GACE esol test

Which of the following typically involve the use of students' native languages during instruction?

. This question requires an awareness of different approaches and methods used in language instruction. In both Suggestopedia and community language learning, the students' first languages may be used freely during instruction.

A predicate nominative

A predicate nominative is a noun phrase which defines or clarifies the subject, but is not interchangeable with it. Multiple words do not make multiple predicate nominatives, however; together they create a predicate nominative. It is not correct in English to state "A Smart car is that tiny red car," because Smart cars are multiple and not singular, and because Smart cars come in many colors besides red.

content validity

A test with questions that cover the knowledge or skills a teacher seeks to evaluate can be best described as havingThis question tests your knowledge of content validity. Content validity depends on whether an assessment's questions or tasks accurately reflect the knowledge or skills the assessment intends to evaluate

beginning a unit on the benefits of cultural diversity.

A. How do our cultural differences make a better world?

Subtractive bilingualism is most likely to occur for second-language learners under which of the following conditions?

A. Learners are placed in an immersion program in their second language (L2) with no support for maintaining their first language (L1). B. Learners refrain from speaking in their L1 when they are at home or in their communities.

Is acculturation or assimilation more likely to produce second language learners who are successful at both BICS and CALP thresholds?

Acculturation; adapting to a new culture, which includes understanding cultural expectations, semiotics, values, and beliefs, is essential to second language acquisition in that it provides appropriate context. Acculturation permits ELLs to adapt to new cultural expectations without the loss of the culture of origin. Success with BICS and CALP in L2 is dependent on a degree of success in L1.

Having the students listen to and discuss with the teacher an example of talk between two native English speakers

An ESOL teacher plans to introduce a lesson on language use at the discourse level. Which of the following is the most appropriate activity for the teacher to incorporate into the lesson?

the audio lingual method

As an activity, an ESOL teacher has the ELLs listen to a recording of short dialogue between two native speakers of English. After initially listening to the dialogue, the teacher replays it and stops after each line in the dialogue so the ELLs can repeat it in unison. The activity is most consistent with the key characteristics of

An elementary school ESL teacher plans to read aloud to the class a picture book about a bird that wants to be a fish. Before reading the story, the teacher wants to incorporate an activity to activate the students' prior knowledge about the primary theme of the book. Which of the following activities will best meet the teacher's goal?

Asking students to write a short description in their response journals of something that they have wished for and then discussing their responses as a classThis question tests your knowledge of implementing a prereading strategy that will help students activate prior knowledge. By asking the students to write about and discuss their experiences with the key theme of the story before reading, the teacher is activating prior knowledge about the topic.

Which of the following is the most appropriate type of assessment to use for guiding students' subsequent learning in a content area?

Formative assessment, This question tests your knowledge of formative assessment. Formative assessments are typically informal and administered during instruction in order to check for understanding. The primary purpose of formative assessments is to guide instruction as it occurs.

Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency

CALP refers to formal academic learning. This includes listening, speaking, reading, and writing about subject area content material. This level of language learning is essential for students to succeed in school. Students need time and support to become proficient in academic areas. This usually takes from five to seven years. Recent research (Thomas & Collier, 1995) has shown that if a child has no prior schooling or has no support in native language development, it may take seven to ten years for ELLs to catch up to their peers.

Coordinate bilingualism

Coordinate bilingualism is defined as learning the L1 and L2 in separate contexts.

Toward the end of an academic year, an ESOL teacher worries that the ELLs will not have ample opportunities to maintain their English-language development during summer vacation. Which of the following is the best way for the teacher to help ELLs effectively use community resources to progress in their English-language proficiency?

D. Arranging a field trip to the local library for ELLs where the librarian can set up library cards, give a tour, and provide information about summer programs and resources specific to their needs

t appropriate first step for ESOL educators to take when aligning nationally recognized education standards with state and local standards?

D. Locating areas of overlap among national, state, and local standards..This question tests your knowledge of how to align national, state, and local educational standards. In order to produce an accurate alignment between all three sets of standards, the most appropriate first step for an ESOL educator to take is to identify the areas of overlap that exist between the three standards.

ethnoceentrism

Ethnocentrism refers to an individual's tendency to use aspects of his or her own culture, such as language, ethics, or traditions, as a means to evaluate or judge another person from a different culture.

Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills BICS

Experts such as Jim Cummins differentiate between social and academic language acquisition. Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) are language skills needed in social situations. It is the day-to-day language needed to interact socially with other people. English language learners (ELLs) employ BIC skills when they are on the playground, in the lunch room,on the school bus, at parties, playing sports and talking on the telephone. Social interactions are usually context embedded. They occur in a meaningful social context. They are not very demanding cognitively. The language required is not specialized. These language skills usually develop within six months to two years after arrival in the U.S.

Foreigner Talk Discourse

Foreigner talk discourse occurs when a native speaker of a given language adjusts his or her speech so that a nonnative speaker can understand the conversation. In order to communicate with Mei, Rosa simplifies her grammar and vocabulary and incorporates gestures and pointing to be understood.

Two teachers are discussing a student with whom they both work. The term "communicative competence" comes up. What aspect of the student's development are the teachers discussing?

Her ability to use the elements of language (syntax, phonology, morphology, semantics) together with an understanding of social expectations and to use spoken messages that are appropriate in terms of how they are manifested and when, in the course of conversation, they are used.

xplain how changing the sentence "It's mine!" to "It's mine?" changes the meaning of the sentence.

Here you are asked to apply your understanding of metalinguistic knowledge, or the awareness of the features and rules of a given language beyond simply being able to use them. Extrapolating a rule for adding plural endings to words requires metalinguistic knowledge.

which of the following types of assessment best demonstrates a student's efforts, progress, and achievement over time?

Here your knowledge of portfolio assessments is tested. Portfolios contain a collection of student work and teacher observations that were compiled over a period of time. Usually the collection reflects a variety of knowledge and skills that students were asked to demonstrate and serves as an effective indicator of academic growth.

Which of the following is most likely to emphasize interaction among students within the context of authentic language use?

Knowledge of the characteristics of various language-teaching methodologies and approaches is tested here. The primary goal of communicative language teaching is to allow students to interact meaningfully with one another in the target language.

Mr. Pryor, a high school science teacher, has a mix of native English speakers and ELLs in his classes. He is trying to find ways to encourage his students, especially his ELLs, to become more independent in their learning. Which of the following strategies will most likely assist Mr. Pryor in meeting his goal?

Modeling think-alouds to demonstrate to students how to analyze and interpret an academic text. This question tests your knowledge of helping ELLs become more autonomous learners. Modeling cognitive strategies for ELLs that they can employ on their own helps them understand how to learn. As a result, ELLs can become more independent. A think-aloud that demonstrates how to analyze and interpret an academic text best exemplifies this concept.

performance assessment

Ms. Woo, a high school ESL teacher, conducts a history project with her students at the end of a unit. First, she assigns students to groups of four and has each group research a decade of United States history. Next, she has each group use poster paper to create a newspaper that summarizes the major events, politics, and pop culture of their assigned decade. Finally, the groups post their newspapers on the classroom walls and present them to the class. Ms. Woo uses a rubric to grade the newspapers and the oral presentations. Which of the following types of assessment best characterizes the project?This question tests your knowledge of using performance assessment in the ESOL classroom. Performance assessment typically requires students to perform a task that gives them the opportunity to demonstrate their knowledge and skills. Having students work in groups to create a newspaper is a primary example of performance assessment.

Which of the following are the most appropriate examples of prereading strategies that an ESOL teacher can use to promote an ELL's literacy development?

Previewing key vocabulary words in a new text B. Activating background knowledge about themes in a new text C. Predicting the plot of a new text by examining the title and illustrationss question tests your knowledge of appropriate prereading strategies to use with ELLs. Prereading strategies primarily serve to give students foundational knowledge that they can use when presented with a new text. Previewing key words from a new text, activating background knowledge about themes, and making predictions about the plot will help ELLs understand what they are about to read and facilitate greater comprehension while reading.

rubric

Rubrics provide students with descriptive criteria for a given assignment. This criteria helps teachers objectively assess student performance and, in doing so, maintain the validity of the assessment and grading consistency.

siop model

SIOP model is a research-based instructional model that promotes ELLs' success in the classroom. The primary focus of the SIOP model is devising lessons that address ELLs' needs through the use of strategies and techniques that make learning in English more accessible to ELLs, such as comprehensible input and scaffolding.

Mr. Prentiss is a middle school English literature teacher who has a number of ELLs who read at an advanced level. He is beginning an integrated unit with the American history teacher in which the students will study the Civil War in history class while reading a novel that follows one soldier through major battles of the Civil War in English class.Mr. Prentiss uses a structured overview of the chapters after the class has read them. During this time he asks questions, elicits responses, fosters discussion, and gives feedback about particular points. Which of the following is the most likely positive impact of Mr. Prentiss' strategies?

