GCD 3022 - Exam 4 Book Questions
26.5.1. A key event that initially determines female or male development in Drosophilia is the a. transcription of the Sxl gene b. alternative splicing of the Sxl pre-mRNA c. expression of the ix gene d. expression of the her gene
b. alternative splicing of the Sxl pre-mRNA
25.1.1. A mutant gene that promotes cancer when it is overexpressed is called a. a tumor-suppressor gene b. an oncogene c. both a and b d. neither a nor b
b. an oncogene
28.2.2. Which of the following statistics is used to compare two variables? a. mean b. correlation coefficient c. variance d. standard deviation
b. correlation coefficient
28.5.3. One way to estimate narrow-sense heritability for a given trait is to compare ______ for ______ a. variances, related pairs of individuals b. correlation coefficients, related pairs of individuals c. variances, unrelated pairs of individuals d. correlation coefficients, unrelated pairs of individuals
b. correlation coefficients, related pairs of individuals
27.6.1. Inbreeding is sexual reproduction between individuals that are a. homozygous b. heterozygous c. part of the same genetic lineage d. both a and c
c. part of the same genetic lineage
25.4.1. Which of the following types of epigenetic changes may promote cancer? a. DNA methylation b. covalent modification of histones c. chromatin remodeling d. all of the above may promote cancer
d. all of the above may promote cancer
27.1.3. A gene exists in two alleles designated D and d. If 48 copies of this gene are the D allele and 152 are the d allele, what is the allele frequency of D? a. 0.24 b. 0.32 c. 0.38 d. 0.76
a. 0.24
29.1.3. A pair of birds flies to a deserted island and now establishes a colony. Over time, this population evolves into a new species. This is an example of a. allopatric speciation b. parapatric speciation c. sympatric speciation d. all of the above
a. allopatric speciation
24.1.2. Assuming complete penetrance, which type of inheritance pattern is consistent with the pedigree shown here? a. autosomal recessive b. autosomal dominant c. x-linked recessive d. x-linked dominant
a. autosomal recessive
24.3.1. Which of the following is NOT a method used in genetic testing? a. chromosome walking b. DNA sequencing c. in situ hybridization d. DNA microarrays
a. chromosome walking
22.1.1. What type of chromosome relies on microscopy? a. cytogenic mapping b. linkage mapping c. physical mapping d. all of the above rely on microscopy
a. cytogenic mapping
27.3.2. Within a particular population, darkly colored rats are more likely to survive than more lightly colored individuals. This situation is likely to result in a. directional selection b. stabilizing selection c. disruptive selection d. balancing selection
a. directional selection
28.6.1. For selective breeding to be successful, the starting population must a. have genetic variation that affects the trait of interest b. be very large c. have the potential for phenotypic variation caused by environmental effects d. have very little phenotypic variation
a. have genetic variation that affects the trait of interest
27.2.1. Which of the following is a factor that, by itself, does not promote widespread changes in allele or genotype frequencies? a. new mutation b. natural selection c. genetic drift d. migration e. nonrandom mating
a. new mutation
29.3.1. Homologous genes found in different species are called a. orthologs b. paralogs c. analogs d. none of the above
a. orthologs
22.3.3. To map the distance between molecular markers via testcrosses, the markers must be a. polymorphic b. monomorphic c. fluorescently labeled d. on different chromosomes
a. polymorphic
27.1.2. In natural populations, most genes are a. polymorphic b. monomorphic c. recessive d. both a and c
a. polymorphic
27.7.3. DNA fingerprinting analyzes the DNA from individuals on the basis of the occurrence of ________ in their genomes. a. repetitive sequences b. abnormalities in chromosome structure c. specific genes d. viral insertions
a. repetitive sequences
23.3.1. The identification of a stop codon for a particular gene is an example of a. sequence recognition b. pattern recognition c. both a and b d. none of these
a. sequence recognition
22.5.1. Shotgun sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing in which a. the DNA fragments to be sequenced are randomly generated from larger DNA fragments b. the sequencing reactions are carried out in rapid succession c. the samples to be sequenced are rapidly generated by PCR d. all of the above occur
a. the DNA fragments to be sequenced are randomly generated from larger DNA fragments
23.2.3. The technique of tandem mass spectrometry is used to determine a. the amino acid sequence of a peptide fragment b. the nucleotide sequence of a segment of RNA c. the nucleotide sequence of a segment of DNA d. the number of genes in a species' genome
a. the amino acid sequence of a peptide fragment
26.2.1. The expression of maternal-effect genes directly leads to a. the establishment of body axes b. segmentation c. determination d. cell differentiation
