Functions of Emotions / Conditioning & Learning / Factors Influencing Learning

What is a modern way of thinking about the impact of reinforcers on the likelihood of repeating a specific, rewarded behavior?

Animals will learn about the consequences of an action and will perform it based on how much they value those consequences.

Which famed psychologist created the Bobo doll experiment, which demonstrated how aggressive behaviors could be acquired through observational learning?

Bandura

How can emotions help with thinking?

Emotions facilitate memory of past events that match one's current emotional state.

Why can experts remember more pieces of information than novices can?

Experts are able to chunk the information together.

Why is telling students to try very hard to learn new information not very helpful?

Intention to learn is less important than using effective learning strategies.

What type of evidence suggests that implicit learning has occurred?

Learning occurs without the person trying to learn

How should material be organized to maximize student learning?

Material should be interleaved.

What accurately presents a major difference between operant and Pavlovian conditioning?

Operant addresses voluntary behaviors while Pavlovian addresses reflexive responses.

How does forgetting help memory?

People learn material better if they partially forget it and then relearn it.

Rin has determined that she has 5 hours available to study for next week's exam. How should she plan her study to maximize learning?

Spread her study: 1 hour a day for 5 of the days and take 2 days off in between study days.

After reading this module, what advice would you give someone just starting college about how to study effectively?

Strategy matters. You should use your time wisely by using study techniques that work well.

Why does NOBA include quiz questions at the end of modules?

Testing yourself on material facilitates memory.

Which individuals are most commonly connected with the principles of operant (or instrumental) conditioning?

Thorndike & Skinner

What is one of the key ways that emotions influence future behavior?

We're motivated to behave in ways that avoid negative emotion

Jim tells a rude joke at the dinner table. Sue gives him an angry look. Jim behaves for the rest of dinner. This is an example of emotions solving:

a social problem

___ may interfere with working memory capacity on topics such as math.

anxiety

People who see someone who appears angry are likely to ___ the angry person.

avoid

Classical conditioning is nowadays considered important as both a ___ ___ and as a method to study simple ___ ___

behavioral phenomenon, associative learning

Pavlov conditions his dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell. Next, he flashes a green light every time the bell and food are presented, but the dogs do not learn to salivate to the green light. This demonstrates ___ .

blocking

Named after the Russian physiologist who first identified its basic principles, Pavlovian conditioning is also called:

classical conditioning

___ ___ occurs when individuals learn that one stimulus reliably predicts a second stimulus.

classical conditioning

Aaron has been using heroin at his friend Luca's apartment. One night Aaron takes the same dose of heroin when he is home alone, and nearly dies from an overdose. Which phenomenon related to classical conditioning explains why this happened?

conditioned compensatory responses

In Pavlovian conditioning, a fundamental premise is that the only thing that a conditioned stimulus can cause is a(n):

conditioned response

Expressions of --- during conversations between spouses is associated with an increased likelihood of divorce.

contempt

Emotions prepare us for behavior by _____ various systems like attention, memory, and motivation.

coordinating

Every time the instructor says, "To summarize today's lesson..." her students start packing up their notebooks. The students have learned this phrase as a ____ stimulus.

discriminative

___ ___ can interfere with critical thinking

intense emotions

Mackenzie has a crush on Natasha so she makes an effort to learn that Natasha's favorite food is pizza and her favorite band is The Lumineers. This information is an example of ___ learning.

intentional

The --- function of emotion refers to the effect of one person's emotions on other people or on the relationship between people.

interpersonal

The --- function of emotion refers to an individual's internal physiological and psychological emotional responses.

intrapersonal

How can the emotion of disgust help us survive?

it can protect us from toxins and contamination

In a classic study, infants who saw their mothers' --- were the most likely to crawl across the visual cliff.

joy

Professor Karthum uses bonus points for excellent attendance. He knows that behaviors that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated. This is the basic premise of the:

law of effect

Bob does poorly on his physics test so he makes a bigger effort for the next one. He does just as badly on his second test. What important skill does Bob need to improve?

metacognition

2 types of implicit memory

non associative and associative

___ ___occurs when a single repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to a change in behavior.

nonassociative learning

At what age do infants typically begin to display emotional expressions?

6 weeks old

Researchers watched married couples in conversation. What aspect of emotion was used to compare with marital satisfaction?

emotional expressions

Emotions are ____ ____ that have allowed humans to survive and reproduce.

evolutionary adaptations

After their relationship ends, Mary is reminded of Sylvia constantly. Over time, however, she stops associating everything she sees with her ex-girlfriend. This demonstrates ____ .

extinction

____ conditioning can contribute to the development of anxiety disorders such as phobias and panic disorder.

fear

In Ivan Pavlov's original experiment, the ____ served as an unconditioned stimulus because it naturally elicited a response from the dogs.

food

Ads for a cleaning product claims that people have gone "noseblind", meaning they are unaware of stinky smells in their homes. What is the term for the process that leads to "noseblindness"?

habituation

2 types of non associative memory

habituation and sensitization

Jae sings along to a song she has only heard once when it was on in the background. Her knowledge of the lyrics is an example of ___ ___ .

implicit memory

Gloria is at a noodle place with Jaime and a song is playing. Jaime says, "I am eating my favorite food while listening to my favorite musical group!" Gloria's knowledge of Jaime's food and music is the result of ____ learning.

incidental

___ ___ occurs when individuals engage in behaviors that elicit pleasant responses.

operant conditioning

Evolutionary theorists have suggested that human beings may have a natural aversion to bitter tastes because many lethal poisons have a bitter flavor. This natural ability to learn an association for biological reasons is called ____ .

preparedness

A reinforcer might not be particularly good at encouraging a behavior if many other, similar behaviors are also given similar rewards. This is the main point of the ___ law of effect.

quantitative

Effects that increase behaviors are called ___ ; effects that decrease behaviors are called ______.

reinforcers; punishers

Cultural worldviews of emotions help to promote more --- by showing us how to manage and modify our emotions to better fit with the people around us.

social harmony

Little Rita watches Kalie constantly, often imitating her behaviors. Kalie serves as a(n) ___ ___ for Rita.

social model

Intentional learning is ___ more effective than incidental learning.

sometimes

Paulie the porpoise is taught to jump through a hoop when his trainer blows a whistle. When the show closes for winter, Paulie loses this trained response. One day, however, someone blows a whistle in the crowd outside of Paulie's tank, and he jumps out of the water looking for a hoop. This re-emergence of an extinguished response is called:

spontaneous recovery

What do people generally feel when they see someone who has a look of distress?

sympathy

Lilah chews mint bubble gum every day. After she gets the flu and feels nauseated she hates the taste of mint. This is an example of:

taste aversion conditioning.

What is working memory capacity?

the amount of information that an individual can store temporarily

What are the social and cultural functions of emotion?

the maintenance of social order within a society

Cultures develop "worldviews" of emotions. What do these worldviews teach members of that culture?

the most desirable emotions and behaviors for that society

emotions allow us to act without ___

thinking

The principle of transfer-appropriate processing suggests that an emergency responder who needs to use her skills in stressful situations should learn her skills ___ .

under similarly stressful conditions

What is social referencing?

using others as a source of information about how to act