The postreading interactions will help the ELLs with memorizing the most important events of the Civil War.This question tests your knowledge of the benefits of using a holistic approach as the basis of effective postreading strategies. A holistic approach typically focuses on how the parts of a whole relate to one another, incorporates integrated skills, and emphasizes connections across different academic disciplines. Asking questions, eliciting responses, having discussions, and offering feedback to ELLs after they read each chapter in the novel will most likely help to facilitate the ELLs' holistic understanding of the novel.

What is Krashen's Monitor Hypothesis concerned with?

The ways in which language learning influences acquisition. The Monitor hypothesis examines how language acquisition and language learning are related. Krashen sees acquisition as the utterance initiator, while learning is the monitor/editor. The monitor plans, edits, and corrects language acts when the ELL is not rushed. It also follows the rules of the language and fully integrates the rule under consideration. The monitor role should be a minor one, since it is conscious of itself and, therefore, is not intuitive. Interestingly, research indicates that extroverts tend to be under-users who are much more concerned with the immediacy of communication in the moment; introverts and perfectionists are over-users and are determined to speak correctly or not speak at all. Optimal users apply the monitor in a limited but appropriate way and exhibit a balanced personality that is neither extroverted nor introverted.

CALP

This item tests your knowledge of Jim Cummins' differentiation between BICS and CALP. BICS involve everyday social language and are usually acquired more easily by ELLs than CALP. CALP refers to the academic language that ELLs need to succeed in formal educational settings and is usually acquired through specific content-area instruction that is less context embedded.

homophones

This question asks you to apply your understanding of linguistic terms. Homophones are two words that sound the same but are not spelled the same. These words typically carry meanings distinct from one another, as shown in the examples of word pairs. who's whose sun son

An ESOL teacher directs ELLs to identify different rocks they have been studying in science class and place each one into one of three bins labeled igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary. The activity is primarily beneficial for ELLs for which of the following reasons?

This question asks you to identify the primary benefits of the presented activity. By having ELLs identify and classify the different rocks they have been studying in science class, the ESOL teacher is helping them learn and internalize content-area vocabulary and build significant learning skills (such as identifying and classifying) in accordance with Bloom's taxonomy.. It helps them master content-area vocabulary B. It allows them to build identifying and classifying skills

bottom up reading strategy

This question requires an understanding of basic processes in reading. Bottom-up strategies are those that focus primarily on the actual words in a text, as opposed to a focus on general meaning in top-down strategies. (C) and (D) describe strategies that focus on words rather than overall meaning.

phonetic stage

This question requires knowledge of developmental stages in writing. The writing error in this example is based on the student's own (and not a native English speaker's) pronunciation of the word "squirrel." Students frequently pass through a stage where they approximate spellings of words based on the sounds they hear in the words. This is referred to as the phonetic stage.

he WIDA-ACCESS Placement Test (W-APT)

This question tests your knowledge of basic procedures used in the state of Georgia for identifying and screening ELLs. The W-APT is the screening tool used to determine an ELL's level of language proficiency and eligibility for English language instructional services.

cultural assimilation

This question tests your knowledge of cultural assimilation. Cultural assimilation refers to the process by which individuals adopt the cultural practices of the host or dominant culture while typically relinquishing those of their home culture. Adopting the language and traditions of the new culture while identifying less with the home culture is a primary example of cultural assimilation.

When consulting state- or national-level standards to develop learning objectives for ESL students within a given curriculum, it is imperative that an ESL teacher

This question tests your knowledge of incorporating state or national standards into instructional planning. It is imperative that an ESL teacher addresses both language and content-area standards to develop objectives in order to meet the required guidelines. In addition, language standards will dictate the matter and presentation of content-area materials, thereby fulfilling the ESL teacher's duty of advancing ELLs' language proficiency without compromising content-area learning.

sheltered english

This question tests your knowledge of offering advice to school staff about the principles of sheltered English instruction. Sheltered English instruction seeks to develop ELLs' content-area knowledge at grade level through the use of scaffolding techniques and comprehensible input. Of the options listed, the most appropriate advice that the ESOL teacher can offer the science teacher focuses on providing the ELLs with background information and ensuring that resources that make content easier to understand are available to them.

An ESL teacher is beginning a unit on different food groups and wants to create a lesson that will appeal to kinesthetic learners in the class. Which of the following activities will best meet the teacher's goal?

