Gen Psych Final

The type of energy transduced by the receptors of the eye is __________ energy.

radiant

Of the variables listed below, which of them is the MOST easily manipulated in an experiment? a. Intelligence b. Genetic history c. Income d. Behavior e. Social class

Behavior

Which type of research design is the only one that involves the manipulation of independent variables?

Experiments

. The physiologists who introduced the use of electrical stimulation to map the functions of different parts of the brain were

Fritsch and Hitzig

The law of effect fits best with which of the earlier psychological traditions?

Functionalism

. __________ is to focal color as __________ is to nonfocal color

Green; magenta

Dr. Chapwick is a psychologist whose primary interest is to promote healthy behavior and lifestyles in order to prevent illness. Which type of psychologist does Dr. Chapwick best represent?

Health Psychologist

Photoreceptors in the human eye include

rods and cones

Genes are

segments of DNA

The gene for hemophilia is carried on the sex chromosomes, which makes the disorder an example of a __________ gene.

sex-linked

A study in which the experimenter but not the participant knows the value of the independent variable is called a(n) __________ study.

single-blind

Dr. Hardy is a follower of Freud's psychodynamic theory. Like Wundt he emphasizes__________, but unlike Wundt, he emphasizes __________.

structures of the mind; functions of the mind

The axon carries messages toward the

terminal buttons

According to Descartes, the movements of the body are caused by

the flow of fluid from the brain to the nerves that then cause the muscles to contract

Damage to the portion of the basilar membrane closest to its base would cause

the inability to hear high-pitched sounds

Planning and controlling behaviors are major functions of

the motor association cortex

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder in which

the neurotransmitter receptors of muscle fibers are destroyed

Cross-cultural studies of color names in a wide range of languages concluded that

the physiology of the visual system and cultural conventions determine the selection of color names

In Thorndike's puzzle-box experiments, the presentation of eliciting stimulus (food) following a response caused

the response to be strengthened

Acts of reciprocal altruism are most likely to occur if

the risk to the altruist is low

Dr. Lundberg's research often involves the observation of children interacting with their parents. During these observations, the number of times that the child smiles and frowns in response to parental instructions is counted. One problem encountered by Dr. Lundberg in this type of research is

the subjectivity that may be present in measuring the dependent variable

In Pavlov's classical procedure, the stimulus that originally elicits the reflexive behavior is called the __________ stimulus.

unconditioned

An agreement to participate in research, after first being instructed about the nature of the research and its possible negative effects is called

Informed consent

As Dr. Robbins presents stimuli to the participants in her study, she asks them to describe the elements of their perceptual responses. What is Dr. Robbins asking her participants to do?

Introspect

What is the philosophical position that reality can only be known by understanding the physical world, of which the mind is a part?

Materialism

______ tells us how closely related two sets of numbers are.

Measures of relations

Darwin's ability to explain the retention of the effects of selection was eventually solved by the __________, which joined genetics with Darwin's theory.

Modern Synthesis

Jane Goodall's research began when she entered the habitat of wild chimpanzees and simply watched them at length. What is this type of research called?

Natural observation

Suppose you are in a situation in which you must choose between saving the life of a close friend and the life of stranger. Which evolutionary concept would predict that you choose to save your friend's life?

Reciprocal altruism

A stock market game that emphasizes the greater payoff for long-term investment, as opposed to short-term spending, should be efficient in teaching which type of behavior?

Self Control

When an ice skater spins, which component of the vestibular apparatus will detect that movement?

