(Fund Ch 3) PrepU
The body's attempt to restore balance through self-regulatory mechanisms is termed: a. homeostasis. b. equilibration. c. self-conception. d. biofeedback.
a. homeostasis. Homeostasis is the organism's attempt to restore balance. Equilibration is a distractor for this question. Self-conception is related to the individual's feelings and attitudes about oneself. Biofeedback is a relaxation technique.
A nurse is planning a seminar for the local community. Which topics are examples of health promotion discussions? (Select all that apply.) a. Information on smoking cessation b. Names and numbers of healthcare providers c.Information on increasing activity and exercise d. Blood pressure control and screening e. Examples of heart-healthy diet
e. Examples of heart-healthy diet c. Information on increasing activity and exercise Providing examples of heart-healthy diets and information on increasing activity and exercise are health promotion topics. Smoking cessation and blood pressure control are examples of illness prevention. Offering the names and numbers of healthcare providers is resource sharing.
A nurse is caring for a client who has COPD, a chronic illness of the lungs. The client is in remission. Which statement best describes a period of remission in a client with a chronic illness? a. Symptoms are not experienced. b. The symptoms of the illness reappear. c. The disease is no longer present. d. New symptoms occur at this time.
a. Symptoms are not experienced. Chronic illnesses usually have a slow onset and many have periods of remission (the disease is present but the client does not experience symptoms). Exacerbation is when the symptoms of the disease reappear. Chronic illnesses do not go away; the disease continues to be present.
What is a misconception about chronic disease? a. Almost half of chronic deaths occur prematurely in people under 70 years of age. b. Chronic illness typically does not result in sudden death. c. Chronic illnesses cannot be prevented. d. The major cause of chronic disease is known.
c. Chronic illnesses cannot be prevented. A misconception regarding chronic disease is that chronic illnesses cannot be prevented. Almost half of chronic deaths occur prematurely in people under 70 years of age. Chronic illness typically does not result in sudden death. The major cause of chronic disease is known.
A client is admitted to the mental health center with attempted suicide. Which of the client's problems is the priority for the nurse to manage? a. Feelings of not belonging b. Risk of self-harm c. Low self-esteem d. Lack of support
b. Risk of self-harm Safety and security are the priority for the client, so the risk of self-harm is what the nurse must address first. Lack of support, low self-esteem, and feelings of not belonging, although still important to address, are not as critical as safety and security.
A nurse is assessing a client for potential variables that influence the client's health. When assessing the client's self-concept, which area should the nurse include? Select all that apply. a. The client's feelings about self as a person b. The client's degree of interaction with family members c. The client's educational level d. The client's cultural background e. The client's view of self physically
a. The client's feelings about self as a person e. The client's view of self physically Self-concept incorporates both how people feel about themselves (self-esteem) and the way they perceive their physical self (body image). Educational level, culture, and family interaction are not components of self-concept.
A nurse has chosen to characterize a new initiative as "wellness promotion" rather than "health promotion". Which statement best describes the difference between the concept of wellness and the concept of health? a. Wellness is an active state, whereas health is a more passive state dependent on the absence of disease. b. Health is a state that can be promoted and protected by nursing practice, whereas wellness is solely dependent on the client. c. Wellness is determined by age-related expectations, whereas health is an achievable state at any point in the lifespan. d. Wellness is dependent on the resolution of acute and chronic illnesses, whereas health can exist at any stage or condition.
a. Wellness is an active state, whereas health is a more passive state dependent on the absence of disease. Good health is a passive state wherein the person is not ill. Wellness is a more active state, regardless of one's level of health. Wellness is not contingent on the resolution of disease or illness and it supersedes age. Both health and wellness can be influenced by nursing practice.
A nurse is planning a health fair in the community to highlight promotion and prevention of the leading cause of death in the United States. Which disease process should the nurse address? a. Cerebrovascular accidents b. Coronary artery disease c. Lung cancer d. Emphysema
b. Coronary artery disease Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Lung cancer, emphysema, and cerebrovascular accidents are not the leading causes of death in the United States.
Which is the most accurate definition of health? a. Health is a state of maximal wellness. b. Health is a reflection of wellness and requires a conscious and deliberate effort to maintain. c. Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. d. Health is a lack of disease.
c. Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Health is viewed as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The other options would not be the best definition of health.
