Gender pay gap

Code of ethics

Code of ethics - a formal statement of the company's values regarding ethics and social issues

Why study business ethics:

Ethical lapses during the last decade have been pervasive Corporations and people have become associated with greed, deceit, irresponsibility and lack of moral conscience - BHS Business decisions under great scrutiny -Public Confidence - Tesco Horse meat Scandal due to lack of trust Global financial crisis created diminished stakeholder trust - antecedent of trust, process of interaction within team Ethical behaviour and corporate social responsibility can be beneficial to business organisation - profit, people and planet

Ethical structures

Ethical structures - systems, positions and programs like ethics training

Factors impacting on women's career:

Glass Ceiling- invincible barrier Personal Bias- prejudice, discrimination and stereotyping Opt Out trend- leaving workforce for various reasons Social Bias -men are from Mars, women are from Venus

Benefits of understanding gender implications:

Improving morale Decreasing interpersonal conflict Facilitating progress in new markets Increasing creativity Increase Performance Better management of risks

Gender gap stats

The government data indicated 74% of firms pay higher rates to their male staff Just 15% of businesses with more than 250 employees pay more to women As many as 11% of firms said there is no difference between the rates paid to either gender.

Whistle blowing

Whistle-blowing - employee disclosure of illegal, immoral or illegitimate practices

Factors impacting women's career:

Women and men tend to choose different subject in college and work in different occupations after college. Women tend to work shorter hours and employers prefers "traditional" long hours Women require more flexible schedules and women are more likely than men to care for children - "Motherhood penalty vs Fatherhood bonus" - Parenting and Schedules Women experience gender bias and discrimination that may be responsible for a significant pay gap, even after controlling for other factors.

Pay gap formula

(Men's median earnings - women's median earnings) / men's median earnings

Reasons: carers

11. Women still tend to be our carers Although it is illegal to be discriminated at work because of caring responsibilities, women are nevertheless shut out of paid work because in the majority of cases they are the ones caring for a child, an elderly or disabled adult, while men 'go out to work'. The reasons for this are complicated and ancient; we do not value caring as work (even though it clearly is); we are conditioned to see women as the more caring sex, we encourage girls to play with dolls, to hold babies, to enact domestic roleplay. We tell them they are kind, nurturing, gentle, while pointing boys towards trucks, lego, robots, maths games, fighting and superheroes. No wonder, when the time comes for someone to look after the soft and helpless it's women who step up to the breach.

Reasons: Male-dominated graduate schemes

6. Male-dominated graduate schemes Despite women's performance at higher education, graduate schemes are unfairly dominated by men. According to an AGR survey from 2016 of leading employers, while 54% of students are women, they make up just 47% of graduate scheme applicants. So, even though women have the qualifications, a disproportionate amount of graduate jobs ie. the well paid, high status ones, go to men.

Reasons: Gender conditioning

9. Gender conditioning It is still, unfortunately, the case that the way girls are conditioned leads them away from the well paid world of STEM subjects. A love for science, technology, engineering and maths blossoms when children are encouraged to play with puzzles, shapes, counting games and construction toys like Lego. Little girls, as any trip to a toy shop or nursery will show you, are still pointed towards soft toys, cooking, dolls and princess shit. When we see people working in laboratories, in space, with robots, with coding and at universities that look like us, we want to do it. Sadly, for too long, the people doing those jobs have been white, middle-class men. As one female neuroscientist put it to me: 'The gap in the industry, especially tech, is partly driven by bad stereotypes about how men are just inherently better at stuff - at coding for instance - and this probably influences who gets credit for group projects, who gets put up for promotions etc. Fundamentally, we have designed a 'neutral' and 'objective' environment for science to be practiced but really there are just words that hide that we've created extremely toxic environments in which only white men thrive.'

Ethical Dilemma

A situation in which more than one side of an issue can be supported with valid arguments

Reasons: Women in low-paid, unskilled work

According to the Office for National Statistics, more women still tend to work in occupations that offer lower salaries than men. Administrative and secretarial work, care work, customer services, cleaning. In short, the old picture is true; while the bosses in the offices may be older white men, the people actually doing the hard, unremarkable, undervalued drudge work of cooking, cleaning, standing at a shop counter, typing, answering the phone, wiping bums and brushing teeth will be women.

Business ethics

Business ethics: Comprises principles, values, and standards that guide behavior in the world of business (What is right or wrong

Discrimination

Discrimination According to Harvard Economist, Claudia Goldin, by and large women receive equal pay for equal work in the US.[18] Some economists[who?] say that women are less willing and have less ability to negotiate salaries and battle sexual discrimination.[19][20][21] More recent research indicates women tend to negotiate as much as men when it is explicitly stated that wages are negotiable.[22]

The earnings ratio and the pay gap for 2016 are calculated using these formulas: earnings ratio

Earnings ratio = women's median earnings / men's median earnings

Ethical Lapse

Ethical Lapse A situation in which an individual or a group makes a decision that is morally wrong, illegal, or unethical

Gender differentiation is vital for the enhancement of our understanding of differential distributions:

Gender differentiation is vital for the enhancement of our understanding of differential distributions: Roles within the society (Nursing /carer) Tasks within the team /work Resources allocation (Health Resources) Right, privileges and disadvantages bestowed upon males and females.