a. the establishment of body axes
23.1.4. A gene knockout is a gene a. whose function has been inactivated b. that has been transferred to a different species c. that has been moved to a new location in the genome d. that has been eliminated from a species during evolution
a. whose function has been inactivated
22.5.3. A prokaryotic genome is about 4 million bp in length. About how many genes would you expect it to contain? a. 400 b. 4,000 c. 40,000 d. 400,000
b. 4,000
24.1.3. Which of the following is NOT a common explanation for a dominant disorder? a. haploinsufficiency b. a change in chromosome number c. a gain-of-function mutation d. a dominant-negative mutation
b. a change in chromosome number
26.5.2. A mammalian embryo that is XY but is missing the SRY gene would be expected to develop into a. a male b. a female c. a hermaphrodite d. none of the above because sex differentiation would not occur
b. a female
28.5.2. If two or more different genotypes are not affected by environmental variation in the same way, this outcome is due to a. a genotype-environment association b. a genotype-environment interaction c. the additive effects of alleles d. both a and b
b. a genotype-environment interaction
22.4.1. What is a contig? a. a fragment of DNA that has been inserted into a vector b. a series of vectors that contain inserts that have overlapping regions of chromosomal DNA c. a method of identifying a disease-causing allele d. a method of sequencing DNA
b. a series of vectors that contain inserts that have overlapping regions of chromosomal DNA
26.3.2. A cell that is ______ has a particular morphology and function a. determined b. differentiated c. undergoing apoptosis d. dividing
b. differentiated
27.7.2. The transfer of an antibiotic resistance gene from one bacterial species to a different species is an example of a. exon shuffling b. horizontal gene transfer c. genetic drift d. migration
b. horizontal gene transfer
21.1.4. Locus heterogeneity means that a genetic disorder a. has a heterogeneous phenotype b. is caused by mutations in two or more different genes c. involves a structural change in multiple chromosomes d. is inherited from both parents
b. is caused by mutations in two or more different genes
22.4.3. Chromosome walking is a method of ______ in which a researcher begins at a specific site on a chromosome and analyzes ______ until the gene of interest is reached a. DNA sequencing, a series of subclones b. positional cloning, a series of subclones c. DNA sequencing, bands on a gel d. positional cloning, bands on a gel
b. positional cloning, a series of subclones
26.3.1. Hox genes encode transcription factors that a. control segmentation b. promote determination c. cause cell differentiation d. do all of the above
b. promote determination
27.3.1. Darwinian fitness is a measure of a. survival b. reproductive success c. heterozygosity of the gene pool d. polymorphisms in a population
b. reproductive success
28.4.1. A QTL is a _______ where one or more genes affecting a quantitative trait are _______ a. site in a cell, located b. site on a chromosome, located c. site in a cell, expressed d. site on a chromosome, expressed
b. site on a chromosome, located
26.4.1. The growth of plants is due to the division of ______, which are found in ______ a. stem cells, the shoots b. stem cells, apical and basal meristems c. somatic cells, the shoots d. somatic cells, apical and basal meristems
b. stem cells, apical and basal meristems
24.1.1. Which of the following would NOT be consistent with the idea that a disorder has a genetic component? a. the disorder is more likely to occur among an affected person's relatives than in the general population b. the disorder can spread to individuals sharing similar environments c. the disorder tends to develop at a characteristic age d. a correlation is observed between the disorder and a mutant gene
b. the disorder can spread to individuals sharing similar environments
27.4.2. Which of the following influences on genetic drift involve(s) the migration of a population from one location to another? a. the bottleneck effect b. the founder effect c. both a and b d. none of the above
b. the founder effect
23.1.2. The purpose of a ChIP-chip assay is to determine a. the expression levels of particular genes in a genome b. the sites in a genome where a particular protein binds c. the amount of a specific protein that is made in a given cell type d. any of the above
b. the sites in a genome where a particular protein binds
22.5.2. Which of the following was not a goal of the Human Genome Project? a. to obtain the DNA sequence of the entire human genome b. to successfully clone a mammal c. to develop technology for the management of human genome information d. to analyze the genomes of model organisms
b. to successfully clone a mammal
26.2.4. Homeotic genes encode proteins that function as a. cell-signaling proteins b. transcription factors c. hormones d. all of the above
b. transcription factors