When admitting an adolescent to the hospital, the nurse anticipates that the client will respond to questions about the client's health beliefs based primarily on the client's: a. health promotion activities. b. gender and medical history. c. age and developmental stage. d. peer influence and education.
c. age and developmental stage. Age and developmental stage are important considerations in the health belief model. Other factors are influential, but age and developmental stage are paramount.
The concept of holism is based on the belief that: a. individuals can be seen in an atomistic fashion. b. health is achieved through medical care. c. individuals cannot be seen apart from the environment. d. health is achieved by treatment from physicians.
c. individuals cannot be seen apart from the environment. Holism is based on the belief that people cannot be fully understood if examined solely in pieces apart from their environment. The opposite of holism is the view that individuals can be treated atomistically or can achieve health through medical care or physicians.
A client has had a total knee replacement and is receiving care that includes learning to walk with a walker. What level of prevention is most applicable to this client? a. Secondary prevention b. Residual prevention c. Tertiary prevention d. Primary prevention
c. Tertiary prevention Tertiary prevention in health care deals with rehabilitation of the client. Teaching the client to walk with a walker is tertiary prevention. Primary prevention refers to health promotion or illness prevention. Secondary prevention refers to screening and early detection of disease.
The nurse should identify the need for further teaching when the client with diabetes who is taking daily insulin and follows a strict diet makes which statement? a. "I cannot possibly ever be considered as healthy." b. "I have an illness, but I can feel as if I am healthy." c. "I can achieve a maximum level of functioning." d. "I can achieve a high quality of health and life."
a. "I cannot possibly ever be considered as healthy." The statement that describes the client as never being able to be considered healthy is incorrect. One who has an illness or injury can still achieve maximum functioning and consider oneself to be healthy. One who has a chronic illness can also achieve a quality of life that is acceptable as one works on achieving a satisfying health standard.
A mammogram represents which level of prevention? a. Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention c. Tertiary prevention d. Medical prevention
b. Secondary prevention Secondary prevention includes screening for those at risk to develop illness, or those who could be diagnosed early in the process, and thus receive prompt treatment. Primary prevention refers to health promotion and illness prevention. Tertiary prevention refers to rehabilitation or prevention of complications after diagnosis with a disease. Medical is not a level of prevention.
When providing care to a client, the nurse integrates knowledge that a client's beliefs and actions are related and influenced by the client's personal expectations in relation to health and illness. The nurse is demonstrating an understanding of which health model? a. Clinical model b. Health belief model c. High-level wellness model d. Holistic health model
b. Health belief model According to the health belief model, a client's beliefs and actions are related and influenced by the client's personal expectations in relation to health and illness. According to the clinical model, health is defined narrowly as the absence of signs and symptoms of disease or injury. The holistic model views individuals as ever-changing systems of energy, and the interaction of a person's mind, body, and spirit within the environment. The high-level wellness model is the recognition of health as an ongoing process toward a person's highest potential of functioning.
Which of these is not a factor in the Agent-Host-Environment Model of health and illness, as developed by Leavell and Clark (1965)? a. Virus b. Bacteria c. Evil spirit d. Chemical substance
c. Evil spirit In the Agent-Host-Environment Model of health and illness as developed by Leavell and Clark (1965), an agent is an environmental factor or stressor that must be present or absent for an illness to occur. The factor may be bacteria, virus, chemical substance, or a form or radiation whose presence, excessive presence, or absence is necessary for an illness to take hold. Evil spirits do not play into this particular model of health and illness.
The nurse is giving a talk to a local community group on the harms of smoking. The nurse tells the group that a risk factor is something that increases a person's chances for illness or injury. What type of risk factor is smoking? a. Secondary b. Primary c. Modifiable d. Nonmodifiable
c. Modifiable Risk factors are defined as modifiable (things a person can change, such as quitting smoking) and nonmodifiable (things that cannot be changed, such as a family history of cancer). Primary and secondary are not associated with risk factors.
Which model is most useful in examining the cause of disease in an individual, based upon external factors? a. The Health-Illness Continuum b. The Health Belief Model c. The Agent-Host-Environment Model d. The High-Level Wellness Model
c. The Agent-Host-Environment Model The Agent-Host-Environment Model is useful for examining the cause of disease in an individual. The agent, host, and environment interact in ways that create risk factors. The Health-Illness Continuum is a way to measure a person's level of health. The High-Level Wellness Model is characterized by functioning to one's maximum potential while maintaining balance and purposeful direction in the environment. The Health Belief Model is used to describe health behaviors.