This question tests your knowledge of planning instruction that supports different learning styles. Of the activities listed, having students move around the classroom and place foods on the proper tables would best appeal to kinesthetic learners.

wida

This question tests your knowledge of the WIDA English Language Development (ELD) Standards. These standards are organized around the social, instructional, and academic language that ELLs need to become effective learners within the school setting.

language experience approach

This question tests your knowledge of the language experience approach. The language experience approach promotes literacy development through the use of students' personal experiences. Typically, the teacher will ask students to talk about an event in their lives and transcribe their speech. The transcription can then be used as the basis for reading and writing activities.

overgeneralization

This question tests your knowledge of typical phases in language development. Ming's use of "goed" and "comed" indicates that she has learned a new rule for forming regular verbs in the past tense and has overgeneralized its application.

minimal pairs

This question tests your understanding of a basic phonological concept. A minimal pair is a set of two words that differ from one another by only one phoneme. Options (B), (C), and (D) are all minimal pairs by this definition. Option (A) lists two words that differ in spelling but that share the same pronunciation. These two words are homophones fair/care C. fair/pear D. fare/wear

restating sentences with errors correctly to provide a model for the ELLs

Which of the following approaches to error correction is most appropriate to use during an informal classroom discussion with beginning-level ELLs?This question requires understanding how to apply appropriate corrective feedback to a specific population of ELLs during an informal classroom discussion. Given the proficiency level of the ELLs and the context of the lesson, recasting, or repeating the corrected form of a speaker's error, offers the ELLs a model while not obstructing communication.

Achievement

Which of the following kinds of assessment is most appropriate for gathering information about what ESOL students have learned from a science unit?

Achievement

Which of the following kinds of assessment is most appropriate for gathering information about what ESOL students have learned from a science unit?This question requires an understanding of concepts in assessment. ___________ tests can provide information about how much students learned and retained from a unit of instruction. The other kinds of tests are more appropriately used for other purposes.

the audiolingual method

Your ability to identify the salient characteristics of various methods of language instruction is tested here. The repetition and memorization of dialogues is a common practice in the audiolingual method.

A student in sixth grade has just arrived from an English-speaking country, and other students often make fun of the new student's accent. The new student's English teacher goes to the school's ESL teacher for advice. Which of the following is the most appropriate advice the ESL teacher can offer the English teacher?

Your understanding of how to deal with dialectal variation is tested here. Nothing further should be done to single out the new student's accent; rather, an approach that emphasizes the fact that many dialectal variations of English exist would be most appropriate in this situation.

CALP

_____ is practiced in classroom discussions about geometry proofs, examination of the Federalist Papers or any other discussion that requires the speaker to use higher-order thinking and content-specific vocabulary. It generally takes English language learners a much longer time to acquire proficiency in using academic content language than to fully express themselves in situations that require BICS.

affricative

a phoneme that combines a plosive with an immediately following fricative or spirant sharing the same place of articulation, e.g., ch as in chair and j as in jar.

plosive

a plosive speech sound. The basic plosives in English are t, k, and p (voiceless) and d, g, and b (voiced).a for apple aaa, b for boy bbb

Acculturation

adapting to a new culture, which includes understanding cultural expectations, semiotics, values, and beliefs, is essential to second language acquisition in that it provides appropriate context. Acculturation permits ELLs to adapt to new cultural expectations without the loss of the culture of origin. Success with BICS and CALP in L2 is dependent on a degree of success in L1.

primary advantage of using formative assessment in the ESOL classroom?

allows the teacher to guide future instruction while checking for understanding during lessons.

Jim Cummins

also advances the theory that there is a common underlying proficiency (CUP) between two languages. Skills, ideas and concepts students learn in their first language will be transferred to the second language.

allophone

any of the speech sounds that represent a single phoneme, such as the aspirated k in kit and the unaspirated k in skit, which are allophones of the phoneme k.. K in kit,skill, Sack

connected speech

ask him,,, ask kim

diphthongs

complex sound made by gliding from one vowel sound to another within the same syllable, as in boy and out.

prosody

different aspects of speech and how they contribute to meaning of speech

elision

do you wanna cuppa tea... do you want a cup of tea.... process of merging together

collectivist culture

group more important than the individual,his question tests your knowledge of collectivist cultures. A primary characteristic of collectivist cultures is that they value the needs of the group versus those of the individual. Family and community relationships are highly regarded, with individuals within these relationships working to maintain the well-being of the group as a whole.

