GEN BIO II EXAM 3 MODULE 5 SUPERQUIZ
which region did mammals colonize that the other taxa tend to avoid (or at least only spend half of the year there)?
polar or arctic regions
In all arthropods the ____ is secreted as a liquid ____ which hardens and provides armor.
Exoskeleton; chitin
The traditional view of cnidarians relative to germ layers is that cnidaria possess:
Two germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm
The ray-finned fishes have amazingly complex feeding structures, including:
Two sets of jaws (oral and pharyngeal)
Recent evidence suggests that early tetrapod limbs were not strong enough to support their weight on land. This is additional support for the _____ of tetrapod evolution.
Woodland Hypothesis
Our current understanding of tetrapod evolution follows the ______ that ____ came first.
Woodland Hypothesis; Limbs
The branch of biology that studies animals is:
Zoology
Why are insects so diverse?
Insects are just the right size, coevolved with flowering plants, and can fly.
What feature is a synapomorphy of Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars, and Sea Cucumbers?
Lack of arms
Arthropods have a compound eye, composed of hundreds of sections, this is different than the "eyes" of ____. Planarians Cephalopods All of the others have a different type of "eye" Chordates
All of the others have a different type of "eye"
The integument of which taxa can change color in response to environmental stimuli? Anuran Amphibians All of these taxa have some species with color changing skin Squamate reptiles Cephalods
All of these taxa have some species with color changing skin
Just by observing this slide of an animal's skin you can predict it belongs to the ___ taxa.
Amphibia
The members of which clade in the phylum Cnidaria exist only as polyps?
Anthozoa (Corals and Anenomes)
In vertebrates (like frogs) the blastopore first forms the opening for the ____.
Anus
The organism whose skin is shown in this figure is brightly colored and full of glands (like this frog), this is an example of ____. It means it when it shows off the colors.
Aposematic coloration
For organisms, like Monarch Butterflies, complete metamorphosis prevents:
Direct competition between parents and offspring
during animal life cycles, which phase is often lost or only present during development?
Larva
Why is it harder to find lizard shed skins than snake skins?
Lizards tend to eat the shed skin
Water is essential to the movement, defense, feeding and gas exchange of Sea Stars. The water enters the body through the dorsal ____ and travels down each arm via the ____.
Madreporite; Water Vascular System
In this image the endoskeleton of three groups, showing the gradual progression from fish to early tetrapods. Which taxa is shown in the middle?
Early amphibians
This cockroach is undergoing ____ replacing its worn and damaged_____, which it has outgrown.
Ecdysis; Exoskeleton
Based on this image, which fish taxa has the least SA in the midgut and hindgut regions?
Eel
The three types of germ layer are:
Endoderm, Ectoderm, Mesoderm
When food is ingested by platyhelminthes it must first be digested in an extracellular way, this is best done by adding _____ to the GVC. Later in digestion, smaller particles can be consumed via intracellular digestion (___).
Enzymes; phagocystosis
The notochord and hollow nerve cord are surrounded by which germ layer or cell type? Hint: the cord is hollow.
Epidermis or Ectoderm
The cephalopod nervous system is best described as:- primitive and very little advancement since that of cnidarians.- the most advanced among molluscs- a nerve net with a single large eye to detect motion and light.- None of these choices are correct.
the most advanced among molluscs-
the cephalopod nervous system is best described as:
the most advanced among the molluscs
this phylogeny of squamates shows that
they are a monophyletic group
how is it that we can see so many lizards on campus
they are mostly all invasive and brought here by accident by humans, but now they all coexist together
In small animals, the integument is _____, which helps move materials across via diffusion and active transport.
thin, permeable, and flexible
Cnidarians do not have organs, but use the neutral net to respond to stimuli. The neutral net is a set of similar cells performing a job, therefore cnidarians have ----------- complexity.
tissue grade
The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having
true tissues and no tissues
The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having:
true tissues and no tissues
the simple anatomy of a Sea Star reveals that the mouth is on the ______ side of the body, which makes sense since the food items are on the sea floor
ventral
The eggs of amphibians are typically deposited in the ____ where they grow and development into a tailed ______.
water;tadpole
the eggs of amphibians are typically deposited in the ---- where they grow and develop into a tailed________
water;tadpole
Animal Developmental Evolution increased:
•Grade of Organization or Complexity •Body Symmetry •Number of body cavities •Number and development of germ layers
the cocoon which contains fertilized eggs in the earthworm is produced by the
clitellum
Because of their adult symmetry which feature of complex animals is lacking in all Echinoderms?