The glass ceiling is:

Glass Ceiling: is an invisible barrier that is limiting women and minorities upward progression in organisations.

Ideologies

Ideologies—the "hidden" as well as the explicit values that societies and people hold—to see what people have believed about gender and sex. 'I demand rights for women because I am convinced that the ills of the world come from this forgetfulness and scorn that until now have been inflicted on the natural and imprescriptible rights of the female.'

Knowledge of Gender: help us to

Knowledge of Gender: help us to develop an understanding of how our individual identities and self-concepts structure our interactions understand how gender shapes how we view others (gender stereotypes) Understand how structures form the basis of power and resource allocation Understand how structures create gender standards and organizational rules and expectations

Law

Law: What is lawful and what is unlawful (Creative accounting, earnings management, misleading financial analysis)

Misogyny

Misogyny is the hatred of or hostility toward women. In a society that subordinates women, it is easy to understand that people within that society would or could hold such beliefs.

Patriarchy vs feminism

Patriarchy vs feminism: Most of the societies that we know have tended to be patriarchal. They are based upon an organizing principle that privileges the males—or the fathers, specifically, from the Latin patrí? family and archós leader—over the females. In a patriarchy, power is held by and transferred through men. Education- instrument of oppression Societal Norms -Husband vs Wife Restrictions on women Laws that favor men. Feminism- philosophy of ideal of equality. Belief in Physical difference, but argued men and women are equal. Feminism recognizes that women have been oppressed and repressed in certain societies throughout history. It also carries with it the commitment to change the attitudes and behaviors of those who do not see men and women—all people, really—as equals. Equality in economic opportunity Political- 1832 Reform Act- Universal suffrage 1928 Social equality for both sexes- regardless of marriage - Partners but not husband

Principles:

Principles: Specific boundaries for behavior that are universal and absolute Freedom of speech, civil liberties

Recent legal and ethical issues:

Recent legal and ethical issues: • Subprime loans and foreclosures - 2008 Subprime market crisis • Accounting fraud - Kweku Adoboli former UBS trade worker • Cybercrimes - Cambridge Analytical and Facebook unlawful data sharing • Deceptive advertising - Duracell "Lasts Even longer" • Unfair competitive practices - First Mover Advantage

Relationship between business and ethics:

Relationship between business and ethics: Customers satisfaction Boost sales and profitability Reduce labour turnover and retain talented employees Increase productivity Reduce recruitment costs Attract investors and keep the company's share price high Reputation and image

Role of ethics in business:

Role of ethics in business: Growing concerns about legal and ethical issues in business strengthen the public's perceptions that ethical standards and the level of trust in business need to be raised

Consequences

The gender pay gap can be a problem from a public policy perspective because it reduces economic output and means that women are more likely to be dependent upon welfare payments, especially in old age.

Gender pay gap is

The gender pay gap is: salary disparity between male and female worker. The pay gap is a comparison between women's and men's typical earnings. It can be compared by weekly or annual earnings. The majority of medium and large companies pay higher wage rates to men than to women, according to the latest UK government figures

Reasons

The reasons for lower pay include both individual choice and other innate, and external environmental factors. An example of a voluntary choice is choosing to work part-time when full-time employment is available. An example of an involuntary choice is working a low-skill job because of an inability to access higher education. An example of an external factor is discrimination. Both gender-specific factors, including gender differences in qualifications and discrimination, and overall wage structure, the rewards for skills and employment in particular sectors, importantly influence the gender pay gap

Examples of Unethical and Illegal Organisational Behaviour Toward customers

Toward Customers: false or deceptive sales practices, submitting misleading invoices, fabricating product quality data.

Examples of Unethical and Illegal Organisational Behaviour Toward employees

Toward employees: discriminating against employees, creating a hostile work environment, violating health and safety rules.

Examples of Unethical and Illegal Organisational Behaviour Toward financiers

Toward financiers: falsifying financial reports, breaching database controls, using confidential information.

Examples of Unethical and Illegal Organisational Behaviour Toward society

Toward society: violating environmental standards, exposing public to safety risks, violating international human rights.

Examples of Unethical and Illegal Organisational Behaviour Toward suppliers

Toward suppliers: Accepting favours or kickbacks, violating contract terms, paying without accurate records or invoices.

Understanding gender

Understanding gender and the notion of greater gender diversity can result in significant rewards for the business

Values

Values: Used to develop socially enforced norms Integrity, accountability, trust

What is gender

What is Gender: Gender is socially constructed and a result of sociocultural influences throughout an individual's development (Schneider, Gruman & Coutts, 2005); we inherit our sex but we learn our gender (Boss, 2008)