Funeral Services (1-7)

_____ were the first documented with a specific ceremony or way of dealing with the dead

Pagans

(Egypt) The Ba

The Soul

(Egypt) The Yakhu

The shining one

(Egypt) True/False: embalmers belonged to a priestly class and embalming was a religious ritual

True

(Egypt) True/False: they attributed a divine origin to the soul

True

(Greek) True/False: belief in the separation of the body and soul, and lack of importance of the body in relation to the soul, led to less attention to the treatment of the body after death

True

(Greek) True/False: cremation as an option for disposition

True

(Rome) True/False: Roman embalming was superficial with little done in the way of preservation

True

True/False: cremation and earth burial were both used in Ancient Rome

True

True/False: the Greeks are credited with being the first among ancient people to practice cremation

True

True/False: the physical body had to be intact to be judged by Osiris as worthy to have a happy afterlife

True

True/False: the Greeks believed in the separation of the body and soul

True (disembodies souls)

(Rome) True/False: believed that the soul separated from the body at death and hovered around the place of burial.

True - needed periodical offerings or neglect would bring evil. Modern day visiting of the grave

What was the first documented ceremony in history

a funeral service or observation

(Egypt) Natron

a salt found in dry lake beds of the desert.

(Greek) when did cremation come into practice

about 1000 B.C.

Roman sumptuary laws stated that:

all individuals must be buried in a dignified manner

(Egypt) Cartonage

an additional encasement employed to protect the mummies

(Rome) Animism

an early view of the afterlife which emphasized the soul as the vital principle

________ culture is considered to be the basis for Western and Judeo-Christian civilization

ancient Greek

Pagan

any person who is not Christian, Moslem, or Jew

(Egypt) The Heart

as the seat of the intellect and emotions

(Greek) often the tombs were finished off with:

bas-relief carvings and painted

(Rome) Epicureans

believed that the body and soul were composed of atoms, and at death disintegrated, therefore negating any kind of afterlife ("eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow we may die")

Dry burial

cheaper form of embalming for the masses - sanitary purposes

(Rome) catacombs

cites of death consisting of tunnels and rooms for burial

(Rome) commune sepulchrum

common burial pits outside of Rome

Hapi canopic jar:

dog- headed (small intestines)

(Egypt) Designer or Painter

drew line where incision was made

(Rome) Burial societies

formed to provide for the burial of the poor. They may be the forerunner of modern day life insurance companies

Anubis

god of embalming

Osiris

god of the underworld and judge of the dead (wife Isis, and son Horus)

(Egyptian) They held that throughout life the soul was engaged in a struggle with ____ and ____

good; evil

Qebhsennuf canopic jar:

hawk (liver and gall bladder)

Mestha canopic jar

human (stomach and large intestines)

(Egypt) anthropoidal

human-shaped

The general morality of the Egyptians was based off of (internal conscience/external authority)

internal conscience

Tuamutef canopic jar

jackal (lungs and heart)

Circle of Necessity

journey around the sun that took 3,000 years

(Egypt) Bitumen (pitch)

likened to roofing tar, caused the body to become black, hard and mummified lasting indefinately

Sarcophagus

massive coffins cut from a single mass of stone to protect from grave robbers

(Egypt) Pollinator or Apothecary

mixed the chemicals used in the three different methods

Among the oldest of Egyptian funeral ceremonies were those associated with:

offering the dead various kinds of cakes, oil, beer, and wine

(Greek) Sacrifices

offerings were made at the tomb of the deceased on specific days

Greeks saw death as:

one of the harsher lots of mankind

(Egypt) Embalmer or Surgeon

performed actual embalming operation

Those who were justified before Osiris passed into:

perpetual happiness

those who were condemned before Osiris passed into:

perpetual misery

(Egypt) Kher-heb

physician or priest who was supervisor of entire operation. Also organized the funeral procession

During the last 1000 years of Egyptian embalming practice, the emphasis gradually changed from _____ to _____

producing a well-preserved body - creating an increasingly elaborate external appearance of the wrapped body

Burial within the city walls of Rome was ____

prohibited

(Egypt) The Ka

remained by the dead, demanding attention from the living

(Egypt) Dissector or Anatomist

removed viscera and washed body

(Greek) Funeral Feast

signified the ending of fast of the bereaved.

