perceptions of technical issues rather than political ones

indirect communication

hinting at a message instead of expressing thoughts and feelings directly

An element in an electronic document that links to another place in the same document or to an entirely different document is called what?

hyperlink

sense of ethics

ideas of what is right and equitable and fair

soft power

if a state's values become widely shared among other states, it will easily influence others

Corruption

illegal practices that further one's business interests.

Which feedback may take awhile to get to a person?

immediate-delayed

case method of organizational speech structure

in which the speaker discusses the central idea without breaking it into sub points

resources

include capital, physical plant and equipment

Business confidence indices

indices that show managers' level of confidence about future business growth

term for communicating in a roundabout way?

indirect speech

individualist culture.

individual values such as power, achievement, hedonism, and stimulation (Americans fall under this category) success is measured by how well you outshine others, and you are responsible for you and you alone.

Radical (Military Inustrial) Model

individuals are not bureaucratically, but socially

high power distance culture

inequalities expected, children respect parents, teachers take initiative, hierarchy is normal

low power distance culture

inequalities minimized, parents and kids equal, students take initiative, hierarchy is exploitive

communication characteristics

inescapable, irreversible, complicated, emphasizes content and relationship, governed by rules

speeches about events

inform the audience about something that has already happened, is happening, or is expected to happen

Characteristic of org information

information Data that have been deliberately selected, processed, and organized to be useful to an individual manager

high-context culture?

information shared through assumptions, information is communicated but not stated explicitly.

feedforward?

information you provide before sending your primary message

dialectical tensions

inherent conflicts that arise when two opposing or incompatible forces exsist simulaneously

leading

inspiring people to work hard to acheive high performance

speeches about processes

instruct the audience about how something works, is made, or is done so that they can apply the skills learned

3 phases of decision-making

intelligence (gathering knowledge leading to an understanding of what decision will have to be made, etc.), design (alternative courses of actions are invented), choice (actual decision is made)

statement of the central idea of a speech

intended to keep the speaker on course for developing a purposeful and well-organized speech

qualitative interpersonal communication

interaction in which people treat one another as unique individuals reguardless of the context in which the interaction occurs or the number of people involved

physical noise?

interference that is external to both speaker and listener

in which communication type do you interact with others, normally two people?

interpersonal

10Â roles involved in mgmt

interpersonal (figurehead, leader, liaison), informational (monitor, desseminator, spokesperson), decisional (entrepreneur, distrubance handler, resource-allocator, negotiator)

innovation

introduction of things that are new - technology, methods, ideas, and new products and services

public communication

involves a transaction between a speaker and an audience

initiating structure

involves giving direction and orders, clarifying jobs and roles, explaining objectives and pressuring subordinates for task performance

Competitive analysis

is a process for monitoring the competition that involves identifying competition, anticipating their moves, and determining their strengths and weaknesses

face

is the most significant place to express emotion

perception

is the process of making sense of the world around us

COMMUNICATION

is the process of making sense out of the world and sharing that sense with others by creating meaning through the use of verbal and nonverbal messages

equivocal language

language with one or more interpretations

examples of culture?

language, laws, religion, ways of acting/thinking

consideration

leadership behaviors include showing interest in the personal life and well-being of the employee, being warm and friendly, and listening to the employee's ideas

acculturation

learning about other cultures through interaction

5 Types of managers

line, staff, functional, general, and administrators

phonological rules

linguistic rules governing how sounds are combined to form words

empathetic listening

listening in which the goals are to help the speaker solve a problem

critical listening

listening in which the goals are to judge the quality or accuracy of the speaker's remarks

Asynchronous Listening

listening to recorded messages such as those on an answering machine or voice mail which do not allow you to get an opportunity for you to get a response to your feedback.

partitioning step

listing of how the main issues will be presented in the speech

RElationship behavior

mutually beneficial, long-term exchanges between buyers and suppliers

parochialism/ethnocentrism

my culture is better than yours

illustrators

non verbal behaviors that accompany and support non verbal messages

NTB

non-tariff barrier - a non-monetary restriction on trade, such as quotas, technical specifications, or unnecessarily lengthy quarantine and inspection procedures.

adaptors

nonverbal behaviors that help satisfy a personal need or help a person adapt or respond to immediate situation; movements that are unintentional body movements in reaction to boredom or stress

Director of National Intelligence

overseer and coordinator of the many agencies involved in production and dissemination of intelligence information in the U.S. government, as well as the president's main intelligence adviser

snap elections

parliamentary elections that take place before the expiration of the legislature's full term. (Also called "anticipated elections."

problem-solving

part of planning process in which problems are defined, understanding of cause-and-effect relationships is acquired, and alternative courses of action are identified

recruitment

part of staffing function; attracting job candidates to the org. so that they may go through the selection process

Title VII (part of EEO)Â

part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964; outlaws discrimination in employment on basis of race, color, religion, nat'l origin, or sex

crazymaking

passive aggressive messages sent in indirect ways that frustrate and confuse the recipiant

masculine culture.

people value male aggressivenes, material success and strength; women are valued for modesty

goal setting theory

people work harder to achieve goals that are specific, accepted by them, and challenging

egocentric communicator

person who creates messages without giving much thought to the person who is listening; a communicator who is felf focused and self-absorbed.

which dimension of feedback centers on the person or on the message?

person-focused message

Stakeholders

persons or groups with a "stake" or legitimate interest in a company's action

context

physical and psychological environment for communication.

decision-making done under risk

probability of event is known or can be estimated - can be assigned a value from 0 to 1.0

decision-making done under uncertainty

probability of event unknown, cannot be estimated

Social responsiveness

refers to a company;s strategy for responding to stakeholders' economic, legal, ethical, or discretionary expectations concerning social responsibility

premises of planning

refers to forecasts about the future environment which serve as the assumptions on which planning is based

Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO)

refers to legislation and governmental and org. policies that require that all persons have the same treatment

Industry regulation

regulations and rules that govern the business practices and procedures of specific industries, businesses, and professions

concrete

related to being able to experience a referent with one of our senses

projects

single-use plans - shorter time span, narrowly focused; bring people together to accomplish a task (e.g. moving furniture)

Gibb Categories

six sets of contrasting styles of verbal and nonverbal behavior

Subsystem

smaller systems that operate within the context of a larger system

Dove

soft liners; avoid conflict and confrontation; passionate and considerate even if it means a deal of naivety

Necessities of Deterrents

states must have the capability and the credibility to utilize deterrents

nation-states

states whose population share a sense of national identity, usually including a language & culture

quantitative research

statistical studies which seek correlations and causations between data

impression management

stratagies used by communicators to influence the way others view them

political participation

the actions by citizens which involve them in the process of selecting leaders and making policies

lecture

the formal presentation of material to facilitate learning

Diplomacy

the formal system of communication and negotiation between countries

transparency

the full, accurate, and timely disclosure of information (dictionary.com definition)

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

the government organization that oversees foreign intelligence-gathering and related classified activities

Disseminator role

the informational role managers play when they share information with others in their departments or companies

political socialization

the institutions and methods of developing and reinforcing significant public beliefs, attitudes, and practices (how does a culture get its people to be good political citizens or subjects?)

state

the organization that maintains a monopoly of force over a given territory

residual message

the part of a message a receiver can recall after short/long term memory loss

self esteem

the part of the self concept that involves evaluations of self worth

Chief information officer

the person over a group that is centralized IS serving the entire organization's needs placed under the control of a top-level manager and link them to top for control , coordination, and guidance.

Percieved self

the person we believe our selves to be in moments of candor

tangible or concrete environment in which communication takes place?

the physical context

Superterrorism

the potential use of weapons of mass destruction in a terrorist attack

political integration

the process of promoting loyalty to and identity with the nation-state over more parochial loyalties

Stages of team development: form development

the stage where the members are becoming aquainted

Stages of team development: storming stage

the stage where the teams development starts happening through personality conflict and personality issues

linguistic determinism

theory that a culture's world view is unavoidably shaped and reflected by the language its members speak

Hegemonic Stability

theory that one state is able to create stability in the international system i.e. Pax Britanica

whorf-sapir hypothesis

theory that the structure of a language shapes the world view of its users

span of control

there is a limit to the number of subordinates a single person can supervise

developmental model

these models propose that the nature of communication is different in various stages of interpersonal relationships

why are speaking and listening skills important?

they hold societies together

How are people with low self-esteem counterintuitive?

they pay more attention to negative evaluations; are more likely to have partners with similar self views; experience worse health after experiencing positive events

constructs

thin/fat smart/dumb opposites and no in-between

variable costs

things that vary w/ the quantity of sales

Maslow's social needs

third level; love (friendship, conversation, etc.)

problem-solution method of issue

used when a speaker attempts to identify what is wrong and to determine how to cure it or make a recommendation for its cure

economic forecastingÂ

uses variety of methods to predict general levels of economic activity for a locality, region, country or the whole world

face work

verbal and nonverbal behavior designed to create and maintain a communicators face and the face of others

Free reign style

when a leader asks his friends and subordinates to take over his leadership position, is characterized by delegation, and his willingness to give advice.

autocratic leadership style

when a leader does not take advice from subbordinates

fact-interference confusion?

when someone makes an inference and thinks its a fact and acts upon it as a fact but really isn't

Synergy

when two or more subsystems working together can produce more than they can working apart

Soldiering

when workers deliberately slow their pace or restrict their work outputs

What is the South American Community of Nations?

will be a continent-wide free trade zone that will unite two existing free-trade organizations—Mercosur and the Andean Community—eliminating tariffs for non-sensitive products by 2014 and sensitive products by 2019. The headquarters of this new organization will be in Lima while the South American Bank will be in Brasilia according to the agreements during the meetings. Complete integration between the Andean Community and Mercosur into the South American Community of Nations is expected by 2007. At the Third South American Summit, on 8 December 2004, presidents or representatives from twelve South American nations signed the Cuzco Declaration, a two-page statement of intent, announcing the foundation of the South American Community. Panama attended the signing ceremony as observer. Leaders announced their intention to model the new community after the European Union, including a common currency, parliament, and passport. According to Allan Wagner, Secretary General of the Andean Community, a complete union like that of the EU should be possible by 2019.

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) agreements 1972

with U.S.S.R. prescribed mutual limitations on defensive and offensive weapons and established SALT as a continuing process.

equivocal words

words that have more than one dictionary definition

Administrators

work in public and nonprofit organizations.

prior to the speech analysis

work that takes place before the speech is given

fourth principle of Scientific Mgmt

work to be divided b/w mgmt and workers

goals

 desired end states

states of nature

 future environmental conditions which are listed and assigned a probability in a payoff matrix

selection process

 part of staffing function; gather info about candidates, choosing those who meet the org.'s criteria

Equity theoryÂ

 people try to maintain or est. an equality b/w their own ratio of what they put in to a job vs. what they get out of it [I/O (self) = I/O (other)]

Reinforcement TheoryÂ

 refers to learning theory and similar behavioristic approaches to understanding and controlling behavior

Bona Fide Occupational Qualifications (BFOQ)

 requires job candidate's race, color, etc. may not be considered or asked about in the hiring process unless legitimately related to job

payoff matrix

 tabular display of 2 or more strategies or choices; conditional values of each under 2 or more possible states of nature; probabilities of these states of nature, resulting expected values; and total expected value

Rootes of Isolationism

"-Monroe Doctrine

Red Guards

"1966-76: were a mass movement of civilians, mostly students and other young people, who were mobilized by Mao Zedong and his allies to defeat their enemies within the struggle for power officially called the Cultural Revolution, between 1966 and 1976.

Dollar diplomacy?

"Dollar diplomacy" was the term used to describe the efforts of the United States — particularly under President William Howard Taft — to further its foreign policy aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power. The term is based on the earlier but related "gunboat diplomacy" — the demonstration or implied threat of superior military power to influence terms of trade and colonialism. The term was originally coined by critics of Philander C. Knox (Taft's secretary of State) who worked aggressively to extend American investments into less-developed regions (especially Latin America and China). At the time, during the largely isolationist-pacifist sentiments in the U.S. showed disapproval for the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Insurrection, and those like Taft who sought to expand the United States' reach saw the use of money as a suitable compromise. The term has historically been used by Latin Americans as a characterization of their disapproval for the role of that the U.S. government — through its support for U.S. corporations — have played in using economic, diplomatic, and military power to invade their economies.

Questions of incompitence of BoP

"Why was it believed US action could be kept covert?

organizing process

"determines what tasks will have to be

planning process

"est. goals, identify problems, find

media richness theory

"identifies richness of a communication medium based on the amount of information, including emotional expression, it communicates.

5 management process functions

"planning, organizing, staffing, directing and

staffing function

"provides the right people to fill the

human communication as an interaction

"reciever responds to source with feedback.

Simple Model of human communication

"source, message, channel message reciever

Who was Voltaire?

(21 November 1694 - 30 May 1778), was a French Enlightenment writer, essayist, deist and philosopher. Voltaire is well-known for his sharp wit, philosophical writings, promotion of the rights of man, and defense of civil liberties, including freedom of religion and the right to a fair trial. He was an outspoken supporter of social reform despite strict censorship laws in France and harsh penalties for those who broke them. A satirical polemist, he frequently made use of his works to criticize Church dogma and the French institutions of his day. Voltaire is considered one of the most influential figures of his time.

Who was Mary Harris Jones?

(August 1, 1837 - November 30, 1930), better known as Mother Jones, was a prominent American labor and community organizer. She helped found the IWW in 1905.

Who was Leonard Bernstein?

(August 25, 1918 - October 14, 1990) was an American composer, pianist and conductor. He was the first conductor born in the United States of America to receive world-wide acclaim, and is known for both his conducting of the New York Philharmonic, including the acclaimed Young People's Concerts series, and his multiple compositions, including West Side Story and Candide.

Who was Fiorello LaGuardia ?

(December 11, 1882-September 20, 1947) was the Mayor of New York from 1934 to 1945. He was popularly known as "the Little Flower," the translation of his Italian first name, also perhaps a reference to his short stature of just 5 feet. According to modern historians, LaGuardia is considered one of New York City's greatest mayors because of his role in leading New York during the Great Depression.

Who was Willa Cather?

(December 7, 1873 - April 24, 1947) is among the most eminent female American authors. She is known for her depictions of US prairie life in novels like O Pioneers!

Who was John L. Lewis?

(February 12, 1880 - June 11, 1969) was a leader of organized labor who served as president of the United Mine Workers of America from 1920 to 1960. He was a major player in the History of coal mining. He was the driving force behind the founding of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, which established the United Steel Workers of America and helped organize millions of other industrial workers in the 1930s. After resigning as head of the CIO in 1941, he took the Mine Workers out of the CIO in 1942, then back into the American Federation of Labor in 1944.

Who was Victor L. Berger?

(February 28, 1860 - August 7, 1929) was a Jewish American United States politician and a founding member of the Socialist Party of America. In 1919 he was convicted of violating the Espionage Act and twice denied a seat in the House of Representatives though elected repeatedly.

Who was J. Edgar Hoover?

(January 1, 1895 - May 2, 1972) was the founder of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in its present form and its director from May 10, 1924 until his death in 1972. Hoover was appointed acting director of the FBI by President Coolidge to reform and clean up the bureau, which was considered a haven of corruption. During his tenure, Hoover attained extraordinary power and unusual discretionary authority, while also feuding with many adversaries. Various accusations have since surfaced: that Hoover had links to the Mafia, that he gathered information for the purposes of blackmail, or that he was a closeted homosexual 'passing' as straight while persecuting others with the same orientation and family history. To date, J. Edgar Hoover is the longest-serving leader of an executive branch agency in the United States, having served under a record eight presidents, from Calvin Coolidge to Richard Nixon; indeed, it is because of Hoover that, since his tenure, FBI Directors have been limited to ten-year terms.

Who was Carl Sandberg?

(January 6, 1878 - July 22, 1967) was an American poet, historian, novelist, balladeer and folklorist. He was born in Galesburg, Illinois of Swedish parents and died at his home, which he named Connemara, in Flat Rock, North Carolina. H. L. Mencken called Carl Sandburg "indubitably an American in every pulse-beat." He was a successful journalist, poet, historian, biographer, and autobiographer. During the course of his career, Sandburg won two Pulitzer Prizes, one for his biography of Abraham Lincoln (Abraham Lincoln: The War Years) and one for his collection The Complete Poems of Carl Sandburg.

Who was Emma Goldman?