28.6.2. The mean weight of cows in a population is 520 kg. Animals with a mean weight of 540 kg are used as parents and produce offspring that have a mean weight of 535 kg. What is the narrow-sense heritability (hN^2) for body weight in this population of cows? a. 0.25 b. 0.5 c. 0.75 d. 1.0
c. 0.75
26.1.3. Which of the following is the correct order for the four developmental phases in animals? A. segmentation of the body B. determination C. cell differentiation D. formation of body axes a. A, B, C, D b. A, D, C, B c. D, A, B, C d. D, A, C, B
c. D, A, B, C
28.4.2. To map QTL's, researchers cross strains that differ with regard to a. a quantitative trait b. molecular markers c. a quantitative trait and molecular markers d. a quantitative trait and a discontinuous trait
c. a quantitative trait and molecular markers
27.1.1. A gene pool is a. all of the alleles of the genes in a single individual b. all of the genes in the gametes produced by a single individual c. all of the alleles of all the genes in a population of individuals d. the random mixing of alleles during sexual reproduction
c. all of the alleles of all the genes in a population of individuals
22.6.1. Metagenomics is aimed at a. determining the complete genome sequence of newly identified microorganisms b. mapping the genes on chromosomes of newly identified microorganisms c. determining the sequence of DNA fragments in environmental samples d. determining the functions of all of the genes in a given species' genome
c. determining the sequence of DNA fragments in environmental samples
27.3.3. A population occupies heterogeneous environments in which the fitness of some genotypes is higher in one environment and the fitness of other individuals is higher in another environment. This situation is likely to result in a. directional selection b. stabilizing selection c. disruptive selection d. balancing selection
c. disruptive selection
24.2.2. Haplotype association studies are aimed at the identification of a particular ______ based on ______ a. chromosome, an abnormality in its structure b. chromosome, the arrangement of molecular markers c. gene, its linkage to other genes or molecular markers d. gene, chromosomal arrangements
c. gene, its linkage to other genes or molecular markers
29.2.1. Phylogenic trees are based on a. natural selection b. genetic drift c. homology d. none of the above
c. homology
23.3.3. The BLAST program begins with a particular genetic sequence and a. translates it into an amino acid sequence b. determines if it contains one or more genes c. identifies homologs within a database d. does all of the above
c. identifies homologs within a database
23.1.3. For the method of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), which of the following is the correct sequencing of steps? a. isolate RNAs, synthesize cDNAs, fragment RNAs, sequence cDNAs, align cDNA sequences b. synthesize cDNAs, sequence cDNAs, isolate RNAs, fragment RNAs, align cDNA sequences c. isolate RNAs, fragment RNAs, synthesize cDNAs, sequence cDNAs, align cDNA sequences d. synthesize cDNAs, isolate RNAs, fragment RNAs, sequence cDNAs, align cDNA sequences
c. isolate RNAs, fragment RNAs, synthesize cDNAs, sequence cDNAs, align cDNA sequences
23.1.1. A DNA microarray is a slide that is dotted with a. mRNAs from a sample of cells b. fluorescently labeled cDNAs c. known sequences of DNA d. known cellular proteins
c. known sequences of DNA
24.5.2. Which of the following best describes the approach that was used in the first gene therapy trial for treating SCID? a. the normal ADA gene was introduced by injecting liposomes directly into the patients' bodies b. lymphocytes were removed from a SCID patient, the normal ADA gene was transferred into the lymphocytes via liposomes, and then the lymphocytes were returned to the patient's body c. lymphocytes were removed from a SCID patient, the normal ADA gene was transferred into the lymphocytes via a retrovirus, and then lymphocytes were returned to the patient's body d. none of the above describe the approach used in the trial
c. lymphocytes were removed from a SCID patient, the normal ADA gene was transferred into the lymphocytes via a retrovirus, and then lymphocytes were returned to the patient's body
24.3.2. Which of the following prenatal genetic testing methods is done in conjunction with in vitro fertilization a. amniocentesis b. chorionic villus sampling c. preimplantation genetic diagnosis d. all of the above are usually performed in conjunction with in vitro fertilization
c. preimplantation genetic diagnosis
24.4.1. A prion is a disease-causing agent composed of a. cells b. nucleic acid with a protein coat c. protein alone d. nucleic acid alone
c. protein alone
22.3.1. A molecular marker is a ______ that is found at a specific site on a chromosome and has properties that allow it to be ______ a. colored dye, visualized via microscopy b. colored dye, visualized on a gel c. segment of DNA, uniquely identified using molecular tools d. segment of DNA, visualized via microscopy