Which are factors that impact how a client defines health? Select all that apply. a. Culture b. Music c. Society d. Community e. Family
e. Family a. Culture d. Community c. Society Each client defines health in terms of the client's own values and beliefs. The person's family, culture, community, and society also influence this personal perception of health. Music does not affect how a person defines health.
A client has a Staphylococcus infection in a decubitus ulcer. In this case, Staphylococcus is the: a. disease. b. environment. c. agent. d. host.
c. agent. The agent is any factor that leads to illness. The client is the host of the infection. The environment is setting in which the infection occurs. The disease is a pathological process that can result from the infection.
A nurse refers an HIV-positive client to a local support group. This is an example of what level of preventive care? a. Secondary b. Chronic c. Primary d. Tertiary
d. Tertiary Tertiary health promotion and illness prevention begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated, with the goal of reducing disability and helping rehabilitate clients to a maximum level of functioning. Referring an HIV-positive client to a local support group would be an example of tertiary preventive care. Primary health promotion and illness prevention are directed toward promoting health and preventing the development of disease processes or injury. Secondary health promotion and illness prevention focus on screening for early detection of disease, with prompt diagnosis and treatment of any found. The term chronic is not related to health promotion.
An older adult patient has been recently diagnosed with vascular dementia. Because the client lives alone and has poorly controlled hypertension, the client has begun to receive home healthcare. This new aspect of the client's care is characteristic of which stage of illness? a. Assuming a dependent role b. Experiencing the symptoms c. Achieving recovery and rehabilitation d. Assuming the sick role
a. Assuming a dependent role The stage of assuming a dependent role often requires assistance in carrying out activities of daily living. As well, the patient often requires care, which may be provided in the home. Experiencing symptoms and assuming a sick role may precede (or accompany) this process. Recovery and rehabilitation are not evident in the patient's present circumstances.
A client with a lump in the breast calls the healthcare provider to schedule an appointment for an evaluation. Based on the client's actions, what stage of illness is the client demonstrating? a. Assuming the sick role b. Achieving recovery and rehabilitation c. Assuming the dependent role d. Experiencing the symptoms
a. Assuming the sick role Seeking out a healthcare provider for diagnosis and treatment is an example of assuming the sick role. Experiencing the symptoms occurs when a person recognizes one or more symptoms. Assuming the dependent role is characterized by the client's decision to accept the diagnosis and follow the prescribed treatment plan. Achieving recovery and rehabilitation is characterized by the client giving up the dependent role and resuming normal activities and responsibilities.
Risk factors for illness are divided into six categories. Working with carcinogenic chemicals is an example of which type of risk factor? a. Environmental risk factor b. Physiologic risk factor c. Lifestyle risk factor d. Health habits risk factor
a. Environmental risk factor Working and living environments may contribute to disease. Working with cancer-causing chemicals is an example of an environmental risk factor for illness. Physiologic risk factors are those relating to an individual's body or biology. Lifestyle risk factors are habits or behaviors people choose to engage in. A health habit risk factor is any attribute, characteristic, or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury.
A community health nurse arranges for a dental checkup camp for the local children in the school district. Which of the following would most likely be the nurse's goal for this health camp? a. Health promotion b. Reversal of self-care deficit c. High-level wellness d. Illness prevention
a. Health promotion The education on lifestyle choices is part of health promotion activity, which focuses on protecting the person's health. The goal of the prevention of illness is to detect and prevent the illness. High-level wellness focuses on maximizing the person's highest potential for functioning. Reversal of self-care deficits would involve therapeutic interventions that are directed at contributing factors.
Which behaviors are necessary for a person to successfully adapt to a chronic illness? Select all that apply. a. Learn to live as normally as possible b. Give up control of one's life c. Accept dependence and adjust to it d. Maintain a positive self-concept e. Maintain a sense of hope
a. Learn to live as normally as possible d. Maintain a positive self-concept e. Maintain a sense of hope To successfully adapt to a chronic illness, the person must learn to live as normally as possible and maintain a positive self-concept and sense of hope, despite symptoms and treatments. It is important that the person maintain a feeling of being in control of his or her life, as well as in control of the prescribed treatments. The client needs to maintain independence and not dependence on chronic illness outcomes.
