Fund. of Nutrition Chapter 4

Hydrogen can only form 1 bond but carbon can form:

1, 2, or 3 bonds

Colorectal Cancer

2nd leading cause of cancer deaths, cancer in colon or rectum

pH of human blood:

7.4 (slightly basic)

Which sub-atomic particle revolves around the nucleus

Electron

Digestion begins in stomach. True or False?

False, begins in mouth.

What is pH a measure of?

H+ or hydrogen ions

Duodenum

Region of small intestine immediately after pyloric sphincter

All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds. N2 and O2 are examples of this. True or False?

True

Good bacteria produce Vitamin K which allows blood to clot upon injury. True or False?

True

Water is most important solvent in biology and life. True or False?

True

Lower esophageal sphincter

a muscular ring that controls the flow between the esophagus and stomach, keeps food inside stomach

hydrochloric acid

acid produced by the stomach

Dysgeusia

altered taste

Minerals

are elements such as calcium, iron, and potassium

Ions

atoms or groups of atoms with an electrical charge, positive or negative.

Pyloric sphincter

between stomach and duodenum; controls rate of chymes release into small intestine

Mechanical Digestion

biting and grinding actions that break down food into smaller pieces

Skeletal system

bones provide support, movement, and protection, bones store calcium

Catabolism

break down of nutrient substances and produces energy

Crohn's Disease

can affect entire GI tract including mouth; symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, loss of appetite, and weight loss; NO CURE

Elements

can only be separated into sub-atomic particles during a nuclear event

Chemical Reaction

changes arrangement of atoms in molecule

Cardiovascular system

circulate blood through body, also circulates nutrition and waste

Anosmia

complete loss of smell

Ageusia

complete loss of taste

Peptic Ulcer

destruction of lining of stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum, often caused by infection from bacteria Helicobacter pylori; Symptoms: deep, dull, upper abdominal pain abt 2 hrs after eating; Treatments: antibiotics and Pepcid, Tums, Rolaids, Pepto Bismol

Stomach

digests fat and protein

intestinal dysbiosis

disrupts normal bowel formation and movement which can cause diarrhea, abdominal bloating and pain

Osteoclasts

dissolve or break down old/damaged bone

Small Intestine:

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Absorption

during this process substances are taken from GI tract by circulatory system and lymphatic system

Epiglottis

elastic cartilage that folds over the glottis, preventing the bolus from entering the glottis, larynx, and eventually the trachea leading to the lungs; ensures bolus travels by esophagus to stomach

Prebiotics

foods high in fiber and feed the probiotics; Examples; whole grains such as barley, brown rice, quinoa, and red rice; also bananas, greens, onions, soybeans, and artichokes

Osteoblasts

form new bones

Diarrhea

frequent bowel movements with loose/watery stools; caused by bacterial/viral infections of intestinal tract

Tissue

group of cells performing a similar function

Lymphatic/Immune system

helps maintain fluid balance and defend body against disease

Peristalsis

helps move food through digestive tract from esophagus to large intestine

Chemical Bond

holds atoms together to form a molecule

Solubility

how well a solute forms a solution when mixed w solvent

Chemical Digestion in Stomach

hydrochloric acid activates pepsinogen into pepsin (protein enzyme); lipase digests fat in stomach

Inflammation

immune response to infection characterized by pain, tissue redness, swelling, loss of function, and fever

Endocrine system

includes organs and tissues that produce hormones; hormones are messengers which have target organs; for example: insulin is a hormone and its target organ is the liver

Integumentary system

includes skin, hair, and nails

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

inflammation of the colon and small intestine; ulcerative colitis and crohns disease are the two most common forms of IBD

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

intestinal cramps, diarrhea, constipation; Treatments include an elimination diet, stress management, counseling

Urinary system

kidneys filter unneeded substances from blood and help maintain fluid balance, bladder stores urine until elimination

Causes of Constipation:

lack of exercise, lack of fiber, change of normal routine, lack of water, anxiety/depression

Probiotics

live, beneficial gut microbes put into dietary supplements or food like yogurt, may help prevent/treat diarrhea or intestinal disorders

Rectum

lower part of large intestine where feces are stored until elimnation

Respiratory system

lungs allow the body to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

Bolus

mass of food produced by oral cavity

Gut microbia functions:

metabolize undigested food material as they form feces, make Vitamins K, thiamin, and biotin, and produces intestinal gas

Large Intestine

minimal nutrient absorption

Segmentation

mixes chyme back and forth in small intestine

Enzyme

molecule that speeds up reactions in our body

Compound

molecule with 2 or more different elements (carbohydrate: C6H12O6)

Muscular system

muscles enable movement to occur, provide support and protection

GI tract

muscular tube that extends from the mouth to the anus

Mechanical Digestion

occurs in stomach by churning, chyme is made here

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

pain or burning sensation in upper chest, called heartburn, caused by stomach acid entering and irritating the esophagus; Risk Factors: pregnancy, smoking, obesity, and alcohol

Digestion

process by which molecules in food are broken down into smaller ones, called hydrolysis

Liver

processes nutrients, produces bile and cholesterol

Hyposmia

reduced ability to smell

Osteocytes

regulate bone resorption and bone formation

Absorptive cells

remove nutrients from chyme and transfer them into intestinal blood or lymph

Chemical Digestion

salivary amylase and lipase break down carbs and fats

Cell

smallest unit of life

Atom

smallest unit of non-life

Increases chance of peptic ulcer:

smoking cigarettes

Peyer's patches

specialized cells in the intestinal tract provide immune protection; groups of white blood cells in the ileum

Gastric Juice

stomach contains water, hydrochloric acid, and enzymes; produces chyme

Gallbladder

stores bile for fat digestion in duodenum; too much cholesterol could lead to gallstones

Organelles

structures w/in cells that perform specialized functions

Chemistry

study of compostition and characteristics of matter

Human Physiology

study of function

Physiology

study of function

Anatomy

study of structure

Acid

substance that loses or donates a hydrogen ion (H+)

Bases:

substances that accept or remove H+ ions

Metabolism

sum of all chemical reactions in body

Pancreas

supplies sodium bicarbonate to increase pH of chyme; provide trypsin to digest protein; provides lipase to digest fat

6 Tastes:

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, fatty, and umami (savory/outstanding flavor)

Villi

tiny, finger-like projections of small intestinal lining that participate in digesting and absorbing food

Nervous system

transmit info and responses by electrical/chemical signals; communicate by neurotransmitters

Chylomicron

transports lipids first in lymph and then in blood stream

Esophagus

tube connecting pharynx to stomach

Ulcerative Colitis

ulcers in inner lining of large intestine; symptoms include abdominal cramps, rectal bleeding, diarrhea, weight loss, and anemia; NO CURE

Molecule

when 2 or more atoms interact and held together by chemical bond, 02 and N2

Anabolism

when body makes proteins, requires energy