FW 350 Quiz 2 Prep

Land and Water Conservation Fund Act (LWCFA)

"for any national area which may be authorized for preservation of species of fish and wildlife that are threatened with extinction."

Environmental Management

1966 ESPA 1970 EPA 1973 ESA

Critical Habitat (CH) Designations

Designated <1 year of listing "to the maximum extend prudent and determinable"

endangered species

any species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range

mass extinction

loss of 50% of species thousands or tens of thousands expected to go extinct rate of extinction is 100 or 1000 times faster than speciation

Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP)

mitigation plan for activities that "take" listed species

Number of species in area is proportional with

size of the area

section 11

specifies criminal penalties

habitat conservation plan

specifies impacts of "take" steps taken to minimize and mitigate those impacts identify funding available for implementation

state agencies

structured within state governments

res nullius

the property of no one person

"take"

to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect or attempt to engage in any such conduct

Experimental populations

tool to reestablish threatened or endangered species to their former range

species with critical habitat are ______ as likely to be improving

twice

Patterns in Terrestrial environments

warmer=more species wetter=more species non-uniform topography holds more species less seasonal areas hold more species lower elevation holds more species

Required information based on listing priorities

-magnitude of threat -immediacy of threat -taxonomic distinctiveness

After 12 months

1) propose rule to list species 2)extend petition to 1 yr 3)reject petition

Implementing ESA

1)petition 2)agency initiated review of species 3)emergency designation of threatened or endangered species

After 90 days

1)propose rule to list species 2)extend consideration of petition for a year 3)reject petition

why save endangered species?

1. loss of general biodiversity 2.medicinal benefits 3.commercial, economic benefits 4. ecological benefits 5. aesthetic benefits

Imprudent when...

1.expected to increase the risk of harm to species and habitat 2.When there is no benefit to species

5 Reasons why species become endangered

1.habitat degradation/loss 2.invasive/exotic species 3.overexploitation (2nd most important threat to biodiversity) 4.global climate change

Listing Species 5 reasons

1.present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of habitat or range 2. over utilization for commercial, recreational, scientific of educational purposes 3. disease or predation 4. inadequacy with of existing regulatory mechanisms 5.other natural or manmade factors affecting existence

Pre European

1500BC to 1500AD Last ice age megafauna natives burned grassland "pleistocene overkill" hypothesis

Abundance

1600-1849 first settlers perceived wildlife as never ending 1 penny bounty on wolves 1646 first closed deer season

Overexploitation

1850-1899 wildlife population decimated 1852 First game wardens 1872 Yellowstone National Park

Protection

1900-1929 1914 Passenger pigeon almost extinct 1900 Lacey Act

Game Management

1930-1965 first scientific research and management programs many acts passed foundations for ESA Rachel Carson's "silent spring" 1964 Land and Water Conservation Fund Act

In the U.S.,__________ species are currently listed as "threatened or endangered"

2,348

How many miles offshore to protect?

3

__% of species vulnerable out of all

31%

what percent of species have critical habitat

43%

Threatened species in oregon

60

species listed with recovery plans

81%

How many days does agency have to decide if petition has enough data to support further investigation

90 days

Safe Harbor Agreements (SHAs)

Assurance for non-Federal landowners who voluntarily aid in the recovery of listed species by improving or maintaining wildlife habitat.

Latitudinal Patterns

Different climate, changes in productivity, topographic heterogeneity, different habitat sizes

ESA

Endangered Species Act 1973 conserving endangered and threatened species, protect and recover species, all plants and animals except pest insects

North American Eras

Pre European Abundance Overexploitation Protection Game Management Environmental Management

Prediction of extinction rate

S=CA^z logS=(logc)+z(logA)

Species growth

S=CxA^z

how can species be listed for limited time?

Species may also be listed for a limited time under the emergency listing powers (FWS and NOAA)

downlisting

The reclassification of a species from Endangered to Threatened

Which animal first got America's attention

Whooping Crane, then almost extinct passenger pigeon

CITES

a 175-nation agreement designed to prevent species from becoming endangered or extinct due to international trade

conservation

all actions necessary to recover and delist species

Critical Habitat

all lands, air, or water "essential to the conservation of species"

threatened species

any species that is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range

How are species listed?

based on biological status

Critical Habitat Must...

be designated to "maximum extend prudent and determinable"

Crucial for survival of human species

conserving biological infrastructure

Candidate Conservation Agreement

deals with landowners reducing/removing threats to at risk species. then CCAA

Recovery plans

describe the steps needed to restore a species to ecological health

Section 4

establishes procedures for listing species as either threatened or endangered. Delisting, monitoring, recovery, critical habitat.

NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service)

implements marine mammal protection act and ESA for selected marine and anadromous species

US Fish and Wildlife Service

is a federal government agency within the United States Department of the Interior dedicated to the management of fish, wildlife, and natural habitats. The mission of the agency reads as "working with others to conserve, protect, and enhance fish, wildlife, plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people." manages ~500 national wildlife refuges

First step in protecting

listing

How many species protected now?

more than 6x species protected since first act

NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) and FWS

must determine that species is not threatened

most known extinctions happen...

on islands

Species richness increases from

poles to equator

Give priority based on:

potential recovery success

ESA 3 goals

prevent extinction of imperiled species secure eventual recovery protect ecosystems upon which those species depend

section 9

prohibits engaging in commerce of endangered species

Lacey Act (1900)

prohibits transporting wild animals across state borders without permit.

first step if threats reduced

proposed action in federal register independent expert opinion sought at this time analyzing comments, decide to maintain status or change once delisted monitored for 5 yrs If threat or change occurs, can be relisted

section 10

provides exceptions and permits for section 9

delisting

removal off of list. Then monitored for 5 years

section 7

requires federal agencies to fund and carry out action prohibits federal government actions of jeopardizing existence of species

delisted species

when recovery goals are met and are no longer threatened