Semicircular canals

American Sign Language is

a full-fledged language

In __________, reinforcers strengthen the responses they follow-that is, reinforcers alter the environmental __________ of behavior.

acquisition; guidance

Chris argues that all living things possess spirits that control them. For instance, he believes that trees and other plants grow upward because the spirits within them wish to be closer to the warmth of the sun. Chris is a proponent of

animism

Nonmendelian traits

are polygenic

Which of the following is NOT a commonly used method for understanding brain function? a. injecting chemicals into the brain b. exposing the brain to viruses c. electrically stimulating the brain d. placing a lesion in a specific brain region e. imaging techniques

b. exposing the brain to viruses

One of the reasons many mental health professionals believe that schizophrenia is determined by imbalances in neurotransmitters is because antipsychotic drugs that alleviate symptoms work by

blocking receptor molecules normally stimulated by dopamine

The major parts of the human brain are the

brain stem, the cerebellum, and the cerebral hemispheres

Which of the following is most likely to acquire a taste aversion as a result of medical treatment? a. A heart surgery patient b. An appendectomy patient c. A cancer patient d. A stroke patient e. A cosmetic surgery patient

c. A cancer patient

In males, the Y chromosome

does not possess genes corresponding to those of the X chromosome

The perception of the location of objects involves information from the _________ stream

dorsal

Which of the following are the best examples of opposites to each other? a. Dualism and rationalism b. Animism and empiricism c. Dualism and empiricism d. Rationalism and materialism e. Animism and materialism

e. animism and materialism

Sound energy is transformed from airborne vibrations to bone conduction at the

ear drum

One of Watson's most enduring contributions to psychology was his

emphasis on objectivity in psychological research

The action potential begins in the __________ and is transmitted to the __________.

end of the axon attached to the soma; terminal buttons

Pavlov paired the sound of a metronome with food. This technique produced learning-that is, a change in the

environmental guidance of behavior

Sidman demonstrated that after human participants acquired several four-term discrimination, they could respond appropriately to new stimulus combinations without any further training. Sidman accounted for these emergent behaviors in terms of stimulus

equivalence classes

A recessive allele will influence the expression of a trait only when it

is paired with another recessive allele

The mean

is the most common measure of central tendency, but the median is more representative when there are extreme values

Most research on biobehavioral processes requires the use of nonhuman animals because

it is easier to control for genetic and experimental histories

Kohler's early studies of insight with chimpanzees led him to conclude that

it was not due to the trial-and-error learning that Thorndike had studied

Thorndike is most closely associated with the

law of effect

As parallel lines recede, they appear to converge at a vanishing point somewhere in the distance, giving us the impression of depth. This cue is called

linear perspective

The independent variable is

manipulated by the experimenter

It is one thing to acquire a behavior in initial form and quite another to subsequently refine the behavior so that it eventually matches the target behavior. This process of acquisition can occur on one's own, without the intervention of others. It occurs because successive approximations to the target behavior produce

automatic conditioned reinforcement

The hypothalamus is to the __________ as the pituitary gland is to the __________.

pituitary gland; pancreas

As soon as an action potential at one point along the axon occurs, there is a brief reversal of the membrane's electrical charge. Now the inside of the axon is positive relative to the outside of the axon. This reversal of charges is due to the flow of __________ ions into the axon.

positively charged sodium

If the Weber fraction for the perception of difference between weights that you hold in your hand is 1:40, then how much weight would you need to add to a 10 lb. weight to make it just noticeably heavier?

.25 lb

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Altruism is the unselfish concern of one person for the welfare of another. b. Instances of altruism are limited to the human. c. Altruistic behavior may mean the difference between life and death. d. Altruistic behavior appears to have some genetic basis. e. Altruistic behavior reduces the reproductive potential of the altruist.

b. Instances of altruism are limited to the human.

Most human cells contain_________ pairs of __________

23; chromosomes

The right cerebral hemisphere contains how many lobes of the brain?

4

The visible spectrum is essentially _________ nanometers in length.

400

In terms of color vision, which of the following terms does NOT belong with the other four? a. Humans b. Bulls c. Birds d. Fish e. Monkeys

b. bulls

A chewing gum manufacturer has a widespread TV advertising campaign that shows beautiful people consuming its product. Having seen these ads over a few weeks, you find yourself attracted to the chewing gum the next time you are at a convenience store. In this classical conditioning example, what is the unconditioned stimulus?

The chewing gum

What is the set of rules that govern the general procedure of research?

The scientific method

According to the textbook, why might different psychologists study the same behavior in different ways?

