FW 350 Quiz 2 Prep
Land and Water Conservation Fund Act (LWCFA)
"for any national area which may be authorized for preservation of species of fish and wildlife that are threatened with extinction."
Environmental Management
1966 ESPA 1970 EPA 1973 ESA
Critical Habitat (CH) Designations
Designated <1 year of listing "to the maximum extend prudent and determinable"
endangered species
any species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range
mass extinction
loss of 50% of species thousands or tens of thousands expected to go extinct rate of extinction is 100 or 1000 times faster than speciation
Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP)
mitigation plan for activities that "take" listed species
Number of species in area is proportional with
size of the area
section 11
specifies criminal penalties
habitat conservation plan
specifies impacts of "take" steps taken to minimize and mitigate those impacts identify funding available for implementation
state agencies
structured within state governments
res nullius
the property of no one person
"take"
to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect or attempt to engage in any such conduct
Experimental populations
tool to reestablish threatened or endangered species to their former range
species with critical habitat are ______ as likely to be improving
twice
Patterns in Terrestrial environments
warmer=more species wetter=more species non-uniform topography holds more species less seasonal areas hold more species lower elevation holds more species
Required information based on listing priorities
-magnitude of threat -immediacy of threat -taxonomic distinctiveness
After 12 months
1) propose rule to list species 2)extend petition to 1 yr 3)reject petition
Implementing ESA
1)petition 2)agency initiated review of species 3)emergency designation of threatened or endangered species
After 90 days
1)propose rule to list species 2)extend consideration of petition for a year 3)reject petition
why save endangered species?
1. loss of general biodiversity 2.medicinal benefits 3.commercial, economic benefits 4. ecological benefits 5. aesthetic benefits
Imprudent when...
1.expected to increase the risk of harm to species and habitat 2.When there is no benefit to species
5 Reasons why species become endangered
1.habitat degradation/loss 2.invasive/exotic species 3.overexploitation (2nd most important threat to biodiversity) 4.global climate change
Listing Species 5 reasons
1.present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of habitat or range 2. over utilization for commercial, recreational, scientific of educational purposes 3. disease or predation 4. inadequacy with of existing regulatory mechanisms 5.other natural or manmade factors affecting existence
Pre European
1500BC to 1500AD Last ice age megafauna natives burned grassland "pleistocene overkill" hypothesis
Abundance
1600-1849 first settlers perceived wildlife as never ending 1 penny bounty on wolves 1646 first closed deer season
Overexploitation
1850-1899 wildlife population decimated 1852 First game wardens 1872 Yellowstone National Park
Protection
1900-1929 1914 Passenger pigeon almost extinct 1900 Lacey Act
Game Management
1930-1965 first scientific research and management programs many acts passed foundations for ESA Rachel Carson's "silent spring" 1964 Land and Water Conservation Fund Act
In the U.S.,__________ species are currently listed as "threatened or endangered"
2,348
How many miles offshore to protect?
3
__% of species vulnerable out of all
31%
what percent of species have critical habitat
43%
Threatened species in oregon
60
species listed with recovery plans
81%
How many days does agency have to decide if petition has enough data to support further investigation
90 days
Safe Harbor Agreements (SHAs)
Assurance for non-Federal landowners who voluntarily aid in the recovery of listed species by improving or maintaining wildlife habitat.
Latitudinal Patterns
Different climate, changes in productivity, topographic heterogeneity, different habitat sizes
ESA
Endangered Species Act 1973 conserving endangered and threatened species, protect and recover species, all plants and animals except pest insects
North American Eras
Pre European Abundance Overexploitation Protection Game Management Environmental Management
Prediction of extinction rate
S=CA^z logS=(logc)+z(logA)
Species growth
S=CxA^z
how can species be listed for limited time?
Species may also be listed for a limited time under the emergency listing powers (FWS and NOAA)
downlisting
The reclassification of a species from Endangered to Threatened
Which animal first got America's attention
Whooping Crane, then almost extinct passenger pigeon
CITES
a 175-nation agreement designed to prevent species from becoming endangered or extinct due to international trade
conservation
all actions necessary to recover and delist species
Critical Habitat
all lands, air, or water "essential to the conservation of species"
threatened species
any species that is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range
How are species listed?
based on biological status
Critical Habitat Must...
be designated to "maximum extend prudent and determinable"
Crucial for survival of human species
conserving biological infrastructure
Candidate Conservation Agreement
deals with landowners reducing/removing threats to at risk species. then CCAA
Recovery plans
describe the steps needed to restore a species to ecological health
Section 4
establishes procedures for listing species as either threatened or endangered. Delisting, monitoring, recovery, critical habitat.
NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service)
implements marine mammal protection act and ESA for selected marine and anadromous species
US Fish and Wildlife Service
is a federal government agency within the United States Department of the Interior dedicated to the management of fish, wildlife, and natural habitats. The mission of the agency reads as "working with others to conserve, protect, and enhance fish, wildlife, plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people." manages ~500 national wildlife refuges
First step in protecting
listing
How many species protected now?
more than 6x species protected since first act
NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) and FWS
must determine that species is not threatened
most known extinctions happen...
on islands
Species richness increases from
poles to equator
Give priority based on:
potential recovery success
ESA 3 goals
prevent extinction of imperiled species secure eventual recovery protect ecosystems upon which those species depend
section 9
prohibits engaging in commerce of endangered species
Lacey Act (1900)
prohibits transporting wild animals across state borders without permit.
first step if threats reduced
proposed action in federal register independent expert opinion sought at this time analyzing comments, decide to maintain status or change once delisted monitored for 5 yrs If threat or change occurs, can be relisted
section 10
provides exceptions and permits for section 9
delisting
removal off of list. Then monitored for 5 years
section 7
requires federal agencies to fund and carry out action prohibits federal government actions of jeopardizing existence of species
delisted species
when recovery goals are met and are no longer threatened