(June 27, 1869 - May 14, 1940) was a Lithuanian-born anarcho-communist known for her anarchist writings and speeches. Adopted by First-wave feminists, she has been lionized as an iconic "rebel woman" feminist. Goldman played a pivotal role in the development of anarchism in the US and Europe throughout the first half of the twentieth century. She immigrated to the United States at seventeen and was later deported to Russia, where she witnessed the results of the Russian Revolution. She spent a number of years in the South of France where she wrote her autobiography, Living My Life, and other works, before taking part in the Spanish Civil War in 1936 as the English language representative in London of the CNT-FAI.

Who was Gwendolyn Brooks?

(June 7, 1917 - December 3, 2000) was an award-winning African American woman poet. Her poetry is rooted in the poor and mostly African-American South Side of Chicago. She initially published her poetry as a columnist for the Chicago Defender, an African American newspaper. Although her poems range in style from traditional ballads and sonnets to using blues rhythms in free verse, her characters are often drawn from the poor inner city.

Who was Margaret Fuller?

(May 23, 1810 - June 19, 1850) was a journalist, critic and women's rights activist. Fuller became friends with Ralph Waldo Emerson and was subsequently associated with transcendentalism. She edited the transcendentalist journal, The Dial for the first two years of its existence from 1840 to 1842. When she joined Horace Greeley's New York Tribune as literary critic in 1844, she became the first female journalist to work on the staff of a major newspaper. In the mid-1840s she organized discussion groups of women in which a variety of subjects, such as art, education and women's rights, were debated.

Who was Salmon P. Chase?

1808-1873 Lincoln appointed him to be Chief Justice in 1864. Chase had strong anti-slavery credentials and had previously served Lincoln as Secretary of the Treasury. His post-Civil War tenure featured several key decisions affirming the indestructibility of the Union. Chase continued to serve as Chief Justice until his death in 1873. Many cases that came before the Court in the post-Civil War era involved interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Production blocking

a disadvantage of face-to-face brainstorming in which a group member must wait to share an idea because another member is presenting an idea

Who was Helen Hunt Jackson?

(October 18, 1831-August 12, 1885) was an American writer. In 1879, her interests turned to the plight of the Native Americans after attending a lecture in Boston by Ponca Chief Standing Bear, who described the forcible removal of the Ponca Indians from their Nebraska reservation. Jackson was angered by what she heard regarding the unfair treatment at the hands of government agents and became an activist. She started investigating and publicizing the wrongdoing, circulating petitions, raising money, and writing letters to the New York Times on behalf of the Poncas. She also started writing a book condemning the Indian policy of the government and the history of broken treaties. Because she was in poor health at the time, she wrote with desperate haste. A Century of Dishonor, calling for change from the contemptible, selfish policy to treatment characterized by humanity and justice, was published in 1881

Iran-Contra affair

(i-RAN, i-RAHN, eye-RAN; KON-truh, KOHN-trah) A scandal in the administration of President Ronald Reagan, which came to light when it was revealed that in the mid-1980s the United States secretly arranged arms sales to Iran in return for promises of Iranian assistance in securing the release of Americans held hostage in Lebanon. Proceeds from the arms sales then were covertly and illegally funneled to the Contras, rebels fighting the Marxist Sandinista government in Nicaragua.

parochials

--have little understanding of or concern for what is happening at a governmental level

Scientific Management

-Develop rules of motion, standardized work implements, and proper working conditions for every job. -Carefully select workers with the right abilities for the job. -Carefully train workers and provide proper incentives. -Support workers by carefully planning their work and removing obstacles

Globalization

-National boundaries of world business have largely disappeared. -Globalization is the worldwide interdependence of resource flows, product markets, and business competition that characterize the new economy.

Intellectual capital & Knowledge Workers

-People are the ultimate foundations of organizational performance. -Intellectual capital is the collective brainpower or shared knowledge of a workforce that can be used to create value -A knowledge worker adds to the intellectual capital of an organization.

What top-level domain is assigned to most Canadian companies and organizations?

.ca

What top-level domain is assigned to colleges and universities in the US?

.edu

What top-level domain is assigned to most French companies and organizations?

.fr

What top-level domain is assigned to government organizations in the US?

.gov

What top-level domain is assigned to the Department of Army?

.mil

Who was Roger B. Taney?

1777 - 1864 Supreme court chief justice nominated in 1836 by Andrew Jackson. At a time when sectional tensions between the North and South were high, many of the Supreme Court's decisions—particularly those relating to slavery—met with controversy and contention. Most controversial was the Taney Court's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857). Dred Scott, a slave from Missouri, sued for his freedom on the grounds that his master had taken him into Illinois and the territory of Wisconsin, both of which prohibited slavery, for extended periods of time. Taney, however, ruled that members of the African race, "beings of an inferior order," were not and could never become citizens of the United States. Consequently, he ruled that Scott therefore had no standing to file the lawsuit. Moreover, he held that the Missouri Compromise, under which Congress prohibited slavery in certain territories that formed part of the Louisiana Purchase, was unconstitutional. The controversial decision met with vigorous opposition from abolitionists, and contributed to the tensions that led to the Civil War during the next decade.

Who was John Brown?

1800-1859 One of the first white abolitionists to advocate, and to practice, guerrilla warfare as a means to the abolition of slavery. He first gained national notoriety when he led a company of volunteers during the Bleeding Kansas crisis, in which he fought two major battles with pro-slavery terrorists, directed the Pottawatomie massacre on the night of May 24th, 1856, and liberated 11 slaves from slaveholders in neighboring Missouri. Brown's most famous deed was the raid he led on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (in modern-day West Virginia). Brown's subsequent capture by federal forces commanded by Robert E. Lee, his trial, and his execution by hanging are generally considered an important part of the origins of the American Civil War.

Who was Ralph Waldo Emerson?

1803-1882 a famous American essayist and one of America's most influential thinkers and writers. First expressed the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his essay Nature. Emerson made a living as a popular lecturer in New England and the rest of the country outside of the south.

Who was Nathaniel Hawthorne?

1804-1864 a 19th century American novelist and short story writer. He is seen as a key figure in the development of American literature. Hawthorne is best-known today for his many short stories and The Scarlet Letter. Much of Hawthorne's work is set in colonial New England, and many of his short stories have been read as moral allegories influenced by his Puritan background.

Who was William Lloyd Garrison?

1805-1879 A prominent white abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. After the abolition of slavery, he continued working on other reform movements, especially temperance and women's suffrage.

Who was Henry Wadsworth Longfellow?

1807-1882 an American poet who wrote many works that are still famous today, including The Song of Hiawatha, Paul Revere's Ride and Evangeline. He also wrote the first American translation of Dante Alighieri's Inferno. His poetry is based on familiar and easily understood themes with simple, clear, and flowing language. His poetry created an audience in America and contributed to creating American mythology.

Who was Horace Greeley?

1811-1872 an American newspaper editor, reformer and politician. His New York Tribune was the most influential newspaper of the period 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties. "Go West, Young Man!" he advised ambitious youth. Champion of the workingman, he attacked monopolies of all sorts and rejected land grants to railroads. Fought the extension of slavery.

Who was Henry Ward Beecher?

1813-1887 Theologically liberal American Congregationalist clergyman and reformer, and author. One of his elder sisters was Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin. An advocate of women's suffrage and for temperance, and a foe of slavery, he bought guns to support Bleeding Kansas.

Who was Morrison Waite?

1816-1888 Supreme court chief justice nominated by Ulysses S. Grant in 1874. In the Civil Rights Cases (1883), the Court under Chief Justice Morrison Waite held that Congress could not prohibit racial discrimination by private individuals (as opposed to governments) on the grounds of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Who was John Singer Sargent?

1856-1925 A painter known for his portraits. He is usually thought of as an American artist, although he lived most of his life in Europe. Sargent's portraits subtly capture the individuality and personality of the sitters. In a time when the art world was focused on impressionism and emphasizing artistic individuality, Sargent emphasized his own form of Realism and regularly did commissioned portraits of the wealthy.

Platt Amendment

1901 â€" Amendment to the Cuban Constitution based on a clause in a bill drafted by Senator Orville H. Platt. It said the United States could intervene in Cuban affairs to keep order or maintain independence and could buy or lease sites for naval and coaling stations (the main one was Guantánamo Bay). The amendment also barred Cuba from making a treaty that gave another nation power over its affairs, going into debt, or stopping the United States from imposing a sanitation program on the island.

Venezuelan Crisis (vs. Britain)

1902-1903 â€" In December and January 1902-1903, “in an attempt to force payments on debts owed their nationals, Britain and Germany seized Venezuelan gunboats, bombarded some of its forts, and blockaded five ports,†according to Dallek. A public outcry against European intervention in Latin America convinced Teddy Roosevelt that he should try to prevent further interventions, leading eventually to the Roosevelt Corollary, announced in December 1904.

Panama Taken

1903 â€" After Columbia balked at the terms of the Hay-Herrán Treaty, which would have allowed the United States to take control of a Canal Zone across the Isthmus of Panama to construct a canal, Roosevelt found another way. He sent signals to Panamanian insurrectionists that the U.S. would support a revolt against Columbian rule of the province. When the insurrection came in November 1903, U.S. warships blocked Columbian troops from reinforcing a weak force on the Isthmus and Roosevelt hastily recognized the new country. The U.S. signed a more favorable treaty with the new Panama, giving the U.S. rights to a ten-mile wide Canal Zone “in perpetuity.â€

Panama Canal Construction Begins

1904 â€" Construction lasted until 1914 and thousands died of disease and injury.

Treaty of Portsmouth

1905 â€" Treaty negotiated by Roosevelt in Portsmouth, New Hampshire between Russia and Japan, ending the Russo-Japanese War. Key was that it preserved the “Open Door†to China, a U.S. policy to allow free trade with that country.

Who was Jackson Pollack?

1912-1956 An influential American artist and a major force in the abstract expressionism movement. Pollock's style changed dramatically beginning in 1947. He began painting with his (usually large) canvases placed on the floor, and developed what was called his "drip" technique, or the more preferred term, his "pour" technique. He used his brushes as sticks to drip paint, and the brush never touched the canvas. This was an origination of action painting. In this process he moved away from figurative art, and changed the Western tradition of using an easel and brush, as well as moving away from use only of the hand and wrist - as he used his whole body to paint. Pollock was dubbed "Jack the Dripper" due to his painting style. Died of car crash in 1956.

Pershing invades Mexico

1916 - A U.S. expeditionary force under Gen. John Pershing invaded Mexico in pursuit of Mexican rebel leader Pancho Villa, who had raided the border town of Columbus, New Mexico.

The Balfour Declaration

1917 - made in a letter dated November 2 1917, from the British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Lord Rothschild (Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild), a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation, a private Zionist organization, on the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of the World War I. The letter stated the position, agreed at a British Cabinet meeting on October 31 1917, that the British government supported Zionist plans for a Jewish "national home" in Palestine, with the condition that nothing should be done which might prejudice the rights of existing communities there. The document is kept at the British Library. Later declaration (26) of the same name established British commonwealth.

Senate Rejects Versailles Treaty

1919 -- Republican Majority Leader and Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Henry Cabot Lodge led opposition to the aspect of Wilson’s League of Nations proposal that would commit the United States to the defense of other members of the League, but Lodge did not oppose the League outright. With Wilson's refusal to compromise, the Senate overwhelmingly rejected the Treaty by wide margins in two votes on November 19.

Demagogue

A politician who seeks to win and hold office by appeals to mass prejudice.

Smoot Hawley Tariff

1930 - U.S. legislation that raised import duties by as much as 50%, adding considerable strain to the worldwide economic climate of the Great Depression. Despite a petition from 1,000 economists urging Pres. Herbert Hoover to veto the act, it was passed as a protective measure for domestic industries. It contributed to the early loss of confidence on Wall Street and signaled U.S. isolationism. Other countries retaliated with similarly high protective tariffs, and overseas banks began to collapse. In 1934 Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Trade Agreements Act, which reduced such tariffs.

Young Plan

1930 â€" program for settlement of German reparations debts after World War I. Under the previous Dawes plan (1924), it became apparent that Germany could not meet the huge annual payments, especially over an indefinite period of time. The Young Plan â€" which set the total reparations at $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 581/2 years â€"was thus adopted by the Allied Powers in 1930,

Night of the long Knives

1934 - Purge of Nazi leaders by Adolf Hitler. Fearing that the paramilitary SA had become too powerful, Hitler ordered his elite SS guards to murder the organization's leaders, including Ernst Röhm. Also killed that night were hundreds of other perceived opponents of Hitler, including Kurt von Schleicher and Gregor Strasser.

Remilitarization of rhineland

1936 - German Fuhrer Adolf Hitler made up his mind to reoccupy the Rhineland. On 12 February he informed his War Minister, General Werner von Blomberg, of his intentions and asked the head of the Army, General Werner von Fritsch, how long it would take to transport a few infantry battalions and a artillery battery into the Rhineland. Fritsch answered that it would take three days organisation but he was in favour of negotiation as he believed that the German Army was in no state for armed combat with the French Army.[2] General Ludwig Beck warned Hitler that the German Army would be unable to successfully defend Germany against a possible retaliatory French attack.[3] Hitler reassured Fritsch that he would ensure that the German forces would leave at once if the French intervened militarily to halt their advance.

Spanish Civil War

1936â€"39: Military revolt against the government of Spain. After the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain, led by the rebel Nationalists and supported by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners as well as the fascist Falange. The ruling Republican government, led by the socialist premiers Francisco Largo Caballero and Juan NegrÃn (1894â€"1956) and the liberal president Manuel Azaña y DÃaz, was supported by workers and many in the educated middle class as well as militant anarchists and communists. Government forces put down the uprising in most regions except parts of northwestern and southwestern Spain, where the Nationalists held control and named Francisco Franco head of state.

Quarantine Speech

1937 â€" A response to Japanese actions in Manchuria and Italian actions in Abyssinia, in the face of which the League of Nations was impotent. In this speech in Chicago, FDR called for an international "quarantine of the aggressor nations" through economic pressure. This was an attempted alternative to American neutrality and isolationism, though it intensified America's isolationist mood.

Rape of Nanking

1937-1938 â€" describes Japanese treatment of the citizens of Nanking, China, during the Japanese occupation of China. A 1997 book by Iris Chang of the same name extensively documents Japanese conduct, which included the slaughter of more than 300,000 people and the rape of thousands of women and girls.

Soviet-Finnish War

1939â€"40 - War waged by the Soviet Union against Finland at the start of World War II, following the signing of the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact. When Finland refused to grant the Soviets a naval base and other concessions, Soviet troops attacked on several fronts in November 1939. The heavily outnumbered Finns under Carl Gustav Emil Mannerheim put up a skillful defense until February 1940, when heavy Russian bombardments breached the Finns' southern defenses. A peace treaty in March 1940 ceded western Karelia to Russia and allowed construction of a Soviet naval base on the Hanko peninsula.

Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars.â€

1940 â€" Franklin Roosevelt campaign promise of 1940, though he had already begun some preparations for war.

Stalingrad

1942â€"43: Unsuccessful German assault on the Soviet city in World War II. German forces invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 and had advanced to the suburbs of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) by the summer of 1942. Met by a determined Red Army defense commanded by Vasily Chuikov, they reached the city's centre after fierce street fighting. In November the Soviets counterattacked and encircled the German army led by Friedrich Paulus, who surrendered in February 1943 with 91,000 troops. The Axis forces (Germans, Romanians, Italians, and Hungarians) suffered 800,000 deaths; in excess of 1,000,000 Soviet soldiers died. The battle marked the farthest extent of the German advance into the Soviet Union.

Teheran Conference

1943 - From 28 November to 1 December 1943, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Marshal Joseph Stalin met at Teheran, the capital of Iran, to coordinate Western military plans with those of the Soviet Union. Most important of all, the "big three" drew up the essential victory strategy in Europe, one based on a cross-channel invasion called Operation Overlord and scheduled for May 1944. The plan included a partition of Germany, but left all details to a three-power European Advisory Commission. It granted Stalin's request that Poland's new western border should be at the Oder River and that the eastern one follow the lines drafted by British diplomat Lord Curzon in 1919. The conference tacitly concurred in Stalin's conquests of 1939 and 1940, these being Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and a slice of Finland. Stalin reiterated his promise, made in October 1943 at Moscow, to enter the war against Japan upon the defeat of Germany, but he expected compensation in the form of tsarist territories taken by Japan in 1905. On 1 December 1943, the three powers issued a declaration that welcomed potential allies into "a world family of democratic nations" and signed a separate protocol recognizing the "independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity" of Iran.