They may simply be interested in different levels of explanation

__________ is the conversion of physical stimuli into changes in the activity of receptor cells of sensory organs.

Transduction

Which of the following is a characteristic of the peg-word method? a. It involves attaching images of items to be remembered to familiar locations already in memory. b. It is one of the few mnemonic systems that does not involve imagery. c. It entails using familiar items already in memory. d. It requires first memorizing a list of words that mean the same thing. e. It is usually the first mnemonic system that people learn.

c. it entails using familiar items already in memory

Which of the following objects is most likely to become a CS when paired with an aversive US in the classical procedure? a. Metronome b. Puzzle box c. Spider d. Electrical outlet e. Automobile

c. spider

Mean is to __________ as standard deviation is to __________.

central tendency; variablity

The computer provides the primary model of the human brain for most __________ psychologists

cognitive

Dr. Fleming is a psychologist who develops tests used to assess behavioral and cognitive problems caused by abnormal brain processes. Which area of research does Dr. Fleming's work best represent?

cognitive neuroscience

When sailing throughout the world aboard the HMS Beagle, Darwin spent most of his time

collecting specimens

River and Skylar are MZ twins who have performed very similarly on an intelligence test. For this trait, this set of twins is

concordant

Inadvertently allowing a variable to affect the value of the dependent variable is called __________ of variables

confounding

Rhodopsin is the photopigment

contained in the rods

Neurogenesis is to ____________ as apoptosis is to ____________.

creation; death

What is defined as the sum of socially transmitted knowledge, customs, and behavior patterns common to a particular group of people?

culture

Ebbinghaus's pioneering memory research included all of the following EXCEPT a. himself as participant. b. the use of nonsense syllables. c. the memorization of lists. d. English-to-German translation. e. relearning lists after variable delays.

d. English-to-German translation

Biological variables include __________, while ecological variables include __________.

diet; political systems

Dr. McGlynn is conducting a study on the influence of exercise on reaction time. He allows subjects to exercise strenuously for either 0, 10, or 20 minutes. Next, subjects are seated at a table containing a red push button and a yellow light. Each subject is asked to push the button as soon as he or she sees the light flash. Dr. McGlynn measures the time it takes each subject to push the button after the light is lit. The experimental group in this study

exercised for either 10 or 20 minutes

Objects nearest the horizon appear __________ than other objects

farther away

The retinal ganglion cells involved in sending visual information about color to the brain do so by firing

faster for some wavelengths than for others

The most common sensory receptor in the skin is the

free nerve ending

Most synaptic communication in the brain is accomplished by

glutamate and GABA

Damage to the primary auditory cortex is to __________ as damage to the left auditory association cortex is to __________.

hearing loss; impaired speech comprehension

Some people suffer from a form of amnesia in which they cannot learn new information. Their most recent memories seem to be only those that occurred prior to the onset of the amnesia. These people are likely to have sustained damage to

hippocampus

When a hypnotist suggests to the person that a particular action will occur involuntarily, this is termed a(n) _________ suggestion.

ideomotor

If people fail to perceive an event when their attention is diverted elsewhere, this is termed

inattentional blindness

Down syndrome

incidence increases as the age of the mother increases

The stereotaxic apparatus can be used for

inserting electrical wires or thin metal tubes into particular brain regions

In general, the __________ the US during maintenance, the __________ the CR during extinction.

more intermittent; stronger

In both the classical and operant procedures, generalization will be greatest to stimuli that

most closely resembles the original training stimulus

Parents may successfully shape a complex behavior in their child, such as tying shoelaces or riding a bicycle. However, the eventual and more efficient form of the behavior will be the result, not of parental shaping, but shaping by

natural contingencies

According to empiricism, knowledge comes through

observation and experience

The sense of smell is sometimes referred to as

olfaction

We become aware of the process of visual perception

only after the process is completed

Reproductive strategies evolved because of sex differences in

parental investment

The members of the Deaf community are primarily those who

use sign language

The primary reason why researchers calculate an inferential statistic with the data they collect is because they

wish to determine the statistical significance of their results