Cephalization, they lack a true head or brain
A mollusk with many feet (like Squid, Octopus, Nautilus) would be in the class .
Cephalopoda
This figure demonstrates the importance of ______ to the development of animals.
Hox-genes
Sponges have porocytes which create currents, by pulling water through the ------ on sides and out the top osculum
Incurrent pores
In ----- budding, the polyps of Hydrazoans all share a common gastrovascular cavity.
asexual
Echinoderm larvae are ________________, while adult sea urchins and sea stars have ___________ symmetry, and the adult sea cucumber has ____________ symmetry
bilateral, radial, bilateral
Organisms with a solid blastocoel filled with mesoderm are _____, like the Flatworms
Acoelomates
Which of these, if true, would support the claim that the ancestral cnidarians had bilateral symmetry? 1. Cnidarian larvae possess anterior-posterior, left-right, and dorsal-ventral aspects. 2. Cnidarians have fewer Hox genes than bilaterians. 3. All extant cnidarians are diploblastic. 4. All cnidarians are acoelomate.
1 only
Which of these, if true, would support the claim that the ancestral cnidarians had bilateral symmetry? 1. Cnidarian larvae possess anterior-posterior, left-right, and dorsal-ventral aspects. 2. Cnidarians have fewer Hox genes than bilaterians. 3. All extant cnidarians are diploblastic. 4. All cnidarians are acoelomate. 1, 2, 3, and 4 1 only 2 & 3 only 1 & 4 only
1 only
Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true? 1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi. 2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect. 3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. 4. Only animals reproduce by sexual means. 5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.
3 and 5
How many types of "guts" can triploblastic organisms develop?
4
In this image how many pairs of pharyngeal openings are present?
5
Using the figure below, what is the minimum age of the common ancestor of Sponges and Cnidarians?
695 million
All adult Porifera exhibit which form of body symmetry?- Bilateral Symmetry- Asymmetry- Radial Symmetry- Pseudocoelomatic
Asymmetry
Based on this figure alone, which landmass's mammalian fauna was most impacted (most extinctions from human activity alone) by the arrival of humans?
Australia
With its two siphons and a filter, a sea squirt (Urochordate) obtains food most like a
Bivalve
If this tree is accurate, which bird group is most distantly related to the raptors (the Golden Eagle, Aquila chrysaetos)? - Blackbirds (Red-winged Blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus)- Parrots (Rosy-faced Lovebird, Agapornis roseicoliis)- Shorebirds (Ruddy Turnstone, Arenaria interpres)- Flycatchers (Amazonian Royal Flycatcher, Onychorhynchus coronatus)
Blackbirds (Red-winged Blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus)-
In the generalized progression of digestive system development, what feature came after the Blind Gut (simple GVC)?
Blind gut with many cavities
Which of these types of sponge has the greatest surface area of choanocytes (red cells)?
C (the biggest picture)
The extracellular matrix of animals relies on collagen for support and structural integrity. Plants do not have collagen, yet they can stand tall and support enormous amounts of weight. They can do this because of:
Cell walls and turgor pressure
The feeding ecology of animals is driven by the need to find prey items to consume, this has lead to many strategies in the animal kingdom. Which of these is not an animal strategy?
Chemosynthetisizing methane into usable sugars
The flagellated cells or_______ of a sponge line the inner surfaces. They can pull large volumes of water through the animal every minute.
Choanocytes
Most phylogenies place the ___ as the sister taxa to all animals, based on presence of collar cells, which look very similar to the feeding cells of a sponge.
Choanoflagellates
Which animal phyla has no distinct germ layers?
Chytrida
The only diploblastic phyla is the ____:- Cnidaria- Hemichordata- Porifera- Diplotoda
Cnidaria
The feeding response of Anenomes and Jellyfish is similar, they both rely on harpoon like projectiles with venomous spines to immobilize prey items. The harpoons are shot out of the _____, a unique feature of this genus.