The Bulge

1944 â€" The last major offensive by the German army in World War II. In late 1944, the invasion of Belgium by the Allies was temporarily stopped by a German counterattack in which the Germans broke through the Allied defenses, seizing territory that caused a large “bulge†in their lines. The Allies, led by General George Patton, drove the German forces back with heavy casualties on both sides.

U-2 Incident

1960 - Confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. On May 1, 1960, the Soviet Union shot down a U.S. U-2 reconnaissance plane and called the flight an “aggressive act.†The U.S. denied Soviet claims that the pilot, F. Gary Powers, had stated that his mission was to collect Soviet intelligence data. Nikita Khrushchev declared that the Soviet Union would not take part in a scheduled summit conference with the U.S., Britain, and France unless the U.S. immediately stopped flights over Soviet territory, apologized, and punished those responsible. Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower agreed only to the first stipulation, and the conference was adjourned. Powers was tried in the Soviet Union and sentenced to 10 years in prison; in 1962 he was exchanged for the Soviet spy Rudolf Abel.

Nuremberg Trials

1945-46: International Military Tribunal tried high Nazi officials for actions committed during World War II that contravened the accepted laws of war. Among the practices condemned were plotting and waging aggressive war, using slave labor, looting occupied countries, and abusing and murdering civilians (especially the Jews) and prisoners of war. The Allies' decision to try major Axis officials for war crimes had been announced in October 1943, when the American, British, and Russian foreign ministers met in Moscow. Planning for the trials began soon after V-J Day, and the tribunal opened in Nuremberg, Germany, on November 20, 1945, before a board of distinguished judges from the Allied countries. Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, and Josef Goebbels had committed suicide by that time, but Hermann Goering, Joachim Ribbentrop, Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Jodl, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Julius Streicher, Hjalmar Schacht, Martin Bormann (in absentia), and sixteen others were tried one by one for individually specified crimes.

The Long Telegram

1946 - a cable sent by George Kennan while serving at the U.S. embassy to the Soviet Union in Moscow, in which he outlined the policy of containment that the US would adopt for most of the Cold War. Later, Kennan would anonymously publish a version of the telegram as the X Article in the journal Foreign Affairs.

Two Camps Doctrine (Zhdanov Doctrine)

1946 - was a Soviet cultural doctrine developed by the Central Committee secretary Andrei Zhdanov in 1946. It proposed that the world was divided into two camps: the imperialistic, headed by the United States and "democratic", headed by the Soviet Union. Zhdanovism soon became a Soviet cultural policy, meaning the injunction on all Soviet artists, writers and intelligentsia in general to conform to the party line and has been continued until the "thaw" under Khrushchev. Zhdanovism also penetrated and took thorough control of what was left of Albanian literature in the 1950's.

Rio Pact

1947 â€" the Inter-American Reciprocal Assistance Treaty was signed in Rio de Janeiro in 1947 by the United States and 19 Latin American countries. The Rio Pact, which served as a model for NATO, provides for collective defense against aggression from outside the region. Clearly aimed at the Soviet Union, the Rio Pact became the cornerstone of hemispheric security during the Cold War; 23 countries eventually became members.

Truman Doctrine

1947. To contain communism, Truman, in an address to Congress, said the U.S. would support "free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.†Congress appropriate $400 million in economic assistance for Greece and Turkey.

Point Four

1949 - a foreign aid program to assist the poor in so-called underdeveloped countries. In his second inaugural address in 1949, President Harry S. Truman called for this "bold new program" as part of an overall effort to promote peace and freedom. Inviting other nations to participate, he called for the program to be a "worldwide effort" for the achievement of "peace, plenty, and freedom" through technical assistance, private foreign investment, and greater production. In the first phase of the Cold War, and in the wake of the TRUMAN DOCTRINE, the MARSHALL PLAN, and the creation of the NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION, Point Four was designed as an offer to the emerging nations to decide against communismâ€"to become neutral or non-aligned.

Soviet Union explodes A bomb

1949 â€" On August 29, the Soviet Union became the second country to test an atomic bomb, ending the U.S. monopoly on the weapon.

NSC 68

1950 â€" A classified document written by Paul Nitze and issued by the Truman National Security Council on April 14, 1950. Inspired by Kennan’s Long Telegram, the report outlined a strategy of communist containment. NSC-68 would shape government actions in the Cold War for the next 20 years and has subsequently been labeled the "blueprint" for the Cold War.

Warsaw Pact

1955 - Military alliance of the Soviet Union, Albania (until 1968), Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania, formed in 1955 in response to West Germany's entry into NATO. Its terms included a unified military command and the stationing of Soviet troops in the other member states. Warsaw Pact troops were called into action to suppress uprisings in Poland (1956), Hungary (1956), and Czechoslovakia (1968). The alliance was dissolved in 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet bloc, and Soviet troops departed. Several Warsaw Pact members later joined NATO.

SEATO

1955â€"77: comprising Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, Britain, and the U.S. It was founded as part of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty in order to protect the region from communism. Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos were not considered for membership, and other countries in the region preferred membership in the nonaligned movement. SEATO had no standing forces, but its members engaged in combined military exercises. Pakistan withdrew in 1968, and France suspended financial support in 1975. The organization was disbanded officially in 1977.

Suez Crisis

1956 - International crisis that arose when Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal after Western countries withdrew promised financial aid to build the Aswan High Dam. The French and British, who had controlling interests in the company that owned the canal, sent troops to occupy the canal zone. Their ally Israel seized the Sinai Peninsula. International opposition quickly forced the French and British out, and Israel withdrew in 1957. The incident led to the resignation of Britain's prime minister, Anthony Eden, and was widely perceived as heralding the end of Britain as a major international power. Nasser's prestige, by contrast, soared within the developing world. See also Arab-Israeli Wars.

Who is Jean-Luc Godard?

A Franco-Swiss filmmaker and one of the most influential members of the Nouvelle Vague, or "French New Wave". Known for stylistic implementations that challenged, at their focus, the conventions of Hollywood cinema, he became universally recognized as the most audacious and most radical of the New Wave filmmakers. He adopted a position in filmmaking that was unambiguously political. His work reflected a fervent knowledge of film history, a comprehensive understanding of existential and Marxist philosophy, and a scholarly disposition that placed him as the lone filmmaker among the public intellectuals of the Rive Gauche.

Who is Costa-Gavras?

A Greek-French filmmaker best known for films with overt political themes. He has made movies mostly in French but also several in English.

What is the Latin American Integration Association?

A Latin American trade integration association, based in Montevideo. Its main objective is the establishment of a common market, in pursuit of the economic and social development of the region. Its members are Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. It is the successor to LAFTA.

What is a Leasehold?

A Leasehold is an area used by a foreign state under an agreement with the sovereign state that owns the area.

What is a Nation?

A Nation is a social group that shares a common ideology, institutions, customs, and a sense of homogeneity. It may be a state, part of a state, or extend beyond the borders of a state.

What is a National Style?

A National Style is the behavior pattern of a state dealing with its foreign policy problems.

Who is Desmond Tutu?

A South African cleric and activist who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. Tutu was the first black South African Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984.

What is a Sphere of Influence?

A Sphere of Influence is an area dominated by the national interests of a foreign power.

Tamil Tigers

A Sri Lankan terrorist group fighting for an independent Tamil homeland.

Who is Ingmar Bergman?

A Swedish stage and film director who is one of the key film auteurs of the second half of the twentieth century. His films usually deal with existential questions about mortality, loneliness, and faith; they are also usually direct and not overtly stylized. Persona, one of Bergman's most famous films, is unusual among Bergman's work for being both existentialist and avant-garde.

Truman Doctrine

A U.S foreign policy designed to contain communism by stoppint it's spread to Greece and Turkey. President Harry S. Truman proclaimed the Doctrine on March 12, 1947.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

A U.S.-led military alliance formed in 1949 with mainly West European members, to oppose and deter Soviet power in Europe. It is currently expanding into the former Soviet bloc.

balance of terror

A balance of power between nations with nuclear weapons. MAD.

Polycentrism.

A balance of power situation involving multiple power centers and participants

Islam, Muslims

A broad and diverse world religion whose divergent populations include Sunni Muslims, Shiite Muslims, and many smaller branches and sects, practiced by Muslims, from Nigeria to Indonesia, centered in the Middle East.

arbitration

a dispute resolution procedure in which an independent third party decides and recommends how the disagreement should be resolved

US-Japanese Security Treaty

A bilateral alliance between the United States and Japan, created in 1951 against the potential Soviet threat to Japan. The United States maintains troops in Japan and is committed to defend Japan if attacked, and Japan pays the United States to offset about half the cost of maintaining the troops.

UN Security Council

A body of five great powers (which can veto resolutions) and ten rotating member states, which makes decisions about international peace and security including the dispatch of UN peacekeeping forces.

just war doctrine

A branch of international law and political theory that defines when wars can be justly started (jus ad bellum) and how they can be justly fought (jus in bello).

Internationalism

a foreign policy based on taking an active role in global affairs; the predominant foreign policy view in the U.S.

Group

A collection of people who have a common goal, feel a sense of belonging to the group, and influence each other.

state corporatism

a form of corporatism whose adherents hold that the corporate group which is the basis of society is the state (Wikipedia)

Conceptual Skills

A managers ability to view the organization as a whole, understand how the various parts are interdependent, and assess how the organization relates to its external environment.

Shebaa Farms

A disputed area between Israel and Lebanon on the border of the Golan Heights and Lebanon

International Court of Justice

A division of the UN that settles legal disputes submitted to it by member nations. Also called the World Court or the Hague.

nation

A group of people bound together by a common set of political aspirations.

Decisional Roles

A managers activities as an entrepreneur, resource allocator, conflict resolver, or negotiator.

Informational Roles

A managers activities as an information gatherer, information disseminator, or spokesperson for the company.

Interpersonal Roles

A mangers activities as a figurehead, company leader, or liaison.

constitutional monarchy

a form of national government in which the power of the monarch is restricted by a parliament, by law or by custom.

High-High leader

A leader high in both initiating structure and consideration behaviors

Laissez-Faire Style

A leader who generally gave the group complete freedom to make decisions and complete the work in whatever way it saw fit

Autocratic Style

A leader who tended to centralize authority, dictate work methods, make unilateral decisions, and limit employee participation

Democratic Style

A leader who tended to involve employees in decision making, delegate authority, encourage participation in deciding work methods and goals, and use feedback as an opportunity for coaching employees

Leader participation model

A leadership contingency model that related leadership behavior and participation in decision making

Participative Leadership

A leadership style in which the leader shares decision-making with group members and encourages discussion of issues and alternatives; includes democratic, consensual, and consultative styles.

Free-rein (Laissez-fair) Leadership

A leadership style in which the leader turns over all authority and control to subordinates.

Situational Leadership Theory (SLT)

A leadership theory that focuses on followers readiness

Path-goal theory

A leadership theory that says it's the leader's job to assist his or her followers in attaining their goals

Attitude

A learned predisposition to respond to a person, object, or idea in a favorable or unfavorable way.

Culture

A learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitude, beliefs, values, rules, and norms that is shared by a group of people and shaped from one generation to the next.

What is a controlled-circulation magazine?

A magazine that sets its circulation and gets money from advertisers.

Global Management Skills

A managers ability to operate in diverse culture environments.

Expentancy Violations Model

A model that suggests that we develope rules or expectations for appropraite non verbal behavior and react when those expectations are violated.

NGO

A national or international group, independent of any state, that pursues policy objectives and fosters public participation.

referendum

A national vote called by a government to address a specific proposal, often a change to the constitution..

veto

A negative vote cast in the UNSC by one of the five permanent members that defeats the issue being voted on.

Neologism

A new term introduces into a language.

Illustrator

A non verbal behavior that accompanies a verbal message and either complemets, contradicts, or accents it.

Affect Display

A non verbal behavior that communicates emotions.

Regularator

A non verbal behavior that helps to control the interaction or level of communication between people.

structural adjustment program

A policy of economic liberalization adopted in exchange for financial support from the International Monetary Fund, often coming with conditions imposed.

liberal democracy

A political system that promotes participation, competition, and liberty and emphasizes individual freedom and civil rights.

Sex

The biological and physiological charateristics that make a person female or male.

President Nixon's February visit to China 1972

followed Secretary Kissinger's earlier negotiations in Peking, marking first important step in the process of normalizing relations with the People's Republic of China.

What is Imperialism?

A relationship in which an area and its people are made subject to the will of a foreign state.

Established church

A religious denomination that received financial and other support from the government.

rhetorical question?

A rhetorical question is one requiring no answer; it's answer is usually obvious.

When starting a presentation, what are some attention-getting devices you might consider?

A rhetorical question is one requiring no answer; its answer is usually obvios.

What is the International Labour Organization (ILO)?

A specialized agency of the United Nations to deal with labour issues. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. Founded in 1919, it was formed through the negotiations of the Treaty of Versailles, and was initially an agency of the League of Nations. It became a UN body after the demise of the League and the formation of the UN at the end of World War II. The organization seeks to strengthen worker rights, improve working conditions and living conditions, create employment, and provide information and training opportunities.

secular (state)

A state created apart from religious establishments and in which there is a high degree of separation between religious and political organizations.

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy issued by President James Monroe in 1823, declaring that the United States would not tolerate intervention by European nations in the affairs of nations in the Americas. Monroe also promised that the United States would not interfere with European colonies already established or with governments in Europe.

tit for tat

A strategy of strict reciprocity (matching the other player’s response) after an initial cooperative move; it can bring about mutual cooperation in a repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma game, since it ensures that defection will not pay.

UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

A structure established in 1964 to promote third world development through various trade proposals.

question-and-power session

follows many speeches is a type of informative speech in itself

rule of law

A system in which all individuals and groups, including those in government, are subject to the law, irrespective of their power and authority.

Democracy

A system of government in which power is vested in the people, who rule either directly or through freely elected representatives.

neocorporatism

A system of social democratic policy making in which a limited number of organizations representing business and labor work with the state to set economic policy.

tariff

A tax, usually based on the percentage of value, that importers must pay on items purchased abroad; also known as an important tax or import duty.

Work Team Characteristics

A team composed of multiskilled workers, that does all the tasks previously done by individual member in a functional department or departments.

structural violence

A term used by some scholars to refer to poverty, hunger, oppression, and other social and economic sources of conflict.

modernization theory

A theory asserting that as societies developed they

monetarism

A theory holding that economic variations within a given system, such as changing rates of inflation, are most often caused by increases or decreases in the money supply; A policy that seeks to regulate an economy by altering the domestic money supply, especially by increasing it in a moderate but steady manner (dictionary.com definition)

social Darwinism

A theory that competition between all individuals, groups, nations or ideas drives social evolution in human societies. The term is an extension of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution where competition between individual organisms drives biological evolutionary change (speciation) through the survival of the fittest.

Territorial Maker

A thing or action that signifies an area has been clamed.

What is the Andean community?

A trade bloc comprising the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. The trade bloc was formerly called the Andean Pact and came into existence with the signing of the Cartagena Agreement in 1969. Its headquarters are located in Lima, Peru. The Andean Community has 120 million inhabitants living in an area of 4,700,000 square kilometers, whose Gross Domestic Product amounted to US$260 billion in 2002. The Andean Community together with Mercosur comprises the two main trading blocs of South America. In 1999 these organizations began negotiating a merger with a view to creating a South American Free Trade Area (SAFTA). On December 8, 2004 it signed a cooperation agreement with Mercosur and they published a joint letter of intention for future negotiations towards integrating all of South America in the context of the South American Community of Nations, patterned after the European Union.

Symbolic Self- Awareness:

A unique human ability to develop and communicate a representation of oneself to others through language.

neorealism

A version of realist theory that emphasizes the influence on state behavior of the system’s structure, especially the international distribution of power.

Back- Channel Cue

A vocal cue that signals when we want to talk and when we don't.

Spanish American war?

A war between Spain and the United States in 1898, as a result of which Spain ceded Puerto Rico, the Philippine Islands, and Guam to the United States and abandoned all claim to Cuba, which became independant in 1902.

