Gen Psych Final
The type of energy transduced by the receptors of the eye is __________ energy.
radiant
Of the variables listed below, which of them is the MOST easily manipulated in an experiment? a. Intelligence b. Genetic history c. Income d. Behavior e. Social class
Behavior
Which type of research design is the only one that involves the manipulation of independent variables?
Experiments
. The physiologists who introduced the use of electrical stimulation to map the functions of different parts of the brain were
Fritsch and Hitzig
The law of effect fits best with which of the earlier psychological traditions?
Functionalism
. __________ is to focal color as __________ is to nonfocal color
Green; magenta
Dr. Chapwick is a psychologist whose primary interest is to promote healthy behavior and lifestyles in order to prevent illness. Which type of psychologist does Dr. Chapwick best represent?
Health Psychologist
Photoreceptors in the human eye include
rods and cones
Genes are
segments of DNA
The gene for hemophilia is carried on the sex chromosomes, which makes the disorder an example of a __________ gene.
sex-linked
A study in which the experimenter but not the participant knows the value of the independent variable is called a(n) __________ study.
single-blind
Dr. Hardy is a follower of Freud's psychodynamic theory. Like Wundt he emphasizes__________, but unlike Wundt, he emphasizes __________.
structures of the mind; functions of the mind
The axon carries messages toward the
terminal buttons
According to Descartes, the movements of the body are caused by
the flow of fluid from the brain to the nerves that then cause the muscles to contract
Damage to the portion of the basilar membrane closest to its base would cause
the inability to hear high-pitched sounds
Planning and controlling behaviors are major functions of
the motor association cortex
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder in which
the neurotransmitter receptors of muscle fibers are destroyed
Cross-cultural studies of color names in a wide range of languages concluded that
the physiology of the visual system and cultural conventions determine the selection of color names
In Thorndike's puzzle-box experiments, the presentation of eliciting stimulus (food) following a response caused
the response to be strengthened
Acts of reciprocal altruism are most likely to occur if
the risk to the altruist is low
Dr. Lundberg's research often involves the observation of children interacting with their parents. During these observations, the number of times that the child smiles and frowns in response to parental instructions is counted. One problem encountered by Dr. Lundberg in this type of research is
the subjectivity that may be present in measuring the dependent variable
In Pavlov's classical procedure, the stimulus that originally elicits the reflexive behavior is called the __________ stimulus.
unconditioned
An agreement to participate in research, after first being instructed about the nature of the research and its possible negative effects is called
Informed consent
As Dr. Robbins presents stimuli to the participants in her study, she asks them to describe the elements of their perceptual responses. What is Dr. Robbins asking her participants to do?
Introspect
What is the philosophical position that reality can only be known by understanding the physical world, of which the mind is a part?
Materialism
______ tells us how closely related two sets of numbers are.
Measures of relations
Darwin's ability to explain the retention of the effects of selection was eventually solved by the __________, which joined genetics with Darwin's theory.
Modern Synthesis
Jane Goodall's research began when she entered the habitat of wild chimpanzees and simply watched them at length. What is this type of research called?
Natural observation
Suppose you are in a situation in which you must choose between saving the life of a close friend and the life of stranger. Which evolutionary concept would predict that you choose to save your friend's life?
Reciprocal altruism
A stock market game that emphasizes the greater payoff for long-term investment, as opposed to short-term spending, should be efficient in teaching which type of behavior?
Self Control
When an ice skater spins, which component of the vestibular apparatus will detect that movement?