Mr. Prentiss has identified vocabulary in the novel that he believes will be especially challenging for the ELLs. Which of the following techniques is most likely to help the ELLs understand and retain the new vocabulary in the novel?

having ELLs work cooperatively, guiding them through the process of defining the words, and then asking students individually to use the words in a different context.This question tests your knowledge of presenting new content-area vocabulary to ELLs who are functioning at the advanced level in reading. Having the students work collaboratively under the teacher's guidance to define the words and then having them use the words in different contexts are appropriate strategies to use with ELLs at an advanced proficiency level. In addition, these strategies will help the ELLs internalize the meanings of the new words and prepare them for encountering the words as they read.

benefits of self-correction.

here has been substantial research in the field of second language acquisition that outlines two of the primary advantages of self-correction: 1) students can take more ownership of their learning and 2) by making corrections on their own, students are more prone to acquiring/internalizing new language.

culture shock

his question tests your knowledge of culture shock. Being able to recognize symptoms of culture shock is an important role that an ESOL teacher must fill, since culture shock can affect many newcomers who have recently moved to the United States from other countries. There are several phases of culture shock, which can include a euphoric stage (where someone is excited and happy about living in the new culture), a distressed stage (where someone can become overwhelmed, frustrated, or depressed), and an acceptance stage (where someone begins to identify, understand, and accept cultural differences that exist between the home and new cultures).

the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis

his question tests your knowledge of the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis. The Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis states that a language learner's errors can be predicted by examining the similarities and differences between the language systems of the learner's native language and target language.

high school science teacher notices that while some of the ESOL students can easily converse with their peers in English in social situations in the classroom, they have problems giving short oral presentations about the content of the lessons. Based on the science teacher's observations, which of the following is the most likely explanation for the ESOL students' struggle with the oral presentations?

his question tests your knowledge of the difference between Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) and Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP). Typically, an ELL acquires social language before acquiring academic language, which could take years to develop. The most likely explanation for the ESOL students' struggle with the oral presentations is that they have not yet mastered the necessary language to talk about science.

consanant clusters

insects cts

superlative adjectives

knowledge of the formation of several different kinds of adjectives is required. The writer is apparently trying to discuss several people who best exemplify different characteristics. There is evidence that the writer has an emerging understanding of the ways to form superlative adjectives, since both "most" and "-est" are used frequently but inconsistently throughout the sample.

number agreement

mple contains several phrases in which a noun and its modifier do not agree in number: "different student," "those question," "some thing," "a few rule."

An elementary school ESL teacher is using gumdrops to show how metamorphic rocks are formed by heat and pressure. Students get three gumdrops, place them between two pieces of wax paper, and form them into a single solid mass using the warmth from their hands. The presentation of the academic content of the lesson is most beneficial to ELLs because it

provides comprehensible input through active participation.Here your knowledge of effectively presenting academic content to ELLs is tested. The presentation of the lesson is most beneficial to ELLs because it makes academic content comprehensible by integrating a hands-on activity that makes a difficult concept easier to understand.

i was astudying in school

short vowel sound a vowel in front of studying

triphthong

such a sound that consists of three vowels. e.g. Paraguay

assimilation

sunbathe- the m sounds like the n

federal guidelines for ells

tests your knowledge of federal guidelines concerning ESOL education. According to the ruling of Lau v. Nichols, equal educational opportunities for ELLs can be provided only when schools work to overcome the language and educational barriers that ELLs encounter in a school setting. Simply providing them with the same access to facilities and learning materials that non-ELLs have is not enough to overcome these barriers.

Second language acquisition research suggests L2s tend to integrate formulaic expressions and then apply them to understand linguistic rules. true or false

true,Second language acquisition research suggests that L2s tend to integrate formulaic expressions and then apply them to understand linguistic rules. Research shows early second language learners integrate a limited number of formulaic expressions that are perceived less as individual words than as functional phrases. These phrases are memorized as global wholes. Phrases such as "Where is the library?" or "Would you like to go with me?" later become templates for discovering the rules of the language. "Where is the library?" becomes the formula for "Where is the airport (Laundromat, etc.)?" "Would you like to go with me?" becomes the template for "Would you like to eat dinner with me (like to see a movie with me, etc.)?" Over time, the learner realizes that the subject can change, and that the verb must then change to be in agreement.

black ice.... black eyes

voiced and unvoiced consanents.... This question tests your knowledge of different issues that ELLs can have with understanding English pronunciation. In the example, the teacher says "black eyes" but the student mistakenly hears "black ice," which he proceeds to draw and describe. "Eyes" and "ice" are minimal pairs that differ in the pronunciation of the final consonant sound, with [z] in "eyes" as voiced and [s] in "ice" as unvoiced.

negative transfer

yo tengo 42 i have 42 years