Functional Groups

Ester (Ester)

- intermolecular forces = polar with quasi H bonds to water - boiling point = lower boiling points than alcohols or carboxylic acids, higher than nonpolar alkanes - solubility in water = quasi H bonds cause solubility in water for small chains, but long chains are immiscible Aromas, perfumes,

Functional Groups

1. Chemically important part of organic molecules. 2. Basically substiment. 3. Specific arrangement of atoms attached to a carbon chain.

Hydroxyl (Alcohol)

Polar, found in all macromolecules. Soluble in water at a point, H-Bonds. (Ethanol = Beer, Methanol = wood alcohol, Anti-freeze) - OH

Ether (Ether)

R - O - R Properties: Quasi H-bonds because there are Oxygens but no Hydrogens attached, High BP (not as high as alcohols), soluble in H2O Anesthetic, Dietethyl Ether,

Halogen (Halocarbon)

R - X (F, CL, BR, I) Generally have higher BP than Alakanes b/c of polarity caused by electronegativity BP ^ with more halogen substiments. Refrigerent, Areosal...

Carboxylic Acid (Carboxyl)

carboxyl (-COOH) this is essentially a carbonyl group with a hydroxyl group, methanoic acid = formic acid (see acid formation in water in slides) - ethanoic acid = acetic acid = named from Latin for vinegar (see acid formation in water in slides) - fatty acids = carboxylic acids that were first isolated from fats propanoic acid = propionic acid = first fatty acid • discuss and compare properties of carboxylic acids to other functional groups - intermolecular forces = H bonds - boiling point = like alcohols they have higher boiling points than other organic compounds = mostly liquids and all aromatic carboxylic acids are solids - solubility in water = small chains dissolve in water, if larger than butanoic acid, they become immiscible in water