Cnidocytes
The notochord is a flexible rod-shaped structure composed of ____ and located ___ the hollow nerve cord.
Collagen; below (dorsal to)
Because they are deposited incrementally, certain ____ can be used to age the individual (much like the growth rings of trees).
Fish scales
In flatworms, excretion processes through the _____ a very early precursor to kidneys.
Flames cells and excretory pores
Which of the following functions as both a mouth and an anus in members of the phylum Cnidaria?
Gastrovascular Cavity
Based on this figure Annelids, have a complete ____ and it forms a(n) ______:
Gut; Tube-within-a-tube
Which of the following traits is not a main feature of all animals?
Haploid-dominant life cycle, with larva
The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a(n)
Heterotrophic Protist
Which of these taxa and unique feature is NOT correctly paired up?
Mollusc and ecdysis
Which of these groups does NOT act as a parasite on humans or vector for human diseases?
Mollusca
An individual turbellarian contains organs of both sexes, it is called ___________ or hermaphroditic.
Monoecious
According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is
Monophyletic
Main features of animals
Multicellularity with patterning-Using Hox or Hox-like genes •Embryo with blastula•Body symmetry (most) •Collagen in the extracellular matrix •Diploid-dominant life cycle with larva •Heterotrophic, eukaryote, no cell wall
Based on this microscope slide image, what group of chordates does this skin sample belong? skin belong to? Birds Ray-finned fish Reptiles Cartilaginous Fish
Ray-finned fish
An elementary school science teacher decided to liven up the classroom with a saltwater aquarium. Knowing that saltwater aquaria can be quite a hassle, the teacher proceeded stepwise. First, the teacher conditioned the water. Next, the teacher decided to stock the tank with various marine invertebrates, including a sea star, a sponge, a sea urchin, a jellyfish, several hermit crabs, some sand dollars, and an ectoproct. Last, she added some vertebrates-a parrotfish and a clownfish. She arranged for daily feedings of copepods and feeder fish. One day, Tommy (a student in an undersupervised class of 40 fifth graders) got the urge to pet Nemo (the clownfish), who was swimming among the waving petals of a pretty underwater "flower" that had a big hole in the midst of the petals. Tommy giggled upon finding that these petals felt sticky. A few hours later, Tommy was in the nurse's office with nausea and cramps. Microscopic examination of his fingers would probably have revealed the presence of
Nematocysts
In this image what color is the Notochord?
Red (tiny spine)
The Nematoda are unique amongst all animal phyla in that they have a _____, which is more simple than their ancestors.
Pseudocoelom
Which structure can be modified into a venom-tipped harpoon?Spicules Trocophore Radula Scolex
Radula
When ray-finned fishes invaded the freshwater ecosystems, this presented a new challenge, watersheds can act as reproductive isolating barriers. This has led to _______ within the freshwater fishes of the world.
Rapid diversification and speciation
Which group was the first to fully colonize the land, without returning to the water?
Reptiles
All of these amphibians display paedeomorphic traits (_____) and therefore must remain in the water.
Retained external gills
Why are turtles able to eat sponges regardless of the spicule type?
Sea turtles have thick skin covered scales and this even protects their mouth and tongue
Which of these morphological traits is unique to mammals?- Cranium surrounding the brain- Parental care and feeding structures to nourish the young Secondary palate in the mouth- Image forming complex eye
Secondary palate in the mouth
The features of a ______ surrounding _____ with huge energetic reserves, make the Amniotic egg viable for longer periods of time exposed to the environment.
Shell; Internal membranes
The first feathers were primarily used for what purpose?
Thermoregulation
Which of the following is true of members of the phylum Cnidaria?
They coordinate movements through a noncentralized nerve set.
Most mollusks lay eggs which then hatch into a -------, free-swimming larvae with their own complete gut.