Semicircular canals
American Sign Language is
a full-fledged language
In __________, reinforcers strengthen the responses they follow-that is, reinforcers alter the environmental __________ of behavior.
acquisition; guidance
Chris argues that all living things possess spirits that control them. For instance, he believes that trees and other plants grow upward because the spirits within them wish to be closer to the warmth of the sun. Chris is a proponent of
animism
Nonmendelian traits
are polygenic
Which of the following is NOT a commonly used method for understanding brain function? a. injecting chemicals into the brain b. exposing the brain to viruses c. electrically stimulating the brain d. placing a lesion in a specific brain region e. imaging techniques
b. exposing the brain to viruses
One of the reasons many mental health professionals believe that schizophrenia is determined by imbalances in neurotransmitters is because antipsychotic drugs that alleviate symptoms work by
blocking receptor molecules normally stimulated by dopamine
The major parts of the human brain are the
brain stem, the cerebellum, and the cerebral hemispheres
Which of the following is most likely to acquire a taste aversion as a result of medical treatment? a. A heart surgery patient b. An appendectomy patient c. A cancer patient d. A stroke patient e. A cosmetic surgery patient
c. A cancer patient
In males, the Y chromosome
does not possess genes corresponding to those of the X chromosome
The perception of the location of objects involves information from the _________ stream
dorsal
Which of the following are the best examples of opposites to each other? a. Dualism and rationalism b. Animism and empiricism c. Dualism and empiricism d. Rationalism and materialism e. Animism and materialism
e. animism and materialism
Sound energy is transformed from airborne vibrations to bone conduction at the
ear drum
One of Watson's most enduring contributions to psychology was his
emphasis on objectivity in psychological research
The action potential begins in the __________ and is transmitted to the __________.
end of the axon attached to the soma; terminal buttons
Pavlov paired the sound of a metronome with food. This technique produced learning-that is, a change in the
environmental guidance of behavior
Sidman demonstrated that after human participants acquired several four-term discrimination, they could respond appropriately to new stimulus combinations without any further training. Sidman accounted for these emergent behaviors in terms of stimulus
equivalence classes
A recessive allele will influence the expression of a trait only when it
is paired with another recessive allele
The mean
is the most common measure of central tendency, but the median is more representative when there are extreme values
Most research on biobehavioral processes requires the use of nonhuman animals because
it is easier to control for genetic and experimental histories
Kohler's early studies of insight with chimpanzees led him to conclude that
it was not due to the trial-and-error learning that Thorndike had studied
Thorndike is most closely associated with the
law of effect
As parallel lines recede, they appear to converge at a vanishing point somewhere in the distance, giving us the impression of depth. This cue is called
linear perspective
The independent variable is
manipulated by the experimenter
It is one thing to acquire a behavior in initial form and quite another to subsequently refine the behavior so that it eventually matches the target behavior. This process of acquisition can occur on one's own, without the intervention of others. It occurs because successive approximations to the target behavior produce
automatic conditioned reinforcement
The hypothalamus is to the __________ as the pituitary gland is to the __________.
pituitary gland; pancreas
As soon as an action potential at one point along the axon occurs, there is a brief reversal of the membrane's electrical charge. Now the inside of the axon is positive relative to the outside of the axon. This reversal of charges is due to the flow of __________ ions into the axon.
positively charged sodium
If the Weber fraction for the perception of difference between weights that you hold in your hand is 1:40, then how much weight would you need to add to a 10 lb. weight to make it just noticeably heavier?
.25 lb
Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Altruism is the unselfish concern of one person for the welfare of another. b. Instances of altruism are limited to the human. c. Altruistic behavior may mean the difference between life and death. d. Altruistic behavior appears to have some genetic basis. e. Altruistic behavior reduces the reproductive potential of the altruist.
b. Instances of altruism are limited to the human.
Most human cells contain_________ pairs of __________
23; chromosomes
The right cerebral hemisphere contains how many lobes of the brain?
4
The visible spectrum is essentially _________ nanometers in length.
400
In terms of color vision, which of the following terms does NOT belong with the other four? a. Humans b. Bulls c. Birds d. Fish e. Monkeys
b. bulls
A chewing gum manufacturer has a widespread TV advertising campaign that shows beautiful people consuming its product. Having seen these ads over a few weeks, you find yourself attracted to the chewing gum the next time you are at a convenience store. In this classical conditioning example, what is the unconditioned stimulus?
The chewing gum
What is the set of rules that govern the general procedure of research?
The scientific method
According to the textbook, why might different psychologists study the same behavior in different ways?