The client is admitted with a gastrointestinal bleed. The physician ordered a colonoscopy. Which level of care encompasses this procedure? a. Secondary b. Tertiary c. Quanternary d. Primary
a. Secondary Secondary care delivery is when primary caregivers refer clients for consultation and additional testing. Therefore, this scenario portrays secondary level of care. Primary care delivery is provided by the first healthcare provider or agency a person contacts. Quaternary care is an extension of tertiary care and includes experimental medicine and procedures and highly uncommon, specialized surgeries. Tertiary care is health services provided at hospitals or medical centers that have complex technology and specialists.
What are some examples of healthy self-care behaviors everyone should adopt? Select all that apply. a. Sleeping 7 to 8 hours each night b. Exercising infrequently c. Eating regular healthy meals d. Maintaining an ideal body weight e. Having a low self-esteem
a. Sleeping 7 to 8 hours each night c. Eating regular healthy meals d. Maintaining an ideal body weight Some self-care behaviors that everyone should adopt to promote health are: sleeping 7 to 8 hours regularly, eating regular and healthy meals, maintaining an ideal body weight, having a regular schedule of exercise, using alcohol in moderation if at all, not smoking, and maintaining a positive self-concept.
The nurse is educating a client with diabetes on how to better control blood sugar levels and recognize the symptoms associated with both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. The client is frequently admitted to the hospital due to elevated blood sugars. This education is an example of which level of health promotion? a. Tertiary b. Secondary c. Primary d. Chronic
a. Tertiary Tertiary health promotion and illness prevention begin after the illness is diagnosed and treated, with the goal of reducing disability and helping to rehabilitate to a maximum level of functioning. Educating a client with diabetes on how to recognize areas of risk for the disease is one such example of tertiary promotion. Primary promotion is focusing on educating the client to potential risks. Secondary promotion is screening. There is not a chronic promotion component. Reference:
A nurse is caring for a client with end-stage liver failure. Which healthcare agency should the nurse recommend for continuity of care? a. PPO b. Extended care c. Emergency department d. HMO
b. Extended care Extended care services meet the needs of clients who no longer require acute hospital care, including rehabilitation, skilled nursing care in a person's home or nursing home, and hospice for dying clients. HMOs are corporations that provide health care for members in exchange for preset, fixed, or yearly fees. PPOs are agents for health insurance companies that control healthcare costs on the basis of competition. A client with end-stage liver failure would not require emergency care.
A client comes to the health center for a routine visit. During the visit, the client tells the nurse, "I'm motivated to do things now to make sure I'm the healthiest I can be." When planning this client's care, the nurse should focus on which area? a. Self-concept b. Health promotion c. Illness prevention d. Diagnosis of disease
b. Health promotion Health promotion is the behavior of a person who is motivated by a personal desire to increase well-being and health potential. In contrast, illness/disease prevention, also called health protection, is behavior motivated by a desire to avoid or detect disease or to maintain functioning within the constraints of an illness or disability. Self-concept incorporates both how people feel about themselves (self-esteem) and the way they perceive their physical self (body image). Diagnosis of disease involves a medical aspect such that a disease is traditionally diagnosed—and treatment is prescribed—by a physician or advanced practice nurse, whereas nurses focus on the person with an illness.
A nurse is caring for a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The nurse explains to the client that COPD is a chronic disease. Why is COPD considered a chronic disease? a. It is a sequela of acute illness. b. It has a gradual onset and lasts for a long time. c. It persists for a long time. d. It takes a long time to cure.
b. It has a gradual onset and lasts for a long time. Chronic illness has a gradual onset and lasts for a long time. It is usually seen in old age. It may or may not be due to acute illness. Chronic diseases are a major cause of morbidity in the population.
A nurse is immunizing children against measles. This is an example of what level of preventive care? a. Tertiary b. Primary c. Chronic d. Secondary
b. Primary Primary health promotion and illness prevention are directed toward promoting health and preventing the development of disease processes or injury. Immunizations are an example of primary health promotion. Secondary health promotion and illness prevention focus on screening for early detection of disease, with prompt diagnosis and treatment of any found. Tertiary health promotion and illness prevention begin after an illness is diagnosed and treated, with the goal of reducing disability and helping rehabilitate clients to a maximum level of functioning. The term chronic is not related to health promotion.