June 1967 War (six days war)

A war fought in 1967 by Israel on one side and Egypt, Syria, and Jordan on the other. Israel, victorious, took over the Golan Heights, the Jordanian portion of Jerusalem, the Jordanian West Bank of the Jordan River, and a large piece of territory in northeastern Egypt, including the Sinai Peninsula, which contains Mount Sinai. Israel still occupies all of these territories except the Sinai Peninsula, which it gave back to Egypt in 1982. Israel maintains that its security would be enormously endangered if it withdrew from the other places.

Who was John Kenneth Galbraith?

A widely read twentieth-century economist, from the American Institutional economics school. On the faculty of Harvard University from 1934 to 1975. He served in the administrations of Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Baines Johnson. In 1961, Kennedy appointed him ambassador to India, where he served until 1963. Although he is a former president of the American Economic Association, Galbraith is considered something of an iconoclast by many economists because he eschews mathematical modeling in favor of non-technical political economy. Additionally certain economists have alleged that he does not base his conclusions on solid research. His work includes several books on economic topics (some of which were bestsellers in the late 1950s and during the 1960s) in which he describes ways in which economic theory does not always mesh with real life. He said unions and governement regulations would automatically check the power of corporations over time. In his most famous work, The Affluent Society (1958), which became a bestseller, Galbraith outlined his view that to be successful the United States would need to make large investments in items such as highways and education using funds from general taxation.

Symbol

A word, sound gesture, or visual image that represents a thought concept, object, or experience.

Structural Defense Policy

foreign policy dealing with defense spending, military bases, and weapons procurement

Who was Aaron Burr?

Aaron Burr, Jr. (February 6, 1756 - September 14, 1836) was an American politician and adventurer. He was a major formative member of the Democratic-Republican Party in New York and a strong supporter of Governor George Clinton. He is remembered not so much for his tenure as the third Vice President, under Thomas Jefferson, as for his duel with Alexander Hamilton and his trial and acquittal on charges of treason.

Listening

Acomplex process of receiving constructing meaning fromand responding to verbal and non verbal messges which involves selecting attending and responding

nonstate actors

Actors other than state governments that operate either below the level of the state (that is, within states) or across state borders.

Adapt

To adjust both what is communicated and how a message is communicated to make choices about how best to formulate a message and respond to others to achieve your communication goals.

What does it mean to backup your files regularly?

To copy files to a second medium (a disk or tape) as a precaution in case the first medium fails.

select

To focus on one sound as you sort through various sounds competing for your attention

Attend

To maintain a sustained focus on a particular message.(primary listening pattern0

Remember

To recall information

Who was Plato?

An Immensely influential ancient Greek philosopher, a student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens where Aristotle studied. In Plato's writings are debates concerning the best possible form of government, featuring adherents of aristocracy, democracy, monarchy as well as other issues. A central theme is the conflict between nature and convention, concerning the role of heredity and the environment on human intelligence and personality long before the modern "nature versus nurture" debate began in the time of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, with its modern continuation in such controversial works as The Mismeasure of Man and The Bell Curve. Plato says reason and wisdom should govern. This does not equate to tyranny, despotism or oligarchy, however. Another key distinction and theme in the Platonic corpus is the dichotomy between knowledge and opinion, which foreshadow modern debates between David Hume and Immanuel Kant, and has been taken up by postmodernists and their opponents, more commonly as the distinction between the 'objective' and the 'subjective'.

reprisal

An act by which a nation seeks, short of war, to redress a wrong committed against it another nation.

postmodernism

An approach that denies the existence of a single fixed reality, and pays special attention to texts and to discourses -- that is, to how people talk and write about a subject.

Who is Stewart Brand?

An author, editor, and creator of The Whole Earth Catalog and CoEvolution Quarterly. His intent with the Whole Earth Catalog was to enable people to find virtually any sort of information useful to themselves, in the belief that humans would then develop a new, positive and sustainable culture and technology for themselves; in this way, his ideas were forerunners of the Internet. Hence, Brand later pioneered the online community The WELL.

postmodern feminism

An effort to combine feminist and postmodernist perspectives with the aim of uncovering the hidden influences of gender in IR and showing how arbitrary the construction of gender roles is.

What is the goal of Sinn Fein?

To unite Ireland and kick out the british. The IRA is Sinn Fein's militant wing.

What is the UN convention on the law of the sea?

Took effect in 1994. Establishes 12 mile barrier around nations, and 200 mile Exclusive Economic Zones. The us has signed, but not ratified it.

Executive agreement?

An executive agreement one of three mechanisms by which the United States enters into binding international agreements. They are considered treaties as the term is used under international law in that they bind both the United States and a foreign state. However, they are not considered treaties as the term is used under United States Constitutional law, because the United States Constitution's treaty procedure requires the advice and consent of two-thirds of the Senate, and these agreements are made solely by the President of the United States. An executive agreement can only be negotiated and entered into through the president's authority (1) in foreign policy, (2) as commander-in-chief of the armed forces, or (3) from a prior act of Congress. For instance, it is as commander-in-chief that the President negotiates and enters into status of forces agreements (SOFAs), which govern the treatment and disposition of U.S. forces stationed in other nations. An executive agreement, however, cannot go beyond the President's constitutional powers.

semipresidential system

An executive system that divides power between two strong executives, a president and a prime minister.

Avowed Identity

An identity you assign to yourself and portray

liberalism

An ideology and political system that favors a limited state role in society and the economy, and places a high priority on individual political and economic freedom.

escalation

An increase in the intensity of geographic scope of a war or diplomatic confrontation.

What is the OECD?

An international organisation of those developed countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy. It originated in 1948 as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), to help administer the Marshall Plan for the re-construction of Europe after World War II. Later its membership was extended to non-European states, and in 1961 it was reformed into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Members include most of rich european nations, Japan, South Korea, Australia, NAFTA members, and Turkey. It is based in Paris.

Charismatic leader

An leader whose personality and actions influence people to behave in certain ways

Ombudsman

An official appointed by a government or other organization to investigate complains against people in authority.

United Nations (UN)

An organization of nearly all world states, created after World War II to promote collective security.

Henri Fayol

Classical Approach, Functions of Mgmt, 14 Principles of Mgmt, "Father of Modern Mgmt"

three basic components of a paragraph?

Topic sentence, support sentence, and closing sentence.

Maslow's esteem needs

fourth level; needs for recognition and respect

Child labor

full-time employment of children for work otherwise done by adults.

What is Apartheid?

Apartheid is South Africa's FORMER racial segregation policy which was designed to keep the white European minority in power over the African majority and other racial minorities.

States with claims in Antarctica

Argentina, Australia, Britain, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway

Roosevelt Corollary

December 1904 â€" Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in which the U.S. declared its right to exercise an international police power when Western Hemisphere countries, by not keeping their debts or other affairs in order, invited foreign aggression.

Programmed Decisions

Decisions made in response to frequently occurring routine situations.

What were the results of Eisenhower's 1955 "Open Skies" proposal?

At a Geneva Conference meeting with Soviet Premier Bulganin in 1955, President Eisenhower proposed that the United States and Soviet Union conduct surveillance overflights of each other's territory to reassure each country that the other was not preparing to attack. The fears and suspicions of the Cold War led Soviet General Secretary Nikita Khruschev to reject Eisenhower's proposal. Thirty-four years later, the Open Skies concept was reintroduced by President George H. W. Bush as a means to build confidence and security between all North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and Warsaw Pact countries. In September 1989, an international Open Skies conference involving all NATO and Warsaw Pact countries opened in Ottawa, Canada. Subsequent rounds of negotiations over the next three years were held in Budapest, Hungary, Vienna, Austria, and Helsinki, Finland. On March 24, 1992, the Open Skies Treaty was signed in Helsinki by Secretary of State James Baker and foreign ministers from 23 other countries. The treaty entered into force on January 2, 2002, after Russia and Belarus completed ratification procedures.

What is Authoritarianism?

Authoritarianism describes a form of government characterized by strict obedience to the authority of the state, which often maintains and enforces social control through the use of oppressive measures. In an authoritarian state, citizens are subject to state authority in many aspects of their lives, including many that other political philosophies would see as matters of personal choice. There are various degrees of authoritarianism; even very democratic and liberal states will show authoritarianism to some extent, for example in areas of national security.

services trade

Trade based on the purchase (import) from or sale (export) to another country of intangibles such as architectural fees, insurance premiums, royalties on movies, books, patents and other intellectual properties, shipping services, advertising fees, and educational programs.

What is the Belgium War Crimes Law?

Belgium's War Crimes Law invokes the concept of universal jurisdiction to allow anyone to bring war crime charges in Belgian courts, regardless of where the alleged crimes have taken place. The law took effect in 1993 and was expanded the following year after 10 Belgian soldiers were killed in Rwanda. The law reached prominence after the Rwandan Genocide. According to the Washington Post, the process of prosecution of Rwandans in Belgium for crimes committed in the violence were set in motion by Martine Beckers, a Brussels resident, whose sister Claire called her to tell her of being attacked by soldiers, who soon after killed her, her family, and 10 other villagers who were unable to reach a United Nations peacekeepers' compound.

Management by objectives (MBO)

a four-step process in which manger and employees discuss and select goals develop tactical plans and meet regularly to review progress toward goal accomplishment. brings planning process down to the individual; Peter Drucker; judge employee performance on basis of results rather than telling him or her what to do every step of the way

stereotype

a generalization applied to persons because you perceive them to have attributes common to a particular group

parastatal

a government-owned corporation to compensate for the lack of private economic development or to ensure complete and equitable service to the whole country (can be anything from a national airline or a railroad to a postal system or manufacturing and marketing operations)

Gantt chart

a graphic chart that shows tasks must be completed at which times in order to complete a project or task

Who was Charles Evans Hughes?

Chief justice of U.S. nominated in 1930 by Herbert Hoover. Under him the Supreme Court continued to enforce a Federal laissez-faire approach, overturning many of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs, which were designed to combat the Great Depression, by 5-4 margins. Most notably, the National Industrial Recovery Act was overturned in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935), and the Agricultural Adjustment Act was struck down in United States v. Butler (1936). In response, President Roosevelt proposed the Judiciary Reorganization (court packing) Bill.

Who was Melville Fuller?

Chief justice of supreme court nominated by Grover Cleveland in 1888. In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Court determined that the equal protection clause did not prohibit racial segregation in public facilities, as long as the facilities were equal (giving rise to the famous term "separate but equal"). He declared the income tax law unconstitutional. In Western Union Telegraph Company vs. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania he ruled that states could not tax interstate telegraph messages. He struck a blow against government antitrust legislation with the 1895 case United States v. E. C. Knight Co.. In Fuller's majority decision, he found that the refining of sugar by a company within the boundries of one state could not be held to be in restraint of interstate commerce under the terms of the 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act, regardless of the product's final market share.

President's power in Foreign Policy

Chief of State; Chief Executive; Commander in Chief; Chief Diplomat; Chief legislator

What is Christian Democracy?

Christian Democracy is a political ideology, born at the end of the 19th century, largely as a result of the papal encyclical Rerum Novarum of Pope Leo XIII, in which the Vatican recognized workers' misery and agreed that something should be done about it, in reaction to the rise of the socialist and trade-union movements. Though the Christian Democratic movement is very heterogeneous, there is general agreement on certain issues. The proposed design of the Christian Democratic state is decentralized, made up by various bodies, but having an unquestionable capacity. Christian Democracy sees the economy as being at the service of humanity; however, most Christian Democratic Parties do not call capitalism itself into question. The duty of the state to care for its citizens is of some importance for Christian Democrats, but they generally oppose Christian socialism. In recent decades, Christian Democratic parties in Europe have shifted more towards a right-wing policy of economic liberalism, based on reducing the role of the state in the economy. Meanwhile, Christian Democratic parties in Latin America are generally more inclined to support left-wing economic views than their European counterparts. On issues of public morality and tradition, Christian Democrats are conservative, and often tend to follow the views of the Vatican on such issues as abortion and same-sex marriage. However, most of them have accepted separation of church and state and divorce.

Spratly Islands

Claimed by China but disputed by claims from Brunei, Vietnam, Malaysia, others

Western Sahara

Claims itself as independent from Morocco; not widely recognized.

Artifact

Clothing or another element of apperance (e.g. jewelry tattoos, pericings, make-up, clogne.)

What is Cognitive dissonance?

Cognitive dissonance arises from conflicting cognitions. Cognitive dissonance is the perception of incompatibility between two cognitions, which for the purpose of cognitive dissonance theory can be defined as any element of knowledge, attitude, emotion, belief or value, as well as a goal, plan, or an interest. In brief, the theory of cognitive dissonance holds that contradicting cognitions serve as a driving force that compels the mind to acquire or invent new thoughts or beliefs, or to modify existing beliefs, so as to minimize the amount of dissonance (conflict) between cognitions.

Strong cultures:

Commit members to do things that are in the best interests of the organization.

Mass Communication

Communication accomplished through a mediated message that is sent to many people at the same time.

Non-Verbal Communication

Communication by means other than written or spoken language that creates meaning for someone.

Presentational Communcation

Communication that occurs when a speaker address a gathering of people in order to inform,persuade, or intertain them.

IntRApersonal Communication

Communication that occurs within yourself including your thoughts and emotins.

How do communications flow within an orginization?

Communications flow in three directions-upward, downward, and lateral.

Yalta Conferences

Confrences that established Soviet Union as a reasonable rational power that can be dealt with with diplomatically

Stages in adjusting to a new culture:

Confusion, Small victories, The honeymoon, Irritation and anger, Reality

Crisis Stage

Consequences begin to be noticeable

Each time your work is edited, what should the editor be reading for?

Content, arrangement and flow, and readability and mechanics.

Norway vs. Russia

Continental shelf dispute, Norway claims fishing areas around Svalbard Islands.

Rate buster

a group of members whos work pace is significantly faster than the normal

After the fact controls

Current policies and procedures may prescribe corrective actions. Corrective action may call for exceptions to prescribed modes of behavior - doing whatever it takes to solve the problem may require empowering employees to use their imitative, discretion and good judgment to craft a unique of creative solution. Correction may be under automatic controls; check that these controls are not malfunctioning .

Who was David Ricardo?

David Ricardo (April 18, 1772 - September 11, 1823), a British political economist, is often credited with systematizing economics, and was one of the most influential of the classical economists. He was also a successful businessman, financier and speculator, and amassed a considerable fortune.

method of arrangement for the body of a speech

a guide selected for sequencing information for listener clarity

analyzing

a helping style in which the listener offers an interpertation of a speakers message

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

Entered into force in 1970, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) now has 186 signatories. Pakistan, India and Israel are notable nonsignatories, and the Democratic Peoples' Republic of Korea (North Korea) withdrew from the accord in 2006. The Treaty calls for nuclear states to submit documentation on their nuclear facilities to the International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA), as well as permit periodic IAEA inspections, and forbids them to sell, transmit or share nuclear technology or devices with nonnuclear states. Nonnuclear states are proscribed from attempting to develop their own weapons technologies. Nuclear technology for peaceful purposes is allowed for all signatories, provided safeguards are put in place to prevent the weaponization of materials, technology and facilities.

The Congo, Burundi, & Rwanda

Ethnic violence between Huutus and Tutsis in Burundi in the 1980s pushes Tutsi refugees into Rwanda. Tensions rose in Rwanda, where 800,000 Tutsis were killed in 1994. The Huutu militants fled to the DRC, causing more unrest and civil war there.

What is Ethnocentrism?

Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own group and culture is superior to all others.

Explain the two audience concept as it applies to communication?

Every communication has a sending and receiving audience. The sending audience is the group we represent, while the receiving audience is the group with whom we are communicating.

Honeymoon stage

Everything seems fabulous

Chauvinism

Exaggerated belief in the supremecy of one's nation.

Jingoism

Extreme and emotional nationalism, often characterized by an aggressive foreign policy, accompanied by an eagerness to wage war.

military-industrial complex

a huge interlocking network of governmental agencies, industrial corporations, and research institutions, working together to supply a nation's military forces

supranational organization

Founded/operates on the idea that international organizations can or should have authority higher than individual states and that those states should be subordinate to the supranational organization (EU? UN? disputed)

Who was Francis Parkman?

Francis Parkman (September 16, 1823 - November 8, 1893) was born in Boston, Massachusetts and died in Jamaica Plain, Boston, Massachusetts. He is best known as a historian, and particularly as author of The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life, and his monumental seven volume France and England in North America. These works are considered masterpieces of both history and literature.

Who was Frederick Jackson Turner?