Trocophore
The arthropods A. make up more than three-fourths of all the known species of animals. B. are more widely distributed throughout the world than members of any other phylum of animals. C. are segmented eucoelomate protostomes with well-developed organ systems. D. All of the choices are correct
all of the above
What is an advantage of having a larval stage in animals?: - Larva can disperse, lowering competition with adults - Adults can specialize on reproduction, and larva can focus on growth - All of these are advantages of larval stages - Larva feed on different food items, lowering competition with adults
all of the above
Which group of reptiles show some level of parental care?- All of these groups show some level of parental care- Pythons (large bodied, terrestrial snakes)- Skinks (slender, small fossorial lizards)- Crocodilians (alligators, caimans, and crocodile species)
all of the above
which of these strategies has evolved to remove nitrogenous waste from the body
all of the above
Embryo with blastula
allows complex, coordinated development!
Echinoderms and Chordates form the group Deuterostomes, during their development the blastopore becomes the ___ first.
anus
Pork Tapeworm is typically a non-fatal intestinal parasite of humans, the danger comes when we directly consume the eggs or proglottids (skipping the intermediate host: Pigs). The larva can then migrate to our ____ and form cysts, this can be painful and if untreated fatal.
brain
In this image the endoskeleton of three groups: Lobe-finned fish, early amphibians, and primitive reptiles are shown. What connects the limb bones to the vertebrae in the early amphibians?
cartilage
Organisms with and bilateral symmetry are more efficient at moving, responding to stimuli, & finding food.
cephalization
Sponges use------to create a ------- which allows them to filter feed
choanocytes;current
Some researchers claim that sponge genomes have homeotic genes (genes that regulate development of anatomical structures) but no Hox genes (genes that regulate development of posterior-anterior axes and body segments). If true, this finding would
confirm the identity of sponges as basal animals
When ecydysozoans grow they must shed, or molt, their -- during ecydysis.
cuticle
Sea urchins are _________ and achieve fertilization through _________.
dioecious; spawning
According to Wang et al. (2010) the oldest fossil sponges, recently found in S. China, had silica (glass) spicules. This discovery:
doesnt Support this tree
when consuming prey, sea stars must ______, this partially digests the prey before ingesting it
evert their stomachs
Early in development the pharyngeal slits primary role was in _____ they acted as a filter collecting materials and nutrients
feeding
Most of Bilvalvia are obligate , relying on muscular siphons to create water flow to attract and trap prey items.
filter feeders
Sponges are most accurately described as
filter feeders
Sponges are most accurately described as:
filter feeders
The processes that controls and maintains an internally stable body are collectively called:
homeostasis
circular and longitudinal muscles of an annelid work in opposition to move the organism. this is part of its ________ system
hydrostatic musculature
Evidence indicates that an ancestral finch species from South America arrived on the Galapágos Islands and formed many new species, adapting to the diverse environments on the islands. With the evolution of these new bird species on the Galapágos Islands, we would expect to find a corresponding
increase in the number of bird parasites on the Galapágos Islands
When developing a parasitic lifestyle, which of these traits should evolve
increased # and size of reproductive structures
The coevolution of ------- is one of the drivers of colonization of the terrestrial biosphere
insects and flowering plants
Hox (or Hox-like) patterning genes
lay out the body plan of the embryo from anterior-posterior
When tetrapods came onto land they needed to develop
lungs and limbs
Modified ------ (insect mouthparts) allows for butterflies, moths, and flies to feed on nectar without having to chew or bite
mandibles
Explain what may have caused animal diversity to explode during the Cambrian
may have been a result of ecological relationships between species, such as changes in the food web, competition for food and space, and predator-prey relationships.
which of the following phyla have the ability to deliver a venomous sting or bite
mollusca
Tunicate larva have very rudimentary eyespots, the adult Sea Squirts have _____.
no eyes
the tadpole larva of an ascidian sea squirt is missing which trait of chordates
none of the traits are missing
The arachnids have how many pairs of legs per segment?
one
the tongue like rasping organ in the head in many molluscs is the ________
radula
A typical planarian, a non-parasitic flatworm feeds by:
scraping and sucking food particles into the GVC via a midventral proboscis.
Which of these is not a major clade of Echinoderms?
sea flowers
Frogs have ------- cleavage
spiral
based on this image, these male birds are displaying bright colors due to
sexual selection (female birds prefer it)
This American cockroach family is an example of
simple metamorphosis
