Fund. of Nutrition Chapter 4
Hydrogen can only form 1 bond but carbon can form:
1, 2, or 3 bonds
Colorectal Cancer
2nd leading cause of cancer deaths, cancer in colon or rectum
pH of human blood:
7.4 (slightly basic)
Which sub-atomic particle revolves around the nucleus
Electron
Digestion begins in stomach. True or False?
False, begins in mouth.
What is pH a measure of?
H+ or hydrogen ions
Duodenum
Region of small intestine immediately after pyloric sphincter
All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds. N2 and O2 are examples of this. True or False?
True
Good bacteria produce Vitamin K which allows blood to clot upon injury. True or False?
True
Water is most important solvent in biology and life. True or False?
True
Lower esophageal sphincter
a muscular ring that controls the flow between the esophagus and stomach, keeps food inside stomach
hydrochloric acid
acid produced by the stomach
Dysgeusia
altered taste
Minerals
are elements such as calcium, iron, and potassium
Ions
atoms or groups of atoms with an electrical charge, positive or negative.
Pyloric sphincter
between stomach and duodenum; controls rate of chymes release into small intestine
Mechanical Digestion
biting and grinding actions that break down food into smaller pieces
Skeletal system
bones provide support, movement, and protection, bones store calcium
Catabolism
break down of nutrient substances and produces energy
Crohn's Disease
can affect entire GI tract including mouth; symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, loss of appetite, and weight loss; NO CURE
Elements
can only be separated into sub-atomic particles during a nuclear event
Chemical Reaction
changes arrangement of atoms in molecule
Cardiovascular system
circulate blood through body, also circulates nutrition and waste
Anosmia
complete loss of smell
Ageusia
complete loss of taste
Peptic Ulcer
destruction of lining of stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum, often caused by infection from bacteria Helicobacter pylori; Symptoms: deep, dull, upper abdominal pain abt 2 hrs after eating; Treatments: antibiotics and Pepcid, Tums, Rolaids, Pepto Bismol
Stomach
digests fat and protein
intestinal dysbiosis
disrupts normal bowel formation and movement which can cause diarrhea, abdominal bloating and pain
Osteoclasts
dissolve or break down old/damaged bone
Small Intestine:
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Absorption
during this process substances are taken from GI tract by circulatory system and lymphatic system
Epiglottis
elastic cartilage that folds over the glottis, preventing the bolus from entering the glottis, larynx, and eventually the trachea leading to the lungs; ensures bolus travels by esophagus to stomach
Prebiotics
foods high in fiber and feed the probiotics; Examples; whole grains such as barley, brown rice, quinoa, and red rice; also bananas, greens, onions, soybeans, and artichokes
Osteoblasts
form new bones
Diarrhea
frequent bowel movements with loose/watery stools; caused by bacterial/viral infections of intestinal tract
Tissue
group of cells performing a similar function
Lymphatic/Immune system
helps maintain fluid balance and defend body against disease
Peristalsis
helps move food through digestive tract from esophagus to large intestine
Chemical Bond
holds atoms together to form a molecule
Solubility
how well a solute forms a solution when mixed w solvent
Chemical Digestion in Stomach
hydrochloric acid activates pepsinogen into pepsin (protein enzyme); lipase digests fat in stomach
Inflammation
immune response to infection characterized by pain, tissue redness, swelling, loss of function, and fever
Endocrine system
includes organs and tissues that produce hormones; hormones are messengers which have target organs; for example: insulin is a hormone and its target organ is the liver
Integumentary system
includes skin, hair, and nails
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
inflammation of the colon and small intestine; ulcerative colitis and crohns disease are the two most common forms of IBD
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
intestinal cramps, diarrhea, constipation; Treatments include an elimination diet, stress management, counseling
Urinary system
kidneys filter unneeded substances from blood and help maintain fluid balance, bladder stores urine until elimination
Causes of Constipation:
lack of exercise, lack of fiber, change of normal routine, lack of water, anxiety/depression
Probiotics
live, beneficial gut microbes put into dietary supplements or food like yogurt, may help prevent/treat diarrhea or intestinal disorders
Rectum
lower part of large intestine where feces are stored until elimnation
Respiratory system
lungs allow the body to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
Bolus
mass of food produced by oral cavity
Gut microbia functions:
metabolize undigested food material as they form feces, make Vitamins K, thiamin, and biotin, and produces intestinal gas
Large Intestine
minimal nutrient absorption
Segmentation
mixes chyme back and forth in small intestine
Enzyme
molecule that speeds up reactions in our body
Compound
molecule with 2 or more different elements (carbohydrate: C6H12O6)
Muscular system
muscles enable movement to occur, provide support and protection
GI tract
muscular tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
Mechanical Digestion
occurs in stomach by churning, chyme is made here
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
pain or burning sensation in upper chest, called heartburn, caused by stomach acid entering and irritating the esophagus; Risk Factors: pregnancy, smoking, obesity, and alcohol
Digestion
process by which molecules in food are broken down into smaller ones, called hydrolysis
Liver
processes nutrients, produces bile and cholesterol
Hyposmia
reduced ability to smell
Osteocytes
regulate bone resorption and bone formation
Absorptive cells
remove nutrients from chyme and transfer them into intestinal blood or lymph
Chemical Digestion
salivary amylase and lipase break down carbs and fats
Cell
smallest unit of life
Atom
smallest unit of non-life
Increases chance of peptic ulcer:
smoking cigarettes
Peyer's patches
specialized cells in the intestinal tract provide immune protection; groups of white blood cells in the ileum
Gastric Juice
stomach contains water, hydrochloric acid, and enzymes; produces chyme
Gallbladder
stores bile for fat digestion in duodenum; too much cholesterol could lead to gallstones
Organelles
structures w/in cells that perform specialized functions
Chemistry
study of compostition and characteristics of matter
Human Physiology
study of function
Physiology
study of function
Anatomy
study of structure
Acid
substance that loses or donates a hydrogen ion (H+)
Bases:
substances that accept or remove H+ ions
Metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions in body
Pancreas
supplies sodium bicarbonate to increase pH of chyme; provide trypsin to digest protein; provides lipase to digest fat
6 Tastes:
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, fatty, and umami (savory/outstanding flavor)
Villi
tiny, finger-like projections of small intestinal lining that participate in digesting and absorbing food
Nervous system
transmit info and responses by electrical/chemical signals; communicate by neurotransmitters
Chylomicron
transports lipids first in lymph and then in blood stream
Esophagus
tube connecting pharynx to stomach
Ulcerative Colitis
ulcers in inner lining of large intestine; symptoms include abdominal cramps, rectal bleeding, diarrhea, weight loss, and anemia; NO CURE
Molecule
when 2 or more atoms interact and held together by chemical bond, 02 and N2
Anabolism
when body makes proteins, requires energy