c. segment of DNA, uniquely identified using molecular tools
29.1.4. The formation of polyploids is common in plants and can abruptly produce a new species. This is an example of a. allopatric speciation b. parapatric speciation c. sympatric speciation d. all of the above
c. sympatric speciation
26.2.3. The expression of homeotic genes leads to a. the establishment of body axes b. the formation of segments in the embryo c. the determination of structures within segments d. cell differentiation
c. the determination of structures within segments
24.2.1. What is a haplotype? a. a species with one set of chromosomes b. a cell with one set of chromosomes c. the linkage of alleles or molecular markers on a chromosome d. all of the above describe a haplotype
c. the linkage of alleles or molecular markers on a chromosome
28.1.2. Saying that a quantitative trait exhibits a continuum means that a. the numerical value for the trait increases with the age of the individual b. environmental effects are addictive c. the phenotypes for the trait are continuous and do not fall into discrete categories d. the trait continuously changes during the life of an individual
c. the phenotypes for the trait are continuous and do not fall into discrete categories
28.5.1. In a population of squirrels in North Carolina, the heritability for body weight is high. This means that a. body weight is primarily controlled by genes b. the environment has little influence on body weight c. the variance in body weight is mostly due to genetic variation d. both a and b are correct
c. the variance in body weight is mostly due to genetic variation
25.3.1. Tumor-suppressor genes promote cancer when a. they are overexpressed b. they are expressed in the wrong cell type c. their function is inactivated d. they are expressed at the wrong stage of development
c. their function is inactivated
26.3.3. Myogenic bHLH proteins are ______ that promote ______ a. cell-signaling proteins, muscle-cell differentiation b. cell-signaling proteins, muscle-cell determination c. transcription factors, muscle-cell differentiation d. transcription factors, muscle-cell determination
c. transcription factors, muscle-cell differentiation
29.2.4. Horizontal gene transfer is a process in which genetic material from an organism is a. transferred from cell to cell b. transferred to its offspring c. transferred to another organism that is not the offspring of the first organism d. released into the environment
c. transferred to another organism that is not the offspring of the first organism
27.1.4. The allele frequency of C is 0.4 and that of c is 0.6. If the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the frequency of heterozygotes? a. 0.16 b. 0.24 c. 0.26 d. 0.48
d. 0.48
26.4.2. Flower development occurs in ______ according to ______ a. 3 whorls, maternal-effect genes b. 3 whorls, the ABC model c. 4 whorls, maternal-effect genes d. 4 whorls, the ABC model
d. 4 whorls, the ABC model
23.2.4. Which of the following can be analyzed using a protein microarray? a. the amounts of particular proteins made by a sample of cells b. protein function c. protein-protein interactions d. all of the above
d. all of the above
27.4.1. Genetic drift is a. a change in allele frequencies due to random fluctuations b. likely to result in allele loss or fixation over the long run c. more pronounced in smaller populations d. all of the above
d. all of the above
29.2.2. A shared derived character is a. derived from an ancestral character b. more recently developed than an ancestral character c. found in all or most of the members of an ingroup d. all of the above
d. all of the above
29.2.3. An approach that is used to construct and/or choose the most likely phylogenetic tree is a. cladistics and the principle of parsimony b. phenetics c. maximum likelihood or Bayesian methods d. all of the above
d. all of the above
29.3.3. When the chromosomes of closely related species are compared a. the banding patterns are often similar b. a few structural alterations may be seen c. a change in chromosome number may be seen d. all of the above are commonly observed
d. all of the above are commonly observed
28.1.1. Which of the following is an example of a quantitative trait? a. height b. rate of glucose metabolism c. ability to learn a maze d. all of the above are quantitative traits
d. all of the above are quantitative traits
23.2.1. Which of the following is a reason why the proteome of a eukaryotic cell is usually much larger than its genome? a. alternative splicing b. RNA editing c. posttranslational covalent modifications d. all of the above are reasons for the larger size of a proteome
d. all of the above are reasons for the larger size of a proteome
27.7.1. The mutation rate is a. the likelihood that a new mutation will occur in a given gene b. too low to substantially change allele frequencies in a population c. lower for mutations that create beneficial alleles d. all of the above are true of the mutation rate
d. all of the above are true of the mutation rate