Frederick Jackson Turner (November 14, 1861-1932) was, with Charles A. Beard, the most influential American historian of the early 20th century. Frederick Jackson Turner is best remembered today for his "Frontier Thesis", which he first publicized on July 12, 1893 in a paper read in Chicago to the American Historical Association, during the Chicago World's Fair. Here, he stated that the spirit and success of the United States is directly tied to the westward expansion of the country. Turner is also famous because of his famous lecture on how the frontier had shaped American development, he concluded that the "first period" of American history- the period that had nurtured individualism, democracy, and the widespread opportunity for economic autonomy-had come to an end.

Classical (administrative) Mgmt

Frenchman Henri Fayol "father of modern mgmt", first to distinguish the functions of mgmt, developed 14 principles of mgmt

Generalized other perspective

Future predicted based on what people generally do

rolling plan

a long-range plan that is updated periodically and extended again

gypsies

a nomadic people who originated in the region between India and Iran who migrated to Europe in the 14th century.

Who was George Bancroft?

George Bancroft (October 3, 1800 - January 17, 1891) was an American historian and statesman. A native of Worcester, Massachusetts, he was prominent in promoting secondary education both in his home state and at the national level. During his tenure as U.S. Secretary of the Navy, he established the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis in 1845.

Self-Expectations

Goals you set for yourself; how you believe you ought to behave and what you ought to accomplish.

Was it good or bad for the early movie industry that its movies were silent?

Good. Many early moviegoers were non english speakers.

Dictatorship

Government by a singl person or bya junta or other group that is not responsible to thepeople or their elected representatives.

disfluences

a non linguistic verbalization

Pact of Paris (Kellog-Briand Treaty)

June 1927 â€" Pact condemning “recourse to war for the solution of international controversies.†Aristide Briand foreign minister of France, proposed to the U.S. government a treaty outlawing war between the two countries. Frank B. Kellogg, the U.S. Secretary of State, returned a proposal for a general pact against war, and after prolonged negotiations the Pact of Paris was signed by 15 nations.

Who was Kant?

Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 - 12 February 1804), was a German philosopher from Königsberg (now Kaliningrad) in East Prussia. Kant is often considered one of the greatest, and is one of the most influential, thinkers of modern Europe and the last major philosopher of the Enlightenment. Kant is known for his theory that there is a single moral obligation, which he called the Categorical Imperative, which is derived from the concept of duty. It is from the Categorical Imperative that all other moral obligations are generated, and by which all moral obligations can be tested. He believed that the moral law is a principle of reason itself, and is not based on contingent facts about the world, such as what would make us happy. Accordingly, he believed that moral obligation applies to all and only rational agents.

When was Mercosur founded?

In 1991. It is a trading block of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Venezuela and Bolivia will become members soon.

recognition

In diplomacy, the act by which one nation acknowledges that a foreign government is a legitimate government.

neo-imperialism

a pejorative label given to a variety of attempts to achieve hegemony over other nations; some people tend to use the term to describe the use of corporate power and wealth to gain influence in Third World countries; others use it to describe attempts by international organizations to impose change upon rich and powerful nations

republic

a political regime in which government citizens choose leaders directly or indirectly

Mission

a statement of a company's overall goal that unifies company-wide efforts toward its vision, stretches and challenges the organization, and processes a finish line and a time frame

Gulf War I 1990-91

In response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the United States built an international coalition to defend Saudi Arabia and, after United Nations approval, to eject Iraq from Kuwait through Operation Desert Storm.

forecast

a statement that alerts the audience to ideas that are coming

general strike

a strike of all the workers in a nation or area.

insulated listeners

a style in which the reciever ignores undesirable information

ambushers

a style in which the reciever listens carefully to gather information to use in an attack on the speaker

separation of powers

government power is divided into several bodies with the ability to check the power of other bodies.

Concrete Meaning

Meaning that refers to something that cannot be perceived with one of the senses.

Who was James Eads?

James Buchanan Eads (23 May 1820-8 March 1887) was an American engineer and inventor.In 1861, after the outbreak of the American Civil War he was contracted to construct ironclads for the United States Navy, and impressed the Navy by producing 8 such ships within 100 days. He continued to produce ironclad steamships throughout the war, which greatly aided the Union. Eads designed and built the first road and rail bridge to cross the Mississippi River, the famous Eads Bridge at St. Louis, Missouri, constructed from 1867 through 1874. The Mississippi in the 100-mile-plus strech between the port of New Orleans, Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico frequently suffered from silting up of its outlets, stranding ships or making parts of the river unnavigable for a period of time. Eads solved the problem with a wooden jetty system that narrowed the main outlet of the river, which caused the river to speed up and cut its channel deeper, so allowing year-round navigation. This system did, however, exacerbate flooding during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and Hurricane Katrina in 2005. He designed a gigantic railway system intended for construction at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, which would carry ocean going ships across the isthmus from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean; this attracted some interest but was never constructed.

What is Jingoism?

Jingoism is a term describing chauvinistic patriotism, usually with a hawkish political stance. In plain language, it means bullying other countries or using whatever means necessary to safeguard a country's national interests.

Who was John Locke?

John Locke (August 29, 1632 - October 28, 1704) was an influential English philosopher and social contract theorist. He developed an alternative to the Hobbesian state of nature and argued a government could only be legitimate if it received the consent of the governed and protected the natural rights of life, liberty, and estate. If such consent was not given, argued Locke, citizens had a right of rebellion. Locke's ideas had an enormous influence on the development of political philosophy, and he is widely regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers and contributors to liberal theory. His writings, along with those of the writings of many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, influenced the American revolutionaries as reflected in the American Declaration of Independence.

Abstract Meaning

Meaning that refers to something that con not be preceived or experienced with one of the senses.

Containment?

Keeping communism within its present territory through the use of diplomatic, economic, and military actions.

Heterosexist Language

Language that revels an assumption that the world is heterosexual, as if hemosexuality or bisexual did not exist.

Popular dimensions of culture

Language, Interpersonal space, Time orientation, Religion, Contracts and agreements

Does congress play a small or a large role in foreign affairs?

Large.

Pacta sunta servanda

Latin - "agreements must be kept." The oldest principle of international law. Without it, no int'l agreement would be binding or enforceable. Directly referred to in many int'l agreements governing treaties.

What region of the world receives the most immigrant visas to the US?

Latin America, then Asia, then Europe.

subtext

Meanings that are implicit or hidden in a text rather than explicitly addressed.

Consultative Leaders

Leaders who confer with subordinates before making a decision but who retain the final decision-making authority.

Consensual Leaders

Leaders who encourage discussion about issues and then require that all parties involved agree to the final decision.

rational-legal legitimacy

Legitimacy based on a system of laws and procedures that are highly institutionalized.

traditional legitimacy

Legitimacy that accepts aspects of politics because they have been institutionalized over a long period of time.

What is Liberal Nationalism?

Liberal Nationalism is the aspiration of a group to achieve statehood based on popular sovereignty. It emphasizes freedom from foreign domination.

problem oriented

a supportive style of communication in which the communicators focus on working together to solve their problems instead of trying to impose their solutions on one another

provisionalism

a supportive style of communication in which the sender expresses a willingness to consider the other persons position

Middle Management

Managers who design and carry out tactical plans in specific areas of the company.

Henry MintzbergÂ

Mangerial Roles - Interpersonal, Informational, Decisional

The Hawthorne Studies

Manipulated physical work conditions to assess impact on output. Factors that accounted for increased productivity: Group atmosphere and Participative supervision

oligarchy

a system of governance dominated by a small powerful group in the state

Pogram

Massacre or persecution instigated by the government against a minority group, especially Jews.

Gulag

a system of prison camps inside the former Soviety Union used for political prisoners. Under Stalin millions died in these camps.

police powers

government powers to regulate public safety and enforce laws

Learning Organizations, Core ingredients include:

Mental models, Personal mastery, Systems thinking, Shared vision, Team learning

Rational decision making

a systematic process of defining problems, evaluating alternatives, and choosing optimal solutions

stakeholder model

a theory of corporate responsibility that holds that management's most important responsibility, long-term survival, is achieved by satisfying the interests of multiple corporate stakeholders

Intelligence Community

agencies and bureaus that are responsible for obtaining and interpreting information for the government

Principle of long-term self interest

an ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that is not in you or your organizations long term self-interest

What is natural law?

Natural law is law that exists independently of the positive law of a given political order, society or nation-state. It is simultaneously a legal philosophy or perspective, and a genre of law - depending on the jurisdiction in which the term is used. s philosophical perspective, especially in the English and American legal traditions, the principles of natural law are expressed, obliquely or openly, in such documents as Magna Carta and the Declaration of Independence, when rights are discussed, explicitly or implicitly, as being inherent. For example, the phrase "all men are created equal and endowed by their creator with certain rights" expresses a natural law philosophy. Social contract theorists, such as Hobbes, Locke or Rousseau all believed in a natural law and in natural rights, which were transferred from the individual subject to the sovereign state. The state would then protect individuals from each other through the mediation of its monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force.

What are natural rights?

Natural rights are universal rights derived from natural law. John Locke, for example, argued that these rights are integrated with the very definition of what it means to be human.

Principle of religious injunctions

an ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that is not kind and that does not build a sense of community

Principle of government requirements

an ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that violates the law, for the law represents the minimal moral standard

Law of the Sea Convention

Officially known as the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), this agreement was opened for signature in 1982 and entered into force in 1994. As of June 2006, 149 countries had signed on to the Convention. Seeking to govern the peaceful use of the seas, the measure covers deep sea drilling, straits used for international navigation, the oceanic rights of landlocked nations and many other aspects of international oceanic interaction. The United States is not an official signatory to the Law of the Sea Convention, but adheres to most of its provisions. The main point of disagreement heretofore has been the limits on deep sea drilling. However, with support from both the White House and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, in 2006 the United States appeared close to acceding to UNCLOS.

Standpoint theory

One action creates multiple interpretations based on gender, race, social class, and culture

positive reinforcement

an event which follows behavior and increases the likelihood that it will occur again

Which African countries are not part of the African Union?

Only Morocco. The African Union (abbreviated AU) was founded in July 2002. The AU is a federation consisting of 53 states. It was formed as a successor to the amalgamated African Economic Community (AEC) and the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). Eventually, the AU aims to have a single currency and a single integrated defense force, as well as other institutions of state, including a cabinet for the AU Head of State. The purpose of the federation is to help secure Africa's democracy, human rights and a sustainable economy, especially by bringing an end to intra-African conflict and creating an effective common market.

Who can receive foreign ambassadors?

Only the president.

Opinion Flow

Opinion Makers - Attentive Public - Opinion Leaders - Mass Public

Reagan Doctrine

Oppose the influence of the Soviet Union by backing anti-communist guerrillas against the communist governments of Soviet-backed client states. Somewhat triggered by Afghanistan - aiding mujahideen to hurt Soviets

in which part of a speech or written presentation would you evaluate the use integration of transitions?

Organization.

Learning Organizations

Organizations that are able to continually learn and adapt to new circumstances.

South Ossetia

Ossetia is split between Russia (north) and Georgia (south). Many ethnic Russians live in South Ossetia.

Companies achieve competitive advantage by:

Products, Pricing, Customer service, Cost efficiency, Quality

Myanmar

Political instability and human rights abuses

Radio Free Asia?

Radio Free Asia was created by the International Broadcasting Act of 1994 and began its operations in 1996. It is a private, non-profit corporation funded by Congress of the United States, and supervised by the Broadcasting Board of Governors. BBG's stated mission is "to promote and sustain freedom and democracy by broadcasting accurate and objective news and information about the United States and the world to audiences overseas". RFA broadcasts in 9 languages, via shortwave and the Internet. The first transmission was in Mandarin and it is RFA's most elaborate service as it is broadcast twelve hours per day. RFA also broadcasts in Tibetan, Cantonese, Uyghur, Burmese, Vietnamese, Lao, Khmer (to Cambodia) and Korean (to North Korea). RFA's mission statement: "RFA broadcasts news and information to Asian listeners who lack regular access to full and balanced reporting in their domestic media. Through its broadcasts and call-in programs, RFA aims to fill a critical gap in the lives of people across Asia."

Radio Sawa?

Radio Sawa is an Arabic language radio station, funded by the United States government. The station's goal is to provide what they claim is balanced news and information to youth in Arabic-speaking countries, as local news in many Middle Eastern countries is considered by the U.S. government as biased. The station's playlist includes popular Arabic, English and Spanish songs. Radio Sawa's first broadcast was on March 23, 2002. Its broadcasts are recorded in Washington, DC and Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Radio Sara is controlled by the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG), an independent agency of the U.S. government, such that staff are not civil servants under direct government control.

Radio Martí and TV Martí?

Radio and TV Martí are broadcasters based in Miami, Florida, financed by the United States government (Broadcasting Board of Governors), which transmits Spanish-language radio and TV broadcasts to Cuba. Established in 1983 by President Ronald Reagan, at the urging of Jorge Mas Canosa, with the mission of fighting communism.

What fundamentals of speech add variety to a presentation?

Rate, volume, force, pitch, and emphasis.

Congress powers in foreign Policy

Ratify treaties; confirm appointments; declare war; appropriate funds; oversee agencies; enact legislation

revising phase.

Revising is a finishing step to improve the communication based on the editing phase and the feedback from the reviewers. You revise or rewrite your draft to make it into a more formal presentation.

When starting a presentation, what are some attention-getting devices you might consider?

Rhetorical questions; direct questions; quotations; illustrations; a startling statement; unusual or dramatic devices; and refrences to the importance of the theme.

Who was Richard E. Neustadt?

Richard Elliott Neustadt (June 26, 1919 - October 31, 2003) was an American political historian specializing in the U.S. Presidency. He also served as advisor to several Presidents. Neustadt later founded the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, where he taught for more than two decades, retiring in 1989. After his retirement he served as an advisor to Bill Clinton. One of Neustadt's closest students was a young Al Gore. Gore's interest in politics was reignited by a junior seminar taught by Neustadt in 1968 on the presidency. In the course, Gore role-played John F. Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Gore arranged to have private tutorials with Neustadt during his senior year, meeting with him two hours weekly. His most important book, Presidential Power, first published in 1960, influenced Kennedy as well as a whole generation of academics, and continues to be one of the staples of courses about the presidency all over the world. Neustadt took a radically original view. The president, he believed, had to grab "for just enough power to get by the next day's problems". Neustadt argued that "the power of the presidency is the power to persuade". To be precise, he said, the government has three assets: the power to persuade, its professional reputation, and its public prestige. In a government like that of the United States, where powers are shared between congress, the judiciary and the executive branch headed by the president, the president must do his best to bargain with rival power centres to get what he believes to be needed.

unfolding organizational speech structure

an inductive style, in which the speaker lays out supporting evidence and then draws a conclusion, leading the listeners to be drawn into the argument

Russian Civil War

Russian event that preceded WWII and US-Soviet tensions

stagflation

an inflationary period accompanied by rising unemployment and lack of growth in consumer demand and business activity

informative briefing

fundamental objective to present information to a specialized audience, followed by the exchange of data, ideas, and questions among participants

Who was John Foster Dulles?

Secretary of State under Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against communism around the world. He advocated support of the French in their war against the Viet Minh in Indochina and famously refused to shake the hand of Zhou Enlai at the Geneva Conference in 1954.

What is the Eurasian Economic Community?

The Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC or EAEC) was put into motion on 10 October 2000 when Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan signed the treaty. EurAsEC was formally created when the treaty was finally ratified by all five member states in May 2001. EurAsEC grew out of the CIS Customs Union. All the members of EurAsEC are also members of the older Commonwealth of Independent States and the relationship between the two organisations is ambiguous.

Hawthorne studies: Lessons from the Hawthorne Studies:

Social and human concerns are keys to productivity. Hawthorne effect — people who are singled out for special attention perform as expected.

middle powers

States that rank somewhat below the great powers in terms of their influence on world affairs (for example, Brazil and India).

Thalweg Principle

States that the border between 2 states in water lies along the thalweg, the line of fastest flow of a river.

What is statism?

Statism is a term used in a variety of disciplines (economics, sociology, education policy etc) to describe a system that involves a significant interventionist role for the state in economic or social affairs. In economics, the term "statism" refers to any economy where the state plans or coordinates the economy, or the advocacy of such a system.

Social Decentering

Stepping away from your own thoughts and attempting to experience the thoughts of another.

Elements of observable culture

Stories, Heroes, Rites and rituals, Symbols

Who was Frederick Moore Vinson?