The Egyptians believed that the ____ was the center of the universe, from which all things emerged and to which they returned

sun

(Egypt) Their beliefs centered on the worship of the _____ and the ______

sun; Cult of Osiris

When did Christianity begin to emerge in Rome

the 4th century, with Constantine being recognized as the first Christian Roman emperor

(Greek) the Elysian Fields

the Greek version of Heaven

the River Styx is also known as

the River of Hate

(Rome) the well-to-do were tended to by professional undertakers. This marked _____

the beginning of the secular or non-religious funeral director

(Egyptian) After death, the final state of the soul was determined by judgement, according to:

the behavior of the individual while on earth

The need to protect the body, the coffin and burial treasures of the dead in the graves was the impetus for:

the building of tombs

The law of Athens required:

the corpses of strangers to be buried

First believed that ________, then believed in the concept of ____

the dead lived a bodily existence under the earth; a shadowy afterlife peopled by disembodies souls (ghosts or "shades")

humanitarianism

the doctrine that man's obligations are limited to and dependent along on mankind itself and human relations

(Greek) obol

the fare needed to pass Charon on the River Styx

(Greek) Charon

the ferryman of the River Styx

(Greek) Hades

the god of the dead and king of the underworld

(Rome) Libitinarius

the head funeral functionary who planned the funeral, provided anointing and embalming, supplied hired mourners, mourning costumes and accessories

(Rome) Contact with Greek and Asian mystery cults fostered _______

the hope of going to a pleasant existence in the afterlife

Example of Egyptian influence

the mummy portraits of the Fayum district, dating from teh period of the Roman conquest

(Rome) misera plebs

the poor - buried in groups

central to the Egyptian concept of life after death was the belief in ________

the resuscitation of the physical body

(Greek) Cerberus

the three-headed guardian of the lower region

(Greek) woman could join in the funeral march if:

they were over 60 or if they were connected to the deceased by blood and over the age of 16

(Rome) columbaria

tombs w/niches for urns that held the ashes of the deceased

True/False: everyone has the right to a decent burial

true

The (6) complex elements that joined to make a person

1. Ba 2. Yakhu 3. Name 4. Shadow 5. Heart 6. Ka

Name the (4) canopic jars (burial vases)

1. Hapi: dog - headed 2. Tuamutef: Jackal 3. Qebhsennuf: hawk 4. Mestha: human

(Egypt) Undertaking specialists (5)

1. Kher-heb 2. Designer or painter 3. Dissector or Anatomist 4. Pollinator or Apothecary 5. Embalmer or Surgeon

(4) Roman undertaking specialists

1. Libitinarius 2. Pollinctores 3. Designator 4. Praeco

(Greek) The tombs were classified as

1. Stelae: upright shafts (slabs) of stone 2. Kiones (columns) 3. Trapezae (square cut tombs) 4. Naidia (temple-like structures)

(Greek) Preparation of the body for burial

1. a chosen female relative would wash the body, anoint the body with oils, and robe the body in white linen. 2. an obol was placed in the deceased's mouth 3. included a honey cake for Cerberus 4. after one day of lying in state, the funeral procession was formed to accompany the body to the tomb

(Egypt) Describe steps for a dry burial

1. bodies were shrouded in coarse cloth and laid upon beds of charcoal under 6-8 feet of sand above the reach of the Nile. 2. Dry air and nitrous soil provided for a slow and inoffensive decomposition

(Rome) Steps for burial

1. deceased were washed, anointed with oils, and dressed in a white toga with appropriate insignia of rank 2. body put on a funeral couch, feet to the door; and would lie in state for 3-7 days 3. flowers were strewn and incense was burned.

(3) Customs and traditions common to most cultures

1. disposition of the dead 2. mating or pairing off rituals and ceremonies 3. coming of age ceremonies

(5) Services rendered from a lay occupational group

1. embalming 2. preparing the body for viewing 3. a waiting period between death and disposition 4. use of an attractive, protective casket 5. a dignified ceremony

The Egyptians employed three categories of embalming

1. expensive 2. medium priced 3. the inexpensive method

Medium prices method consisted of these these (4)

1. injection of cedar oil into the body cavity w/o evisceration 2. body laid in natron (a fixed alkali) for the prescribed period 3. The cedar oil, which had dissolved the soft organs was released 4. the body, its flesh dissolved by the natron, was reduced to preserved skin and bones

Egyptian embalming cheapest option (2) steps

1. purge the intestines 2. soak the body in a soda solution for 70 days

The expensive method of embalming consisted of these five steps

1. removal of the brain 2. evisceration through the abdominal incision 3. immersion in natron 4. removal from the natron solution 5. application of bandages and spices

Two basic reasons why man disposes of the dead

1. sanitation 2. religious/social considerations

(Greek) The funeral procession consisted of (4):

1. the corpse on a bier carried by relatives, friends or hired corpse bearers 2. female mourners 3. fraternity members 4. hired dirge singers

(Egypt) When the the antropoidal coffin come into use

12th and 13th dynasties

The pinnacle of Greek culture was reached in what century

5th "classical" or "golden age"

Egyptians wept for ____ days

70

Greeks with wealth and power believed in the ______ approach to death

Elitist - if they behaved themselves reasonably well, and especially if they died in battle fighting for the state, they would be admitted into a pleasant afterlife

(Egypt) True/False: Embalming during the time of the Ancient Egyptians is the embalming we know today

False

Ancient Greek religion is also commonly known as

Greek mythology

The canopic jars represented one of the four sons of ______

Horus - Osiris' son