The nurse is certified in providing Therapeutic Touch and is preparing to initiate this for a client. What activity should the nurse perform initially? a. Calling to rebalance the soul b. Requesting the client's permission to touch the body c. Moving the hands 2 to 6 in (5 to 16 cm) away from the client's skin surface d. Embracing the client for energy
b. Requesting the client's permission to touch the body Prior to touching the client, the nurse should request permission and explain the process of therapeutic touch. All other interventions would be performed after this occurs.
A client has been admitted to the hospital for treatment of pancreatitis secondary to alcoholism. The client states that it is nearly impossible to quit drinking because of the deep entrenchment of alcohol use in the client's circle of friends and line of work. As well, the client claims to have thought that drinking only beer and foregoing hard alcohol would prevent health problems. This client is exhibiting health consequences rooted in which human dimensions? a. Physical and emotional b. Sociocultural and intellectual c. Emotional and environmental d. Environmental and spiritual
b. Sociocultural and intellectual That the patient is situated in a context that normalizes heavy alcohol use is an example of the sociocultural dimension. The client's ignorance of the health consequences of drinking beer rather than spirits is a component of the intellectual dimension.
A nurse is caring for a client who has breast cancer. The client tells the nurse: "I don't know why this happened to me, but I'm ready to move on and do whatever I need to do to get healthy again." This client is in which stage of acute illness? a. Stage 2 b. Stage 3 c. Stage 4 d. Stage 1
b. Stage 3 When a person becomes ill, certain illness behaviors may occur in identifiable stages (Suchman, 1965). These behaviors are how people cope with altered functioning caused by the disease. They are unique to the person and are influenced by age, gender, family values, economic status, culture, educational level, and mental status. By the statement the client made above, the client is in stage 3 of acute illness, assuming a dependent role. This stage is characterized by the client's decision to accept the diagnosis and follow the prescribed treatment plan. Stage 1 is experiencing symptoms. Stage 2 is assuming the sick role. Stage 4 is achieving recovery and rehabilitation.
A client enjoys eating high-calorie carbohydrate meals, but understands her blood sugar can increase sharply, ultimately causing the feeling of butterflies in her stomach as her blood sugar decreases. This is considered: a. illness prevention. b. self-concept. c. a holistic approach. d. health promotion.
b. self-concept. A person's self-concept is influenced by having knowledge and the ability to care for oneself, recognizing one's strengths and limitations.
Chronic illness may be characterized by periods of remission. Remission is best defined as: a. a pathologic change in the structure of function of the body or mind. b. the presence of a disease with the absence of symptoms. c. the response of a person to a disease. d. the reappearance of symptoms of a disease.
b. the presence of a disease with the absence of symptoms. Remission is defined as the presence of a disease, but the person does not experience the symptoms. Exacerbation is the reappearance of symptoms of a disease. Disease is a pathologic change in the structure of function of the body or mind. Illness is the response of a person to a disease.
The nurse is planning care for several clients in an outpatient clinic. Which client requires follow-up care due to a chronic condition? a. A client who fell off a roof 2 weeks ago and is experiencing continuous lower back pain b. A client diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM) who stubbed the great toe and now has a wound c. A client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who is wheezing and coughing d. A client returning for a follow-up visit after a shoulder sprain 1 week ago
c. A client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who is wheezing and coughing Chronic illnesses have expected symptoms, such as the client with COPD who has damage to the lungs that cannot be reversed. Symptoms of this chronic condition include shortness of breath, wheezing, and a chronic cough. The other clients all have new or recent injuries that are acute in nature and require immediate care rather than long-term follow-up (note that diabetes mellitus, although a chronic condition itself, can be associated with complications that are acute, such as an injury to the toes).
What is the definition of wellness? a. A desire to be without disease b. Being without disease c. An active state of being healthy d. Maximizing the state in which you live
c. An active state of being healthy Wellness, a reflection of health, is an active state of being healthy by living a lifestyle that promotes good physical, mental, and emotional health. It is not simply an absence of disease or a desire to be without disease, nor is it maximizing the state in which one lives.