Supreme court chief justice nominated in 1946 by Harry S. Truman. On racial segration, he wrote that states practicing the separate but equal doctrine must provide facilities that were truly equal, in Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents. The case of Brown v. Board of Education was before the Court at the time of his death. Vinson, not wanting a 5-4 decision, had ordered a second hearing of the case. He died before the case could be reheard, at which time Earl Warren was appointed to the Court and the case was heard again.

Name some countries with a federalist system of government.

Switzerland, US, Belgium, Germany, Canada.

Social-democracy

System of politics-economy most countries fell into after WWII

What is the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council?

The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) is a NATO organization, a multilateral forum created to improve relations between NATO and non-NATO countries in Europe and those parts of Asia on the European pheriphary. The member states meet to cooperate and consult on a range of political and security issues. It was formed on May 29, 1997 as the successor to the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC).

League of Nations

an organization established after WW1 & a forerunner of today's UN; it achieved certain humanitarian & other successes but was weakened by the absence of US membership & by its own lack of effectiveness in ensuring collective security

What is the Euro-Mediterranean free trade area?

The Euro-Mediterranean free trade area (EU-MEFTA) is based on the Barcelona Process and European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). The Barcelona Process, developed after the Barcelona Conference in successive annual meetings, is a set of goals designed to lead to a free trade area in the Middle East by 2010. Eventually it will integrate free trade with the EU.

What is the Asian Development Bank?

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a multilateral development finance institution dedicated to reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific. It was founded in 1966 with 31 members states and has now grown to include 64, including the US, many europen nations, and all asian nations, including the stans. Headquartered in Philippines.

What is the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)?

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a political, economic, and cultural organization of countries located in Southeast Asia. Formed on August 8, 1967, by Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines, as a non-provocative display of solidarity against communist expansion in Vietnam and insurgency within their own borders. Following the Bali Summit of 1976, the organization embarked on a programme of economic cooperation, which floundered in the mid-1980's only to be revived around a 1991 Thai proposal for a regional "free trade area".

What is ANZUS?

The Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS or ANZUS Treaty) is the military alliance which binds Australia and the United States, and separately Australia and New Zealand to cooperate on defense matters in the Pacific Ocean area, though today the treaty is understood to relate to attacks in any area. The treaty came about following the close cooperation of the United States, Australia and New Zealand during World War II, during which time Australia had come perilously close to invasion by Japan. Following the end of World War II, the United States was eager to normalize relations with Japan, particularly as the Korean War was still raging a short distance from Japan. With the involvement of China and possibly the Soviet Union in Korea, the Cold War was threatening to become a full-scale war. However, Australia and New Zealand in particular were extremely reluctant to finalize a peace treaty with Japan which would allow for Japanese rearmament. Both countries relented only when an Australian and New Zealand proposal for a three-way security treaty was accepted by the United States. The resulting treaty was concluded at San Francisco on 1 September 1951, and entered into force on 29 April 1952.

What is the Central American Common Market?

The Central American Common Market (abbreviated CACM - in Spanish: Mercado Común Centroamericano, abbreviated MCCA) is an economic trade organization between five nations of Central America. It was established on December 13, 1960 between the nations of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua in a conference in Managua. These nations ratified the treaties of membership the following year. Costa Rica joined the CACM in 1963. The organization collapsed in 1969 with the Football War between Honduras and El Salvador, but was then reinstated in 1991. The CACM has succeeded in removing duties on most products moving among the member countries, and has largely unified external tariffs and increased trade within the member nations. However, it has not achieved the further goals of greater economic and political unification that were hoped for at the organization's founding, mainly caused by the CACM's inability and lack of reliable means to settle trade disputes. With the proposal of the Free Trade Area of the Americas, it is possible that this new organization will replace the CACM.

political party

an organized group of people with the primary purpose of electing its members to government office (alternatively, some parties exist to represent and promote a point of view or ideology regardless of electoral successes)

What is the european Common Agricultural Policy?

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is a system of European Union agricultural subsidies which represents about 44% of the EU's budget (€43 billion scheduled spend for 2005 [1]). These subsidies work by guaranteeing a minimum price to producers and by direct payment of a subsidy for crops planted. This provides some economic certainty for EU farmers and production of a certain quantity of agricultural goods. Reforms of the system are currently underway including a phased transfer of subsidy to land stewardship rather than specific crop production from 2005 to 2012. The OECD countries' total agricultural subsidies amount to more than the GDP of the whole of Africa. CAP price intervention causes artificially high food prices throughout the EU. Some have suggested that Europeans pay about 25% higher prices for food than they would without the CAP.

What is the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)?

The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a confederation, or alliance, consisting of 11 former Soviet Republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Turkmenistan discontinued permanent membership as of August 26, 2005 and is now an associate member. The creation of CIS signaled the dissolution of the Soviet Union and, according to leaders of Russia, its purpose was to "allow a civilized divorce" between the Soviet Republics. However, many observers have seen the CIS as a tool that would allow Russia to keep its influence over the post-Soviet states. Since its formation, the member-states of CIS have signed a large number of documents concerning integration and cooperation on matters of economics, defense and foreign policy.

subsidiarity

an organizing principle that matters ought to be handled by the smallest, lowest or least centralized competent authority (Wikipedia definition)

visual aids

appeal to our sense of sight

collectivist culture?

benevolence, tradition and conformity (group values) your responsible for contributing to the success of the group

What was the first treaty to recognize and regulate diplomacy?

The Congress of Vienna in 1815.

What is the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf?

The Cooperation Council of the Arab States of the Gulf, formerly named and still commonly called Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is a regional organization involving the six Persian Gulf Arab States with many economic and social objectives in mind. Created May 25, 1981, the Council is comprised of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.

What is the Council of Europe?

The Council of Europe is an international organisation of 46 member states in the European region. The seat of the Council of Europe is in Strasbourg on the Franco-German border. Membership is open to all European states which accept the principle of the rule of law and guarantee fundamental human rights and freedoms to their citizens. One of the main successes of the Council was the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950, which serves as the basis for the European Court of Human Rights. The Council of Europe is not to be confused with the Council of the European Union or the European Council, as it is a separate organisation and not part of the European Union. The Council of Europe was founded following a speech given by Winston Churchill at the University of Zurich on 19 September 1946 calling for a "United States of Europe", similar to the United States of America, in the wake of the events of World War II. The Council was officially founded on 5 May 1949 by the Treaty of London agreed to by the ten original members. This treaty is now known as the Statute of the Council of Europe.

What was the European Defence Community?

The European Defence Community (EDC) was a plan proposed by René Pleven, the French foreign minister at the time, in response to the American call for the rearmament of West Germany. Its intention was to form a pan-European defence force as an alternative to Germany's proposed accession to NATO, meant to harness its military potential in case of conflict with the Soviet bloc. The plan included the countries of France, Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries (Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxemburg). A treaty was signed in May 1952, but the plan never went into effect. Because of the failure to obtain a majority in the French Parliament, due to Gaullist fears that it threatened France's national sovereignty, constitutional concerns about the indivisibility of the French Republic, and fears about Germany's remilitarization, the EDC was never ratified and the initiative collapsed on the 30 of August, 1954.

What branch of government negotiates treaties?

The Executive, subject to the approval of the senate.

What was the Harlem Renaissance?

The Harlem Renaissance was a flowering of African-American social thought and culture based in the African-American community forming in Harlem in New York City (USA). This period, beginning with 1920 and extending roughly to 1940, was expressed through every cultural medium—visual art, dance, music, theatre, literature, poetry, history and politics. Instead of using direct political means, African-American artists, writers, and musicians employed culture to work for goals of civil rights and equality. For the first time, African-American paintings, writings, and jazz became absorbed into mainstream culture and crossed racial lines, creating a lasting legacy. At the time, it was known as the "New Negro Movement". Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Ella Fitzgerald, W.E.B. DuBois, and Marcus Garvey were all part of it.

What were the Helinski Accords?

The Helsinki Accords is the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe held in Helsinki in 1975 between the United States and Canada, the Soviet Union and the countries of Europe, including Turkey but not Albania and Andorra. The civil rights portion of the agreement provided the basis for the work of Helsinki Watch, an independent NGO created to monitor compliance to the Helsinki Accords (which evolved into several regional committees to finally form Human Rights Watch). While these provisions applied to all signatories the focus of attention was on their application to the Soviet Union and its associates, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania.

Idealist Approach to Foreign Policy?

The Idealist approach assumes that a foreign policy based on morals, legal codes, and international norms is the most effective foreign policy because it encourages unity and cooperation among states rather than competition and conflict.

What is the Idealist Approach to Foreign Policy?

The Idealist approach assumes that a foreign policy based on morals, legal codes, and international norms is the most effective foreign policy because it encourages unity and cooperation among states rather than competition and conflict.

What is the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights?

The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (the IACHR or, in the three other official languages - Spanish, French, and Portuguese - CIDH) is one of the two bodies that comprise the inter-American system for the promotion and protection of human rights.

What is the Inter-American Court of Human Rights?

The Inter-American Court of Human Rights is an autonomous judicial institution based in the city of San José, Costa Rica. Together with the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, it makes up the human rights protection system of the Organization of American States (OAS), which serves to uphold and promote basic rights and freedoms in the Americas.

International Broadcasting Bureau?

The International Broadcasting Bureau (IBB) is a United States Government federal agency that was created in 1994 to produce political radio and television broadcasts that are intended for audiences in foreign countries. The IBB replaces the former Bureau of Broadcasting.

Statute of the International Court of Justice

The International Court of Justice, created in 1945 as the judicial arm of the United Nations, was designed to provide a forum for hearing disputes under international law between member states. It functions as an independent court, and also issues advisory opinions on various questions of law. Article 38 (1) of the Statute establishes the sources of international law that it applies: international conventions or treaties, customary international law, general principles of law recognized by civilized nations, judicial decisions and distinguished scholarly writings.

What is the difference between the ICC and the ICJ in the Hague?

The International Criminal Court is a permanant war crimes tribunal. The International Court of Justice rules on disputes between states.

Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is an international agreement that attempts to address global warming and climate change. In 2006, 162 countries were parties to the Protocol, which provides for the modernization of greenhouse gas-producing facilities, as well as the buying and selling of "pollution credits" known as "emission reduction units" to stabilize and reduce the amounts of greenhouse gasses emitted into the atmosphere. The United States is not a state party to the Protocol because, spokespersons say, it does not equitably distribute the burden of reducing emissions and thus would unfairly disadvantage U.S. economic interests.

What is LAFTA?

The Latin American Free Trade Association was created in 1960 by Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay. The signatories hoped to create a common market in Latin America. By 1970, LAFTA expanded to include Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. In 1980, LAFTA reorganized into the Latin American Integration Association. Membership remained unchanged until Cuba joined in 1999.

Morrill tariff?

The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was a protectionist tariff bill passed by the U.S. Congress in early 1861. It was signed into law by Democratic president, James Buchanan of Pennslyvania, where support for higher tariffs to protect the iron industry was strong. It replaced the Tariff of 1857. The high rates of the Morrill tariff inaugurated a period of relatively continuous trade protection in the United States that lasted until the Underwood Tariff of 1913. As Frank Taussig observes, the schedule of the Morrill Tariff and its two successor bills were retained long after the end of the Civil War.

Skybolt affair?

The Nassau Agreement was a treaty negotiated between President John F. Kennedy for the United States and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan for the United Kingdom. It was discussed by the two leaders over three days in the Bahamas and signed 18 December 1962. Under the agreement the USA was to provide the UK with nuclear-armed Polaris missiles (under the terms of the Polaris Sales Agreement), in return for which the UK was to lease the Americans a nuclear submarine base in the Holy Loch, near Glasgow. The agreement was clear that the UK's Polaris missiles were part of a 'multi-lateral force' within NATO and could only be used independently when 'supreme national interests' intervened. The agreement followed the collapse of the Skybolt programme, which was an air-launched missile developed jointly by the two nations. No longer needed by the US, Skybolt's termination left a hole in the United Kingdom's nuclear deterrent. Charles de Gaulle considered the signing of the agreement to be a clear signal that the UK was aligning itself more closely with the US, and this contributed to his decision to refuse the United Kingdom's entry to the EEC in January 1963.

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 1994

between the United States, Canada, and Mexico took effect and the United States joined another structure that promoted global free trade, the World Trade Organization.

term for the medium through which a message passes?

channel

which word refers to the emotional meaning that specific speakers-listeners give to a word?

connotation

North American Free Trade Agreement

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), ratified by Canada, Mexico and the United States in 1992, is a regional trade accord within the WTO structure. It facilitates the cross-border movement of goods and services by reducing tariffs, duties and transportation costs, as well as by easing investment restrictions and the movement of workers within the free-trade zone.

emblems

deliberate non verbal behaviors with precise meanings known to virtually all members of a cultural group

What was the Organisation of African Unity?

The Organisation of African Unity (OAU) or Organisation de l'Unité Africaine (OUA) was established on May 25, 1963. It was disbanded July 9, 2002 by its last chairman, South African Thabo Mbeki and replaced by the African Union. Its intended purpose was to promote the unity and solidarity of the African States and act as a collective voice for the continent. It was also dedicated to the eradication of colonialism and established a Liberation Committee to aid independence movements. Its headquarters were established at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, at the invitation of its emperor, Haile Selassie I. The Charter of the Organisation was signed by 32 independent African states. At the time of its disbanding, 53 out of the 54 countries in Africa were members; Morocco left in 1985 following the admission of Western Sahara in 1982. Though widely derided as a bureaucratic "talking shop" with little power, Ghanaian United Nations secretary-general Kofi Annan praised the OAU for bringing Africans together. Nevertheless, in its 39 years of existence critics argue that the OAU did little to protect the rights and liberties of African citizens from their own political leaders, often dubbing it "The Dictators Club".

What is the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe?

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is an international organization for security. In its region, it is concerned with early warning, conflict prevention, crisis management and post-conflict rehabilitation. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe has 55 participating states from Europe, the Mediterranean, the Caucasus, Central Asia and North America. The OSCE's Secretariat (headquarters) is located in Vienna, Austria. The Organization also has offices in Copenhagen, Geneva, The Hague, Prague and Warsaw. The organization was established in 1973 as the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE).

What is the Organization of American States?

The Organization of American States (OAS; OEA in the other three official languages) is an international organization, headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States. Its members are the 35 independent nations of the Americas. Founded in 1948. Members include every free nation in the western hemisphere, except cuba, which is suspended. From its creation up until, at the least, the mid-1980s, the OAS was a frequent target for critics, particularly those on the left of the political spectrum, who accused it of being a mere arm of U.S. foreign policy - "Washington's colonial office", it was scornfully labeled (this is sometimes attributed to Fidel Castro, but is not verified; see [5]). This interpretation was borne out by the alacrity with which the Organization moved, at Washington's bidding, to expel Cuba in 1962; in contrast, the OAS never took steps to suspend the membership of the various dictatorships that emerged in the 1970s and 1980s and were disrepectful of human rights and democracy - Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Guatemala - but that differed from Cuba in their political orientation. The return to democracy that took place in the 1980s and 1990s saw the emergence of new trends within the OAS. The Organization's new direction has taken it into areas of greater direct relevance to the peoples of the continent: for example, its highly successful demining programs in Central America and the Andean region. Perhaps more importantly, the Organization's other member states (particularly the South Americans) now appear to be reasserting their political independence and assuming positions that are much less subservient to U.S. interests.

What is the PLO?

The PLO is a political and military organization that claims to represent the interests of the Palestinian people in their opposition of Israel and quest for a homeland.

What is the Pacific Islands Forum?

The Pacific Islands Forum is an inter-governmental consultative organ which aims to enhance cooperation between the independent countries of the Pacific Ocean and represent their interests. It was founded in 1971 as the South Pacific Forum; the name was changed in 2000 to better reflect the correct geographic locations of its member states both in the north and south Pacific. Member states are: Australia, the Cook Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.

Philippine-American War?