They may simply be interested in different levels of explanation
__________ is the conversion of physical stimuli into changes in the activity of receptor cells of sensory organs.
Transduction
Which of the following is a characteristic of the peg-word method? a. It involves attaching images of items to be remembered to familiar locations already in memory. b. It is one of the few mnemonic systems that does not involve imagery. c. It entails using familiar items already in memory. d. It requires first memorizing a list of words that mean the same thing. e. It is usually the first mnemonic system that people learn.
c. it entails using familiar items already in memory
Which of the following objects is most likely to become a CS when paired with an aversive US in the classical procedure? a. Metronome b. Puzzle box c. Spider d. Electrical outlet e. Automobile
c. spider
Mean is to __________ as standard deviation is to __________.
central tendency; variablity
The computer provides the primary model of the human brain for most __________ psychologists
cognitive
Dr. Fleming is a psychologist who develops tests used to assess behavioral and cognitive problems caused by abnormal brain processes. Which area of research does Dr. Fleming's work best represent?
cognitive neuroscience
When sailing throughout the world aboard the HMS Beagle, Darwin spent most of his time
collecting specimens
River and Skylar are MZ twins who have performed very similarly on an intelligence test. For this trait, this set of twins is
concordant
Inadvertently allowing a variable to affect the value of the dependent variable is called __________ of variables
confounding
Rhodopsin is the photopigment
contained in the rods
Neurogenesis is to ____________ as apoptosis is to ____________.
creation; death
What is defined as the sum of socially transmitted knowledge, customs, and behavior patterns common to a particular group of people?
culture
Ebbinghaus's pioneering memory research included all of the following EXCEPT a. himself as participant. b. the use of nonsense syllables. c. the memorization of lists. d. English-to-German translation. e. relearning lists after variable delays.
d. English-to-German translation
Biological variables include __________, while ecological variables include __________.
diet; political systems
Dr. McGlynn is conducting a study on the influence of exercise on reaction time. He allows subjects to exercise strenuously for either 0, 10, or 20 minutes. Next, subjects are seated at a table containing a red push button and a yellow light. Each subject is asked to push the button as soon as he or she sees the light flash. Dr. McGlynn measures the time it takes each subject to push the button after the light is lit. The experimental group in this study
exercised for either 10 or 20 minutes
Objects nearest the horizon appear __________ than other objects
farther away
The retinal ganglion cells involved in sending visual information about color to the brain do so by firing
faster for some wavelengths than for others
The most common sensory receptor in the skin is the
free nerve ending
Most synaptic communication in the brain is accomplished by
glutamate and GABA
Damage to the primary auditory cortex is to __________ as damage to the left auditory association cortex is to __________.
hearing loss; impaired speech comprehension
Some people suffer from a form of amnesia in which they cannot learn new information. Their most recent memories seem to be only those that occurred prior to the onset of the amnesia. These people are likely to have sustained damage to
hippocampus
When a hypnotist suggests to the person that a particular action will occur involuntarily, this is termed a(n) _________ suggestion.
ideomotor
If people fail to perceive an event when their attention is diverted elsewhere, this is termed
inattentional blindness
Down syndrome
incidence increases as the age of the mother increases
The stereotaxic apparatus can be used for
inserting electrical wires or thin metal tubes into particular brain regions
In general, the __________ the US during maintenance, the __________ the CR during extinction.
more intermittent; stronger
In both the classical and operant procedures, generalization will be greatest to stimuli that
most closely resembles the original training stimulus
Parents may successfully shape a complex behavior in their child, such as tying shoelaces or riding a bicycle. However, the eventual and more efficient form of the behavior will be the result, not of parental shaping, but shaping by
natural contingencies
According to empiricism, knowledge comes through
observation and experience
The sense of smell is sometimes referred to as
olfaction
We become aware of the process of visual perception
only after the process is completed
Reproductive strategies evolved because of sex differences in
parental investment
The members of the Deaf community are primarily those who
use sign language
The primary reason why researchers calculate an inferential statistic with the data they collect is because they
wish to determine the statistical significance of their results