Fundamentals Ch. 9

nursing implications for hospitalized adults

-anxiety over the home environment and care of children may influence a younger adults recovery -middle adults may have concern for elderly parents and meeting family responsibilities -older adults may be confused by the change in environment and routine; safety is an issue have discussions with them

the psychologist who theorized that cognitive development occurs from birth to adolescence in an orderly sequence of four stages is

1. Jean Piaget 2. Erik Erikson 3. James Fowler 4. Lawrence Kohlberg 1. Jean Piaget

When supervising a CNA caring for a toddler, a nurse intervenes when

1. the CNA leaves the toddler alone in the bath 2. The CNA feeds the toddler pieces of cheese for a snack 3. The CNA removes small objects from the toddlers crib 4. The CNA puts the crib side rails up when the toddler is resting Answer: 1.

An instructor is teaching students the importance of understanding the changes brought about by aging that are not indiacative of disease. The instructor points out that additional instruction is required when a student says:

1."Men and women will no longer have a need for sexual intimacy." 2. "Blood flow and oxygen use in the brain will decrease." 3."There will be a decrease in bone density." 4."Bladder capacity will decrease because of loss of muscle tone." Answer: 1.

formal operational stage

12+ years; develops ability to analytically solve problems and engage in abstract reasoning

preoperational stage

2-7 years; relates objects and events to self; begins to use symbolism, and imagination develops

concrete operational stage

7 to 12 years; concrete problem solving and inductive reasoning develops

Piaget's stages of cognitive developement

Stage 1, sensorimotor Stage 2, preoperational Stage 3, concrete operational Stage 4, formal operational

Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

Trust vs. Mistrust: Birth to 18 months Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt: 18 months to 3 years Initiative vs. Guilt: 3 to 6 years Industry vs. Inferiority: 6 to 12 years Identity vs. Role Confusion: 12 to 18 years Intimacy vs. Isolation: 18 to 30 years Generativity vs. Stagnation: 30 to 60 years Integrity vs. Despair: 65+ years

When teaching a student nurse about performing an assessment on a neonate, a nurse strokes the soles of an infant's foot, which causes fanning of the toes while the great toe pulls upward. The nurse teaches the student nurse that this assessment finding is

a normal finding

conventional level or morality

adolescents stage 3: seeking strong interpersonal relationships stage 4: law and order orientation

preconventional level of morality

ages 1-10 stage 1: punishment and obedience orientation stage 2: individualism and relativism

factors that influence growth and development

biological and hereditary, environmental, social

A nurse recognizes that how na individual learns is called

cognitive development

nursing implications for hospitalized adolescents

discussion

safety issues for adolescents

experimentation internet social networking firearms risk-taking behaviors in car, motorcycles, ATVs ignoring safety rules in water

Gilligan's preconventional

focused on self

Gilligan's post-conventional

focused on social responsibility for self and others

synthetic conventional

forms identity, questions beliefs

Sensorimotor stage

from birth-2; concept of cause and effect; learning through senses and use of body movement and language

proximodistal pattern

growth occurs from the center of the body outward

health teaching for preschoolers and school age children

hygiene health screenings exercise school performance

intuitive projective

imitates parents behaviors about religion

development

increase in complexity of skills performed by a person- walking, talking, and psychological benchmarks

Gilligan's conventional

interest and concern for others

The psychologist who theorized that cognitive development occurs from birth to adolescence in an orderly sequence of four stages is

jean piaget

individuating reflexive

leaves home, develops own beliefs

universalizing

love and justice become tangible

psychosocial development

meeting psychological benchmarks -erikson

A nurse explains to the parents of a newborn baby that their child possesses several automatic responses controlled by the central nervous system, called ____________________, that help the baby survive.

newborn reflexes

undifferentiated

no concept for self or environment

growth

physical changes that occur in the size of human beings

post conventional level or morality

postadolescent stage 5: social rules and legal orientation stage 6: universal ethical principles

A nurse is caring for a child who wants his parents to buy him a cat when he gets better. The parents refuse because they are both allergic to cat hair. The child states, "That's not fair. I want a cat." The nurse recognizes the child is in which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's moral developmental theory?

preconventional

Carol Gilligan's stages of moral development

preconventional conventional post postconventional

Kohlberg's stages of moral developemt

preconventionl (focused on self) and conventional (interested and concern for others) level or morality post conventional (social responsibility for self and others) level of morality

safety issues for infants and toddlers

prevent falls, choking, drowning

A nurse recognizes that the type of development that occurs throughout one's life is in distinct stages, each stage requiring that specific tasks must be mastered, is called

psychosocial development

The mother of a 9-year-old boy becomes concerned when he will not stop crying or clinging to her. A nurse explains to the mother that the child may be showing signs of ____________________, or a returning to earlier behaviors that may occur in school-age children when they feel insecure and threatened by treatments

regression

newborn reflexes

rooting sucking startle babinski

nursing implications for hospitalized for preschool and school aged children

security blanket encourage parent to stay demonstrate procedures on adult to doll use words they would understand nightlight be honest

safety issues for preschoolers and school age children

stranger danger playground safety water safety

mythic literal

symbolism and stories explain religion

moral development

the ability to think at a higher level and develop a value system

spiritual development

the development of spiritual beliefs

physical development

the physical size and functioning of a person; influences include genetics, nutrition, and the endocrine and central nervous systems

When performing a physical assessment on a neonate, a nurse notes a triangular-shaped soft area that is not yet fused together toward the back of the top of the head. The nurse should

this is a normal finding

paradoxical consolidative

understands different views of faith

Fowler's stages of spiritual development

undifferentiated(0-3) inuitive projective (4-6) mythic-literal(7-12) Synthetic conventional(13-17) individuating reflexive (18-young adult) paradoxical consolidative (30+) Univerisalizing (adult)

cognitive development

ways that we learn

safety issues for adults

Providing a safe home environment, including fire safety Modeling safe behavior for their children during play and recreational activities Maintaining workplace safety for middle adults Preventing injury from falls and skin infections for older adults

health teaching for adults

Encouraging yearly physical exams and screenings Promoting regular exercise for cardiovascular health Monitoring blood pressure and cholesterol Monitoring chronic illnesses

cephalocaudal pattern

Growth occurs in an orderly and predictable pattern, progressing from the head downward