Which nursing intervention is an example of tertiary preventive care? a. Teaching stress reduction classes at a wellness center b. Blood pressure screenings at a senior center c. Assisting with speech therapy a client with a traumatic brain injury d. Administration of immunizations to a 6-month-old child
c. Assisting with speech therapy a client with a traumatic brain injury Tertiary prevention begins after the illness and is used to help rehabilitate clients. Speech therapy is an example of tertiary preventive care. The administration of immunizations and teaching stress reduction classes are examples of primary preventive care. Blood pressure screening is an example of secondary preventive care.
A teenaged client reports having diarrhea before every test in school. The nurse recognizes that this client needs to focus on which dimension of health? a. Intellectual dimension b. Physical dimension c. Emotional dimension d. Sociocultural dimension
c. Emotional dimension This is an example of the emotional dimension. Long-term stress affects body systems, and anxiety affects health habits. The intellectual dimension encompasses cognitive abilities and past experiences, whereas the physical dimension includes factors such as genetics, gender, and race. The sociocultural dimension relates to a client's economic level, lifestyle, family, and culture.
A client has been admitted to the hospital for the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis, with a random blood glucose reading of 575 mg/dL (31.91 mmol/L), vomiting, and shortness of breath. This client has experienced which phenomenon? a. Morbidity b. Risk factor c. Exacerbation d. Infection
c. Exacerbation This client has experienced a significant exacerbation of a chronic disease (diabetes mellitus), which has manifested as an acute threat to the client's health. Morbidity is an epidemiological statistic of the frequency of a disease. The client's problem does not have an infectious etiology. A risk factor is any attribute, characteristic, or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury.
A group of nurses is participating in a community health fair and is engaged in primary prevention activities. Which activities would these nurses be leading? Select all that apply. a. Skin cancer screening b. Accident prevention education c. Family planning services d. Rehabilitation for relief of low back pain e. Heart-healthy nutrition services
c. Family planning services b. Accident prevention education e. Heart-healthy nutrition services Primary health promotion and illness prevention are directed toward promoting health and preventing the development of disease processes or injury. Examples of primary-level activities are immunization clinics, family planning services, providing poison control information, and accident prevention education. Other nursing interventions include teaching about a healthy diet, the importance of regular exercise, safety in industry and farms, using seat belts, and safer sex practices. Screenings are a major activity in secondary health promotion. Rehabilitation is associated with tertiary health promotion.
The nurse is caring for a client admitted to the hospital with pneumonia and associated pleuritic chest pain. Which would be a priority when creating the nursing care plan? a. Monitoring fluid intake and output. b. Effective infection control measures. c. Monitoring airway clearance. d. Effective pain management.
c. Monitoring airway clearance. Priority management, according to Maslow's hierarchy, starts at physiological needs, such as the need for oxygen, food, water, rest, and elimination. Therefore, difficulty breathing is the priority issue that the nurse must manage because it affects the ability of the client to get adequate oxygen. Symptoms such as pain, thirst, and needing to urinate, although important, are not a priority over difficulty breathing. Likewise, infection control is important but is not priority.
Which lifestyle factor is associated with an increased risk for chronic diseases? a. Eustress b. Exercise c. Smoking d. Gastrointestinal disease
c. Smoking Lifestyle factors, such as smoking, chronic stress, and sedentary lifestyle, increase the risk of chronic health problems, such as respiratory disease, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. Exercise, eustress, and gastrointestinal disease have not been shown to be factors that have contributed to the increase in chronic conditions.
A 13-year-old client with cystic fibrosis who is being discharged confides in the nurse that her parents argue a lot. Sometimes, her mother has too much to drink and starts throwing things at people. At times she gets scared her mom will hurt someone. She feels as if she is causing her parents to fight and her mom to drink because she is always in the hospital. She also worries about getting a bad grade in school due to her many absences and not getting into a good college. According to Maslow's hierarchy of human needs, which issue should take priority when caring for this client? a. The client's parents argue a lot. b. The client feels as if she is the cause of her family's dysfunction. c. The client feels scared that her mother will hurt someone. d. The client is worried about getting a bad grade in school.
c. The client feels scared that her mother will hurt someone. According to Maslow's hierarchy of human needs, physiologic needs come first, followed by safety (threatened by the mother throwing things), then love and belonging (threatened by the parents constantly arguing), then esteem (threatened by a sense of guilt over feeling like the cause of family dysfunction), and then self-actualization (threatened by making a bad grade).