The Philippine-American War was a war between the armed forces of the United States and the Philippines from 1899 through 1913. In December 1898, the U.S. purchased the Philippines and other territories from Spain at the Treaty of Paris for the sum of 20 million United States dollars, after the U.S. defeated Spain in the Spanish-American War. The U.S. government made plans to make the Philippines an American colony. However, the Filipinos, fighting for their independence from Spain since 1896, had already declared their independence on June 12. On August 14, 11,000 ground troops were sent to occupy the Philippines. On January 1, 1899, Emilio Aguinaldo was declared the first President. He later organized a Congress at Malolos, Bulacan to draft a constitution. Tensions between the Filipinos and the American soldiers on the islands existed because of the conflicting movements for independence and colonization, aggravated by the feelings of betrayal on the part of the Filipinos by their former allies, the Americans. Hostilities started on February 4, 1899 when an American soldier named Robert William Grayson shot a Filipino soldier who was crossing a bridge into American-occupied territory in San Juan del Monte, an incident historians now consider to be the start of the war. Eventually the US grew tired of the war. In 1916 the United States granted the Philippines self-government and promised eventual independence. It was finally granted in 1946.

Point Four Program?

The Point Four Program was a program for economic aid to poor countries announced by United States President Harry S. Truman at his inauguration speech on January 20, 1949. It took its name from the fact that it was mentioned as the fourth among the foreign policy objectives mentioned in the speech. The Point Four Program was the result of the situation prevailing following World War II. In order to rebuild the destruction caused by the war, the U.S. government announced the European Recovery Program in 1948, based on the initiative of U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall. Point Four Program was different from other programs in that it was not confined to any specific region; it was extended to countries such as Israel and Iran. However, U.S. government enthusiasm for the program declined under President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the program was officially abolished in May 1953.

Management

The Process of guiding the development, maintenance, and allocation of resources to attain organizational goals.

Realist Approach to Foreign Policy?

The Realist approach assumes that the use of power to promote the national interest of a state is the most successful foreign policy.

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

The Rome Statute created the International Criminal Court (ICC), located at the Hague, Netherlands. The ICC states that it is "a permanent institution and shall have the power to exercise its jurisdiction over persons for the most serious crimes of international concern, as referred to in this Statute, and shall be complementary to national criminal jurisdictions." The court's jurisdiction covers four specific areas of international law: genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes (violations of international law, such as the Geneva conventions) and crimes of aggression. The Court, which was entered into force in 2002, has 120 participants. The United States, which was committed to the Treaty under President Bill Clinton, "unsigned" the treaty early in the Administration of George W. Bush, because of expressed concerns over the possibility that American military service members and political officials could be indicted on unfair charges based on political motivations.

Roosevelt Corollary?

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (from 1901 to 1909) was a substantial alteration (called an "amendment") of the Monroe Doctrine by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. In its altered state, the Monroe Doctrine would now consider Latin America as an agency for expanding U.S. commercial interests in the region, along with its original stated purpose of keeping European hegemony from the hemisphere. In essence, Roosevelt's Monroe Doctrine would be the basis for a use of economic and military hegemony to make the U.S. the dominant power in the Western Hemisphere. The new doctrine was a frank statement that the U.S. was willing to seek leverage over Latin American governments by acting as an international police power in the region. Described as a policy of speaking softly but carrying a big stick, the Roosevelt announcement launched an era of the "big stick." In contrast with later dollar diplomacy, Roosevelt's approach was more controversial among isolationist-pacifists in the U.S.

Root-Takahira agreement?

The Root-Takahira Agreement of 1908 was a contract between the United States and Japan. Relations between Japan and the United States remained tense during Theodore Roosevelt's second term. Tensions had developed earlier over spheres of influence in the Far East and the treatment of Japanese living in the U.S. Further, Roosevelt had never been forgiven for his opposition to Russian reparations for the Japanese at the end of the earlier war between those two nations. Many American farmers and laborers on the West Coast resented competition from hard-working Japanese immigrants. Conditions had deteriorated so badly by 1907 that there was talk of war in both countries. A small, positive step was taken in 1907 when the United States and Japan concluded the so-called "Gentlemen's Agreement," in which Japan promised to slow the exodus of workers destined for the U.S. Racial antipathy remained, however, particularly in California. Roosevelt was dedicated to further improving relations, realizing that the American position in the Philippines would be difficult to maintain against a Japanese adversary. An exchange of notes followed between Elihu Root, the U.S. secretary of state, and Takahira Kogoro, the Japanese ambassador in Washington. The resulting position statements included the following: A pledge to maintain the status quo in the Far East, Recognition of China's independence and territorial integrity, and support for continuation of the Open Door policy, An agreement to mutual consultation in the event of future Far Eastern crises. The Root-Takahira Agreement appeared to be a great success, given that the war drums in both nations were quieted. However, implicit in the understanding was American recognition of two controversial Japanese actions—the annexation of Korea and their increasing dominance in Manchuria. Indeed, the Japanese were espousing a type of Monroe Doctrine for the Far East, but one that assigned Japan a far more powerful economic role than the United States had in Latin America.

What was The Social Gospel Movement?

The Social Gospel movement is a Protestant Christian intellectual movement that was most prominent in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The movement applies Christian principles to social problems, especially poverty, liquor, drugs, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, poor schools, and the danger of war. Theologically the Social Gospel leaders were overwhelmingly post-Millenarian. That is they believed the Second Coming could not happen until mankind rid itself of social evils by humanly effort. Part of the Christian "modernism" trend with a strong emphasis on social justice, the movement is a rival to the later movements of evangelical and fundamentalist Christianity. In the early 20th century, many Americans were disgusted by the poverty level and the low quality of living in the slums. The social gospel movement provided one basis for those beliefs. They aimed to improve the lives of the poor. Many Catholic and Protestant clergymen despised crime and disease in lower-class slums, yet they did not see the connection between horrid living conditions and personal transgression. They believed that sin was a personal vice against God and that poverty itself was an "Act of God." Activists in the Social Gospel movement hoped that by providing decent food and shelter, as well as allowing the poor to develop talents and skills, the quality of their moral lives would begin to improve.

What is the South Asia Free Trade Agreement?

The South Asia Free Trade Agreement is an agreement reached at the 12th South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) summit at Islamabad, capital of Pakistan on 6 January 2004. It creates a framework for the creation of a free trade zone covering 1.4 billion people in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan and the Maldives.The seven foreign ministers of the region signed a framework agreement on SAFTA with zero customs duty on the trade of practically all products in the region by end 2012.

What is the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation?

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, or SAARC, proposed by Ziaur Rahman, the then-president of Bangladesh, was established on December 8, 1985. SAARC is an association of eight countries of South Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and most recently admitted, Afghanistan. These countries comprise an area of 5,127,500 km2 and a fifth of the world's population. SAARC encourages cooperation in agriculture, rural development, science and technology, culture, health, population control, narcotics control and anti-terrorism. In 1993, SAARC countries signed an agreement to gradually lower tariffs within the region. Nine years later, at the 12th SAARC summit at Islamabad, SAARC countries devised the South Asia Free Trade Agreement which created a framework for the establishment of a free trade zone covering 1.4 billion people. This agreement went into force on January 1, 2006.

What was the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)?

The Southeast Atlantic Treaty Organization (SEATO), also known as the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty or the Manila Pact, was an international organisation for defence collaboration established on September 8, 1954. The organization's headquarters was located in Bangkok, Thailand. It was dissolved in 1977. Members: Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Great Britain, U.S.

What is the Status Quo Approach to Foreign Policy?

The Status Quo Approach to Foreign Policy seeks to maintain the territorial, ideological, or power distribution of the state.

What is the Western European Union?

The Western European Union (WEU) is a partially dormant European defence and security organization, established on the basis of the Treaty of Brussels of 1948 with the accession of West Germany and Italy in 1954. Its two stated aims were: to afford assistance to each other inr sisting any policy of aggression, to promote unity and integration of Europe. Currently being merged into EU.

speeches about objects

describe a particular thing in detail; the object may be a person, place, animal, structure, machine, or anything else that can be touched or seen

What is the Treaty on Open Skies?

The Treaty on Open Skies entered into force on January 1, 2002, and currently has 34 States Parties. It establishes a program of unarmed aerial surveillance flights over the entire territory of its participants. The treaty is designed to enhance mutual understanding and confidence by giving all participants, regardless of size, a direct role in gathering information about military forces and activities of concern to them. Open Skies is one of the most wide-ranging international efforts to date promoting openness and transparency of military forces and activities. The concept of "mutual aerial observation" was initially proposed by President Eisenhower in 1955; the treaty eventually signed was an initiative of President (and former Director of Central Intelligence) George H. W. Bush in 1989. Negotiated by the then-members of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, the agreement was signed in Helsinki, Finland, on March 24, 1992. The United States ratified it in 1993. The 34 States Parties to the Open Skies Treaty are: Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom, Ukraine, and United States.

United Nations Charter

The United Nations Charter, which entered into force in 1945, is the founding document of the United Nations. Its preamble states that the goals of the organization are "to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom." In 2006, the United Nations had 192 member states.

USAID?

The United States Agency for International Development (or USAID) is the US government organization responsible for most non-military foreign aid. An independent federal agency, it receives overall foreign policy guidance from the US Secretary of State.

post-industrial

describing an economy in which the service sector has become more important than the industrial sector

direct investment

e.g. building a hotel in another country

What was the "Velvet Divorce" ?

The Velvet Divorce is a journalistic term for the dissolution of the former country of Czechoslovakia into the nations of Slovakia and the Czech Republic, effective January 1, 1993. The term is used to liken this event to the Velvet Revolution of 1989 which led to the end of the rule of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and the formation of a new, non-Communist government. The term itself did not catch on either in the Czech Republic, nor in Slovakia, but it is used by the international media.

Vienna Convention on Consular Relations

The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, signed in Vienna on April 24, 1963, was created by the United Nations Conference on Diplomatic Intercourse and Immunities to further the development of friendly relations among nations. The treaty states that consular relations between nations take place by mutual consent. It also states that consular functions consist of protecting the interests of a country's nationals in the receiving state, furthering the development of relations and ascertaining the conditions of the receiving state. The consul will also issue passports, travel documents and visas, as well as safeguard its nationals in the event of war or other crisis. The treaty provides for the exemption of the consular officer from municipal, state and federal taxes of the host state. It also forbids the prosecution of an officer except in cases of grave criminal misconduct.

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Between States and International Organizations or Between International Organizations

The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Between States and International Organizations or Between International Organizations was signed in 1986, but has not yet entered into force. It sets forth the rules for the agreements, modifications and revocations of treaties between states and international organizations. This treaty therefore acts in parallel with the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which applies only to state contracting parties.

Voice of America?

The Voice of America (VOA) is the official broadcasting service of the United States government. It is one of the best-known stations in international broadcasting and is similar to international broadcasters such as the BBC World Service, BBC World, Deutsche Welle, and Radio France Internationale. VOA was organized in 1942 under the Office of War Information with news programs aimed at German-occupied Europe and North Africa. VOA began broadcasting on February 24, 1942. Voice of America began to transmit radio broadcasts into the Soviet Union on February 17, 1947. Under United States law (the Smith-Mundt Act of 1948), the Voice of America is forbidden to broadcast directly to American citizens. The original intent of this legislation is to keep the federal government from having a direct outlet to their domestic public, unlike many European countries.

portfolio investment

e.g. buying stock in companies from other countries

Midway

The World War II Battle of Midway was fought on June 5, 1942. The U.S. Navy defeated a Japanese attack against Midway Atoll, marking a turning point in the war in the Pacific theatre.

power

The ability or potential to influence others’ behavior, as measured by the possession of certain tangible and intangible characteristics.

Response Latency

The ampunt of time it takes someone to formulate a response to a statement or question in conversation.

How are concepts of communication preperation universal?

The basic philosophy and guidance for effective writing and speaking are the same. Both involve getting started with the communication, subject research, support selection, and organizing.

How are the concepts of communication preparation universal?

The basic philosophy and guidance for effective writing and speaking are the same. Both involve getting started with the communication, subject research, support selection, and organizing.

Zionism

The belief that Jews are a nation and that they should have an independent homeland.

McCellands Theory friendship

The desire for friendship, affiliation and close interpersonal relationships.

North-South gap

The disparity in resources (income, wealth, and power) between the industrialized, relatively rich countries of the West (and the former East) and the poorer countries of Africa, the Middle East, and much of Asia and Latin America.

monetary relations

The entire scope of int'l money issues, such as exchange rates, interest rates, loan policies, balance of payments and regulating institutions (for example, the IMF).

Self Concept Clarity

The extent to which beliefs about onesself are clearly and confidently identified and stable over time.

Receiver Apprehension

The fear of misunderstanding or misinterpreting the message spoken by others or of not being able to adjust psychologically to messages expressed by others.

Seneca Falls Convention

The first convention in America devoted to women's rights. It met in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848, and passed several resolutions, including a demand that women be given the right to vote.

clique? Discribe one advantage and one disadvantage of a clique within an organization.

The formation of a clique is the direct result of our social instinct to band together in groups. A clique can bind people together by enhancing unit moral. However, a clique can also take on a life of its own and become independent of organization objectives.

UN Charter

The founding document of the United Nations; it is based on the principles that states are equal, have sovereignty over their own affairs, enjoy independence and territorial integrity, and must fulfill international obligations. The Charter also lays out the structure and methods of the UN.

transactional communication mean?

each person in the communication act is both speaker and listener; each person is simultaneously sending and receiving messages

forecasting

early step in planning process; est. premises or assumptions on which plans will be based

What is the Fundamental attribution error?

The fundamental attribution error (sometimes referred to as the actor-observer bias, correspondence bias or overattribution effect) is the tendency for people to over-emphasize dispositional, or personality-based, explanations for behaviors observed in others while under-emphasizing the role and power of situational influences on the same behavior. In other words, people tend to have a default assumption that what a person does is based more on what "kind" of person he is, rather than the social and environmental forces at work on that person. This default assumption leads to people sometimes making erroneous explanations for behavior. This general bias to over-emphasizing dispositional explanations for behavior at the expense of situational explanations is much less likely to occur when people evaluate their own behavior.

Top Management

The highest level of managers; includes CEO's, presidents, and vice presidents, who develop strategic plans and address long-range issues.

national interest

The interests of a state overall (as opposed to particular parties or factions within the state).

The Logic of Liberal Internationalism

The logic that the US has the moral obligation to contribute substantially to solving global problems

Long Telegram?

The message written by George Kennan in 1946 to Truman advising him to contain Communist expansion. Told Truman that if the Soviets couldn't expand, their Communism would eventually fall apart, and that Communism could be beaten without going to war.

Maastricht Treaty

The most significant agreement in the recent history of the EU - signed by leaders of the EU's 12 member countries in 1991 and outlines steps toward further political-economic integration.

neocolonialism

The notion that EDCs continue to control and exploit LDCs through indirect means, such as economic dominance and co-opting the local elite.

Self- Fulfilling Prophecy

The notion that perdictions about ones futire are likely to come true because one believes that they will come true.

Foreign Policy.

The official strategy of a state regarding how it will relate to other states and international organizations

What was the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE)?

The organization was established in 1973 as the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE). Talks had been mooted about a European security grouping since the 1950s but the Cold War prevented any substantial progress until the talks at Finlandia Hall in Helsinki began in November 1972. These talks were held at the suggestion of the Soviet Union which wished to use the talks to maintain its control over the communist countries in Eastern Europe. Western Europe, however, saw these talks as a way to reduce the tension in the region, furthering economic cooperation and obtaining humanitarian improvements for the populations of the Communist Bloc. The collapse of Communism required a change of role for the CSCE. The Charter of Paris for a New Europe which was signed on November 21, 1990 marked the beginning of this change. With the changes capped by the re-naming of the CSCE to the OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) on January 1, 1995.

Source

The originator of a thought or emotion who puts it into a code that can be understood by a receiver.

settlement

The outcome of a bargaining process.

Receiver

The person who decodes a message and attempts to make sense of what the sourse has encoded.

Hearing

The physiological process of decoding sounds

basic idea behind writing a draft?

The primary objective is to get your ideas down on paper in some form so you can edit and revise.

laissez-faire

The principle that the economy should be "allowed to do" what it wishes; a liberal system of minimal state interference in the economy.

Controlling

The process of assessing the organizations progress toward accomplishing its goals; includes monitoring the implementation of a plan and correcting deviations from it.

Organizing

The process of coordinating and allocating a firms resources to carry out its plans.

Strategic Planning

The process of creating long-range (one to five years), broad goals for the organization and determining what resources will be needed to accomplish those goals.

negotiation

The process of formal bargaining, usually with the parties talking back and forth across a table.

Empowerment

The process of giving employees increased autonomy and discretion to make decision. as well as control over the resources needed to implement those decisions.

Leadership

The process of guiding and motivating others toward the achievement of organizational goals.

Decoding

The process of interpreting ideas, feelings, and thoughts that have been translated into a code.