22.3.2. Which of the following is an example of a molecular marker? a. RELP b. microsatellite c. single-nucleotide polymorphism d. all of the above are types of molecular markers
d. all of the above are types of molecular markers
26.2.2. Which of the following are types of segmentation genes? a. gap genes b. pair-rule genes c. segment-polarity genes d. all of the above are types of segmentation genes
d. all of the above are types of segmentation genes
25.2.1. Which of the following is a type of genetic change that could produce an oncogene? a. missense mutation b. gene amplification c. chromosomal translocation d. all of the above can produce an oncogene
d. all of the above can produce an oncogene
29.3.2. A molecular clock may not be linear because a. mutation rates may differ among different species b. differences in population sizes may affect the relative effects of natural selection and genetic drift c. different species may differ in their generation times d. all of the above may occur
d. all of the above may occur
22.4.2. A vector that can carry a large fragment of chromosomal DNA is a a. YAC b. BAC c. PAC d. any of the above can carry a large fragment of chromosomal DNA
d. any of the above can carry a large fragment of chromosomal DNA
25.3.2. Normal (nonmutant) tumor-suppressor genes often function a. as negative regulators of cell division b. in the maintenance of genome integrity c. in the stimulation of cell division d. as both a and b
d. as both a and b
27.3.4. A gene exists in two alleles, and the heterozygote has the highest fitness. This situation is likely to result in a. directional selection b. stabilizing selection c. disruptive selection d. balancing selection
d. balancing selection
23.2.2. During two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, proteins are separated based on a. their net charge at a given pH b. their mass c. their ability to bind to a specific resin d. both a and b
d. both a and b
26.1.2. Molecules that convey positional information include a. diffusion morphogens b. cell adhesion molecules c. ATP d. both a and b
d. both a and b
27.5.1. Gene flow depends on a. migration b. the ability of migrant alleles to be passed to subsequent generations c. genetic drift d. both a and b
d. both a and b
29.1.1. Evolution that results because certain genotypes have a higher reproductive success is based on a. genetic variation b. natural selection c. genetic drift d. both a and b
d. both a and b
28.2.1. The variance is a. a measure of the variation around the mean b. computed as a squared deviation c. higher where there is less phenotypic variation d. both a and b are correct
d. both a and b are correct
28.3.1. For many quantitative traits, phenotypes due to different genotypes tend to overlap because a. the trait changes over time b. the trait is polygenic c. environmental variation affects the trait d. both b and c are true
d. both b and c are true
24.5.1. A means of introducing a cloned gene into cells for gene therapy is via a. liposomes b. retroviral vectors c. T-DNA vectors d. either a or b
d. either a or b
23.3.2. Homologous genes a. are derived from the same ancestral gene b. are likely to carry out the same or similar functions c. have similar DNA sequences d. exhibit all of the above features
d. exhibit all of the above features
22.2.1. The technique of fluorescence in situ hybridization involves the use of a ______ that hybridizes to a ______ a. radiolabeled probe, band on a gel b. radiolabeled probe, specific site on an intact chromosome c. fluorescent probe, band on a gel d. fluorescent probe, specific site on an intact chromosome
d. fluorescent probe, specific site on an intact chromosome
24.6.1. Personalized medicine may be used a. to characterize types of tumors b. to predict the outcome of certain types of cancers c. to determine the proper dosage of drugs d. in all of the above
d. in all of the above
25.3.3. Most forms of cancer involve a. the activation of a single oncogene b. the inactivation of a single tumor-suppressor gene c. the activation of multiple oncogenes d. the activation of multiple oncogenes and the inactivation of multiple tumor-suppressor genes
d. the activation of multiple oncogenes and the inactivation of multiple tumor-suppressor genes
25.4.2. The underlying cause(s) of epigenetic changes associated with cancer may be a. mutations in genes that encode chromatin-modifying proteins b. environmental agents that alter the function of chromatin-modifying proteins c. mutations in genes that encode proteins that directly accelerate cell growth d. all of the above e. both a and b
e. both a and b
26.1.1. Positional information may provide a cue for a cell to a. divide b. migrate c. differentiate d. undergo apoptosis e. do any of the above
e. do any of the above
29.1.2. Characteristics that are used to establish species include a. morphological traits b. reproductive isolation c. molecular features d. ecological factors e. evolutionary relationships f. all of the above
f. all of the above