A nurse observes that a client who has pneumonia is in the recovery and rehabilitation stage of the illness. Which statement describes the client response that the nurse would expect at this stage of the illness? a. The client assumes a dependent role. b. The client recognizes symptoms of illness. c. The client gives up the dependent role. d. The client seeks medical attention.
c. The client gives up the dependent role. In the recovery and rehabilitation stage, known as Stage 4, the person gives up the dependent role and resumes normal activities and responsibilities. The client would not seek medical attention, assume a dependent role, or recognize symptoms of illness in this stage. Stage 1 is when the client would recognize symptoms of the illness. Stage 2 is when the client would seek medical attention. Stage 3 is when the client would assume a dependent role.
Which nursing activity reflects care given on the tertiary level of healthcare delivery? a. Teaching the client about exercise programs b. Recommending regular exams c. Educating the client about safe habits d. Assisting with transplant surgery
d. Assisting with transplant surgery Tertiary care is health services provided at hospitals or medical centers that have complex technology and specialists. Educating the client about safe habits, recommending regular exams, and teaching the client about exercise programs are examples of primary care.
Why are health promotion and illness prevention a key responsibility of nurses? a. Treatment of chronic illnesses is very expensive. b. Chronic illnesses can cause pain and suffering. c. People do not like to be sick and feel bad. d. Chronic illnesses are the leading health problem in the world.
d. Chronic illnesses are the leading health problem in the world. Because chronic illnesses are the leading health problems in the world, health promotion and illness prevention activities are vital to nursing care. By endorsing health promotion and illness prevention, the nurse can assist the client to achieve optimal health even with a chronic illness. It is true that treating chronic illnesses can be expensive, they do cause pain and suffering, and people do not like to be sick, but these are not the most important reasons for promoting health and preventing illnesses.
When caring for a client who has just been diagnosed with a chronic illness, the nurse understands the importance of promoting health by highlighting which concept? a. Focus on why the client has the illness. b. Focus on what can no longer be. c. Focus on the altered functioning. d. Focus on what is possible.
d. Focus on what is possible. When a client has a chronic illness, the nurse needs to make every effort to promote health with a focus of care that emphasizes what is possible rather than what can no longer be. The focus should not be on the altered functioning or what can no longer be as this does not assist the client to move to promoting health in the current state. The basis for the change or why the client has an illness is not easy to determine.
The nurse is preparing to talk to a local community group regarding chronic illness. The nurse informs the group that both external and internal factors influence a person's health. When discussing the fact that the male client has a higher chance of developing lung cancer due to his gender, which dimension is the nurse referring to? a. Intellectual dimension b. Environmental dimension c. Emotional dimension d. Physical dimension
d. Physical dimension The physical dimension includes genetic inheritance, age, developmental level, race, and gender. These components strongly influence the person's health status and health practices. Since lung cancer is more frequent in men, the male client is at a higher risk of developing lung cancer due to his gender. Emotional dimension refers to feelings. Intellectual dimension is cognitive ability. Environmental dimension is related to a client's environment, including work and school.
Consultation and diagnostic tests are included in which level of health care? a. Primary care b. Tertiary care c. Extended care d. Secondary care
d. Secondary care Consultation and diagnostic tests are included in the secondary level of health care. The first contact with a general physician is the primary care, and the reference to a highly specialized facility for desensitization is the tertiary care level. The secondary and tertiary care facilities are equipped to provide highly specialized care. Extended care is care provided to clients who no longer require acute hospital care.
The nurse is caring for a client with a diagnosis of heart failure. This admission is the client's third admission within 90 days. The nurse educates the client with the goal of preventing readmission. Which nursing activity for this client would represent tertiary-level prevention? a. Assessing for risk factors for heart disease b. Screening for tuberculosis c. Screening for breast cancer every 5 years d. Teaching about adhering to a low-sodium diet
d. Teaching about adhering to a low-sodium diet Tertiary health promotion and illness prevention begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated, with the goal of reducing disability and helping rehabilitate the client to a maximum level of functioning. Nursing activities on a tertiary level include teaching a client with heart failure the importance of adhering to a low-sodium diet. Primary prevention teaching is an important activity. However, before teaching can be initiated, it is essential that the nurse engage the client in a discussion about health risks and the implications of these risks. Secondary health promotion and illness prevention focus on screening for early detection of disease with prompt diagnosis and treatment of diseases found.