Proxemics

The study of how close or far away from people and objects we postion ourselves.

Territoriality

The study of how humans use space and objects to communicate occupancy or ownership of space

ORGANINATIONAL Communication

The study of human communication as it occurs with in organizations.

World Bank

economic institution that makes large low-cost loans with long repayment terms to countries, primarily for infrastructure construction or repairs

International Monetary Funds (IMF)

economic institution that makes short term, relatively small loans to countries to help balance their currency flows

supranationalism

The subordination of state authority or national identity to larger institutions and groupings such as the European Union.

What should be accomplished during the summary?

The summary should restate the main points, the relationship between points, and the specific objective of the presentation.

purpose of the overview step in the process of speaking?

The summary should restate the main points, the relationship between points, and the specific objective of the prsentation.

Language

The system of symbols(words or vocabulary) structured by rules (grammer) that makes it possible for people to understand one another.

Polarization

The tendency to describe things in extremes, as though no middle ground existed.

What was the Lost Generation?

The term Lost Generation was coined by Gertrude Stein to refer to a group of American literary notables who lived in Paris from the time period which saw the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression. Significant members included Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald. More generally, the term is being used for the generation of young people coming of age in the United States during and shortly after World War I. The "Lost Generation" were said to be disillusioned by the large number of casualties of the First World War, cynical, disdainful of the Victorian notions of morality and propriety of their elders. Like most attempts to pigeon-hole entire generations, this over-generalization is true for some individuals of the generation and not true of others. It was somewhat common among members of this group to complain that American artistic culture lacked the breadth of European work—leading many members to spend large amounts of time in Europe—and/or that all topics worth treating in a literary work had already been covered. Nevertheless, this selfsame period saw an explosion in American literature and in art, which is now often considered to include some of the greatest literary classics produced by American writers. This generation also produced the first flowering of jazz music, arguably the first distinctly American artform.

What is the Open skies agreement?

The term open skies refers to either to a bilateral or multilateral Air Transport Agreement which: liberalises the rules for international aviation markets and minimises government intervention — the provisions apply to passenger, all-cargo and combination air transportation and encompass both scheduled and charter services; or adjusts the regime under which military and other state-based flights may be permitted.

What is proxemics in psychology?

The term proxemics was introduced by anthropologist Edward T. Hall in 1963 to describe the measureable distances between people as they interacted. Hall pointed out that social distance between people is reliably correlated with physical distance, and described four distances: intimate distance for embracing, touching or whispering (15-45 cm, 6-18 inches), personal distance for interactions among good friends (45-120 cm, 1.5-4 feet), social distance for interactions among acquaintances (1.2-3.5 m, 4-12 ft), public distance used for public speaking (over 3.5 m, 12 ft). Hall pointed out that different cultures maintain different standards of personal space. In Latin cultures, for instance, those relative distances are smaller, and people tend to be more comfortable standing close to each other; in Nordic cultures the opposite is true.

Free Trade

economic system by which countries exchange goods without imposing excessive tariffs and taxes

mercantilism

economic theory & a political ideology opposed to free trade; it shares with realism the belief that each state must protect its own interests without seeking mutual gains through international organizations

5 basic categories of kinesics

emblems, illustrators, affect displays, regulators, adaptors

What is the difference between Unitary and federal systems of government?

The unitary system gives the main powers to the central government. State, provincial, and local governments are all created by the central government. The non-central governments have only the powers that are appointed by the central government. Countries such as France, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom, along with other democratic nations use the unitary system of government. Although, not every country uses the same rules in the centralization and decentralization of powers. China, North Korea, Cuba, and other Communist-based governments have unitary systems too. Unlike the unitary system, the federal system develops when a number of states or providences federate, or form a union, eventually in order to establish a nation. In a government using the federal system, the powers of the governments are jointly shared between the central government and the more local (or regional) governments (state, providential, district, etc.). Both of the national and regional governments are directly tied to the people, who are the source of a democratic government's authority. The United States and Canada have federal systems. Other countries that use the federal plan include Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Germany, India, Mexico, and Switzerland. It is more difficult for nation-wide communism or totalitarianism to exist in a Federation, for true federalism requires decentralization and cannot coexist with totalitarianism.

mediation

The use of a third party (or parties) in conflict resolution.

state-sponsored terrorism

The use of terrorist groups by states, usually under control of a state’s intelligence agency, to achieve political aims.

real dollars

The value of dollars expressed in terms of a base year. This is determined by taking current value and subtracting the amount of inflation between the base year and the year being reported. Sometimes called uninflated dollars. Any currency can be valued in real terms.

territorial waters

The waters near states’ shores generally treated as part of national territory. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea provides for a 12-mile territorial sea (exclusive national jurisdiction over shipping and navigation) and a 200-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ) covering exclusive fishing and mineral rights (but allowing for free navigation by all).

Belief

The way in which you structure your understanding of reality- what is true and what is false.

What form of communication dose the construction of a bullet statement resemble? Why the compairison of the two forms?

The wording of a telegram. Since each word of a telegram costs the same, word economizing is integral to save money while ensuring the message meaning; the same concept is applicable to developing bullet statements.

cues-filtered-out theory

emotional expression is severely restricted when we communicate online because sending messages via internet filters out non-verbal cues.

communication climate

emotional tone of relationship as it is expressed in the messages that the partners send and receive

Liberal feminism

emphasizes gender equality & views the "essential" differences in men's & women's abilities/perspectives as trivial or nonexistent

What is Intelsat?

The world's largest commercial satellite communications services provider. On July 18, 2001, Intelsat became a private company, 37 years after being formed as International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT), an intergovernmental consortium owning and managing a constellation of communications satellites (Intelsats) to provide international broadcast services. The consortium began on August 20, 1964, with 11 participating countries. On April 6, 1965, Intelsat's first satellite, the Early Bird, was placed in geostationary orbit above the Atlantic Ocean by a Delta D rocket. In 1973, the name was changed and there were 80 signatories. Intelsat provides service to over 600 Earth stations in more than 149 countries, territories and dependencies. By 2001, INTELSAT had over 100 members.

How many types of physical behaviors are there? Name them.

There are three types of physical behavior: eye contact, body movement and gestures.

How many types of accomplishment bullet statements are there? Name them.

There are three-action verb bullet; modified verb bullet; and specific achievment bullet.

steps in overcoming communication barriers?

There are two steps. The first is to establish an orginizational policy that defines lines of responsibility and authority, establishes communications channels, provides a climate for effective communication, and keeps key people informed. The next step is to increase skills in written and oral expression.

how is effect implemented in communication?

There is always an outcome or consequence from an action or behavior, communication always has an effect

What do the terms "faulty analogy,"asserted conclusion","loaded question", and"non sequitur" have in common?

They are examples of flaws, or fallaciesin logic.

barriers that can hinder effective communications?

They are organizational, language, managerial, and psychological. Organizational barriers are a result of personnel not understanding their responsibilities and the lines of authority within a given organizational structure. Language barriers result from our inability to use yhe proper words to communicate with our receiver. Managerial barriers stem from managers not listening and not taking an understanding attitude toward information and suggestions that reach them. Psychological barriers result from psychological needs not beeing met. These needs are a feeling of security, opportunity for advancement, a desire to be treated fairly, and a realization that one's work is both useful and important.

The misuse of abstractions and a lack of common core experience are main contributors to which communication barrier?

They are the the main contributors to language barriers.

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

This Convention codifies customary international law with regard to the entry, modification, revocation and enforcement of international agreements. It entered into force in 1980. The United States is not a party to this Convention, but does recognize its principles as a restatement of customary international law.

United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons, Including Diplomatic Agents

This Convention was adopted in response to an increase in the number of kidnappings and attacks on diplomats, state officials and representatives of international organizations, and provides for enhanced criminal penalties for such crimes. It requires states to adopt strict national laws against attacks on diplomats and to either try perpetrators or agree to their extradition. The Convention entered into force in 1977.

What is Vroom's expectancy theory?

This theory deals with motivation and management. It assumes that people wish to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. It says that people will be motivated to perform well if good performance will result in outcomes they value. Vroom introduces three variables which he calls Valence, Expectancy and Instrumentality. Valence is the importance that the individual places upon the expected outcome of a situation. Expectancy is the belief that output from the individual and the success of the situation are linked, e.g. if I work harder then this will be better. Instrumentality is the belief that the success of the situation is linked to the expected outcome of the situation, e.g. it's gone really well, so I'd expect praise

Stakeholder Issues and Analysis

Those persons, groups, and other organizations directly affected by the behavior of the organization and holding a stake in its performance:Employees, Customers, Suppliers, Owners, Competitors, Regulators, Interest groups.

positivist school of law

Those who believe that law reflects society and the way that people want the society to operate.

Time Oriennted Listeners

Those who perfer that message communcated by others be breif.

Action Oriented Listeners

Those who perfer that the message communocated by others contain information that is functional, well organized, breif and accurate

People Oriented Listeners

Those who perfer to focus on the emotions and feelings communicated by others verbally and non verbally

redistributive policies

government policies that take valuable resources from one or more groups in society and allocate them to other groups

What was Transcendentalism?

Transcendentalism was the name of a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early-to mid-nineteenth century. It began as a protest against the general state of culture and society at the time, and in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard and the doctrine of the Unitarian church which was taught at Harvard Divinity School. Among their core beliefs was an ideal spiritual state that 'transcends' the physical and empirical and is only realized through the individual's intuition, rather than through the doctrines of established religions. Prominent Transcendentalists included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller. The publication of Emerson's 1836 essay Nature is usually taken to be the watershed moment at which Transcendentalism became a major cultural movement. Emerson wrote: "We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds...A nation of men will for the first time exist, because each believes himself inspired by the Divine Soul which also inspires all men." Emerson closed the essay by calling for a revolution in human consciousness.

Qemony & Matsu

Two islands remained a Chinese Nationalist outpost after the Communist victory on the mainland in 1949. The People's Republic of China began bombarding the island again in 1958, but the deployment of the U.S. 7th Fleet prevented an escalation of the hostilities. After 1990 Taiwan reduced the military forces stationed on Matsu, civilian rule was restored in 1993, and restrictions on travel to the island were ended in 1994. Limited direct travel to and trade with the mainland has been permitted since Jan., 2001.

five different patterns used when organizing a presentation.

Types of patterns include: topical; time or chronological; reason;problem-solution; spatial or geographical; and/or summarize of facts or data

U.N. 1945

U.S. and 50 other countries founded the United Nations

UNSC

UN Security Coucil - main peacekeeping organ of the UN. Made up of 15 members, 5 of which are permanent: China, France, Russia, US and UK.

If a US citizen breaks a law abroad, how is he punished?

US citizens are subject to the laws of whatever country they are in. The State department usually will not ask for a deportation.

Who was William Howard Taft?

US president 1909-1913 and supreme court justice nominated by Warren G. Harding in 1921. He remains the only person in the history of the United States to have led both the Executive and Judicial branches of the United States government, and is also the last President to hold a public office after his Presidential term ended. Was a Republican. Among other things, his administration is characterized for trust-busting, strengthening the Interstate Commerce Commission, expanding the civil service, and establishing a better postal system. Two constitutional amendments were passed during his term: the 16th Amendment, authorizing a federal income tax, and the 17th Amendment, mandating the direct popular election of senators instead of by the state legislatures. New Mexico and Airzona became states under him in 1912. As chief justice, made a landmark ruling in Gitlow v. New York, establishing the doctrine of incorporation, under which provisions of the Bill of Rights were deemed to restrict the states.

Who was Earl Warren ?

US supreme court chief justice nominated in 1953 by Dwight D. Eisenhower. The first important case of Warren's tenure was Brown v. Board of Education (1954), in which the Court unanimously declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional, effectively reversing the precedent set earlier in Plessy v. Ferguson and other cases. The Warren Court also made several controversial decisions relating to the Bill of Rights. The doctrine of incorporation, which had first taken root in Gitlow v. New York, was applied fully to most provisions of the Bill of Rights. In Engel v. Vitale (1962), the Court declared that officially sanctioned prayer in public schools was unconstitutional under the First Amendment. Similarly, in Abington School District v. Schempp (1963), it struck down mandatory Bible readings in public schools. The Court also expanded and incorporated the rights of criminal defendants, on the basis of the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments. In Mapp v. Ohio (1961), the Court incorporated the Fourth Amendment and ruled that illegally seized evidence could not be used in a trial. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) established that states were required to provide attorneys to indigent defendants. Miranda v. Arizona (1966) held that the police must inform suspects of their rights (including the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney) before being interrogated. (The decision is the source of the famous Miranda warning.) Another significant and controversial decision made by the Warren Court was Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), which established that the Constitution protected the right to privacy.

OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970)

est. standards for health/safety at work, provides for their administration by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (also OSHA)

Who was Edward Douglass White?

US supreme court justice nominated in 1910 by William Howard Taft. In the early twentieth century, the Supreme Court established that the Fourteenth Amendment protected the "liberty of contract." On the grounds of the Fourteenth Amendment and other provisions of the Constitution, it controversially overturned many state and federal laws designed to protect employees. The first important decision of the era was Lochner v. New York (1905), in which the Court overturned a New York law limiting the number of hours bakers could work each week. In Adair v. United States (1908), the Court overruled a federal law which forbade "yellow dog contracts" (contracts that prohibited workers from joining unions). Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923) involved a decision that a District of Columbia minimum wage law was unconstitutional. White was generally seen as one of the more conservative members of the court.

Who was Warren Burger?

US supreme court justice nominated in 1969 by Richard Nixon. The Burger Court is best remembered for its ruling in Roe v. Wade (1973), which held that there is a constitutionally protected right to have an abortion in some circumstances. The Court also made important decisions relating to the First Amendment. In Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), it established the "Lemon test" for determining if legislation violates the establishment clause. Similarly, it established the "Miller test" for laws banning obscenity in Miller v. California (1973). In United States v. Nixon the court ruled that the courts have the final voice in determining constitutional questions and that no person, not even the President of the United States, is completely above law.

Who was William Rehnquist?

US supreme court justice nominated in 1972 by Richard Nixon and elevated in 1986 by Ronald Regan to chief justice. The Rehnquist Court generally took a limited view of Congress's powers under the commerce clause, as exemplified by United States v. Lopez (1995). The Court made numerous controversial decisions, including Texas v. Johnson (1989), which declared that flag burning was a form of speech protected by the First Amendment; Lee v. Weisman (1992), which declared officially-sanctioned, student-led school prayers unconstitutional; Stenberg v. Carhart (2000), which voided laws prohibiting late-term abortions; and Lawrence v. Texas (2003), which struck down laws prohibiting sodomy. (Some commentators see these decisions as part of the "culture wars.") Another controversial decision of the Rehnquist court in 2003 was Gratz v. Bollinger which upheld affirmative action. Perhaps the most controversial decision made by the Court came in Bush v. Gore (2000), which ended election recounts in Florida following the presidential election of 2000, allowing George W. Bush to become the forty-third U.S. President.

open door policy?

United States efforts to develop a trade relationship with China in the late 1800s to early 1900s; urged European nations with spheres of influence in China to not restrict trade in those areas.

Uncertainty

extent to which managers can understand or predict which environmental changes and trends will affect their businesses.

Despotism

Unlimited political rule by one person.

League of Nations Mandate System

Used to categorize states after WWI based on their readiness for independence

Leadership style: negative

Uses fines, termination and suspensions to motivate people

protectionism

Using tariffs and non-tariff barriers such as quotas subsidies to protect a domestic economic sector from competition from imported goods or services.

Indirect Preception Checking

Using your own perceptual abilities to seek additional information to confirm or refute someoes behavior.

uncertainty avoidance

extent to which members of a culture feel threatened by unknown or uncertain situations

Herzberg's hygiene (dissatisfier) factors

extrinsic to work (working conditions, company policy, supervision, pay, benefits); keep employee from quitting (do not motivate exceptional performance

behavioral approach

focus on what effective leaders did - how they behaved

total war

Warfare by one state waged to conquer and occupy another; modern total war originated in the Napoleonic Wars, which relied upon conscription on a mass scale.

For what three reasons do we generally try to communicate with each other?

We communicate to direct, influence or inform our audience.

Ways to manage conflict

What is the level of conflict, who is in conflict and what is the source of conflic

partitioning organizational speech structural

a deductive format in which, as the speech proceeds, the speech is partitioned into a number of points

positive correlation

a direct association between two variables. As one becomes larger the other one does as well.