A nurse refers an HIV-positive client to a local support group. This is an example of what level of preventive care? a. Chronic b. Primary c. Secondary d. Tertiary
d. Tertiary Tertiary health promotion and illness prevention begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated, with the goal of reducing disability and helping rehabilitate clients to a maximum level of functioning. Referring an HIV-positive client to a local support group would be an example of tertiary preventive care. Primary health promotion and illness prevention are directed toward promoting health and preventing the development of disease processes or injury. Secondary health promotion and illness prevention focus on screening for early detection of disease, with prompt diagnosis and treatment of any found. The term chronic is not related to health promotion.
What have the models of health promotion and illness prevention been used for? a. To define a medical framework for the care of the disabled. b. To formulate care plans for the disabled population. c. To create a forum for improving rehabilitative care. d. To help health care providers understand health-related behaviors.
d. To help health care providers understand health-related behaviors. Several models of health promotion and illness prevention have been used to help health care providers understand health-related behaviors and adapt care to people from diverse economic and cultural backgrounds. The models include the health belief model, the health promotion model, the health-illness continuum model, and the agent-host-environment model. These models do not define a medical framework in the care of the disabled; these models do not create a forum for improving rehabilitative care; and these models do not formulate care plans for use with the disabled.
An older adult client who has been hospitalized due to a stroke is about to be discharged from a rehabilitation center where the client had to relearn how to perform activities of daily living, including feeding and dressing. The client has often voiced a desire to be as active as possible. The client now expresses a strong desire to go home. The nurse recognizes that these statements made by the client indicate that the client is: a. hopeless due to disease process. b. needing further recovery. c. maintaing dependence. d. giving up the dependent role.
d. giving up the dependent role. By stating that the client wants to be as active as possible, as well as healthy, the client is reflecting a desire to give up a dependent role and become more independent. Therefore, when at home, the client wants to resume normal activities and responsibilities. The client seems hopeful and not hopeless.
The recognition of health as an ongoing process toward a person's highest potential of functioning is defined as: a. illness. b. agent-host-environment. c. health belief model. d. high-level wellness.
d. high-level wellness. High-level wellness is defined as recognizing health as an ongoing process toward a person's highest potential of functioning. The Health Belief Model focuses on how the client's beliefs about health influence the client's health and response to health and health care. Illness is a person's response to disease. the Agent-Host-Environment model explores the factors that contribute to infection in a client.
The nurse is using Leavell and Clark's Agent-Host-Environment Health Model to help plan nursing interventions for clients in a hospital setting. Which examples of nursing actions to prevent hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) best illustrate the principles of this model? Select all that apply. a. The nurse should assess what the clients believe to be true about themselves and their illnesses when developing a nursing plan to prevent HAIs. b. The nurse should assess client's ability to fight off infection by using a graduated scale with high-level wellness on one end and death on the other. c. The nurse should examine environmental stressors in clients' lives to see how these stressors might affect their recovery and ability to ward off infection. d. The nurse should consider client's past behavior when determining goals for recovery. e. The nurse should consider the client's family history and age when assessing risk factors for infection. f. The nurse should assess the clients for risk factors for infection when planning nursing care.
f. The nurse should assess the clients for risk factors for infection when planning nursing care. e. The nurse should consider the client's family history and age when assessing risk factors for infection. c. The nurse should examine environmental stressors in clients' lives to see how these stressors might affect their recovery and ability to ward off infection. The Agent-Host-Environment model of health and illness, developed by Leavell and Clark (1965), views the interaction between an external agent, a susceptible host, and the environment as causes of disease in a person. It is a traditional model that explains how certain factors place some people at risk for an infectious disease. These factors are constantly interacting, and a combination of factors may increase the risk of illness. The nurse assessing the clients for risk factors for infection when planning nursing care helps to illustrate this model. The nurse assessing the client's family history and age when assessing risk factors for infection helps to illustrate this model. The nurse assessing environmental stressors in clients' lives is another example to illustrate this model. The other options are not examples illustrating the Agent-Host-Environment health model.
