Generalized Response Systems (GRS): SNS, AANS, CRH

The sympathetic nervous system affects blood pressure by (select all that apply): A) Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin and GI tract B) Decreasing blood volume C) Increasing heart rate and stroke volume D) Vasodilation of blood vessels in the skin and vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the head

A and C

Renin converts angiotensin to angiotensin 1, Angiotensin 1 is converted to angiotensin 2 by the angiotensin converting enzyme. Angiotensin 2: (choose all of the correct answers) A) Stimulates Na+/K+ pumps in the kidneys to retain water in the body B) Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone C) Stimulates the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine D) Causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels

B and D (think about the RAAS pathway)

ACTH travels through the bloodstream and stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete: A) Cortisol B) Aldosterone C) Renin D) Angiotensin 2 E) All of the answers are correct

Cortisol (remember: ACTH is involved in the CRH pathway)

Alpha 1 Receptors

Responsible for constricting blood vessels in the skin, guts, and kidneys (make tissues increase activity) 1) Vasoconstriction in skin (pale, cold); in guts (nausea); in kidneys (less urine) 2) Skin muscles contract (cold sweats, goosebumps) 3) Pupils dilate (easier to see) 4) Sex organs (ejaculation) 5) Protective effect on heart

Beta 2 Receptors

Responsible for dilating bronchioles (cause cells to decrease function) 1) bronchioles dilate (easier to breath) 2) Vasodilation in muscles (more food and oxygen to muscles) 3) stored glucose is released into the blood 4) uterus relaxes 5) decreased GI function (less gut motility=decreased bowel sounds)

Beta 1 Receptors

Responsible for increasing heart rate and strength (make tissues increase activity) 1) Stimulate Heart 2) increased metabolic rate 3) stored fats release into the blood 4) kidneys release renin

Alpha 2 Receptors

Responsible for stopping the sympathetic system. (cause cells to decrease function) 1) norepinephrine secretion is inhibited 2) decreased GI function (less gut motility=decreased bowel sounds; less insulin=high blood glucose)

Cortisol enables the body to handle stress by A) Increased blood glucose B) Increasing fat and protein breakdown for energy C) Suppressing the immune system D) Increasing sensitivity to norepinephrine E) All of the above

all of the above

Which type of adrenergic receptors associated with the SNS pathway are excitatory? A) Alpha 1 and beta 1 receptors B) Alpha receptors C) Beta receptors D) Alpha 2 and beta 2 receptors E) Cholinergic receptors

alpha and beta 1 receptors (both cause tissues to increase activity)

Which of the following would occur as a result of increased renin released by the kidneys? A) An increase in vasodilation B) An increase in urine output C) An increase in blood volume D) A decrease in aldosterone E) Both A and C

an increase in blood volume (remember: vasodilation is the dilation of blood vessels, which causes a decrease in blood pressure. *The whole point of the Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) is to increase blood volume, which increases blood pressure*)

The kidneys produce renin when: A) The urine becomes acidic B) The peritubular capillaries dilate C) Blood flow in the kidneys decreases D) Sodium chlorine concentration in the distal tube increases E) Blood flow in the kidneys increases

blood flow in the kidneys decreases

Norepinephrine binding of Alpha-2 receptors found in the GI tract causes: A) Decreased GI motility B) Increased GI secretions C) Abdominal pain D) Defecation E) Vomiting

decreased GI motility

Immune sympathetic stimulation of the kidney: A) Is necessary for normal kidney metabolism B) Causes the release of epinephrine from the kidney C) Decreases renal blood flow and oxygen supply D) Increases filtration rate E) Does not alter filtration rate

decreases renal blood flow and oxygen supply (When the kidneys sense decreased renal blood flow, they secrete more renin, stimulating RAAS pathway)

Which of the following is a sympathetic nervous system effect? A) Constriction of the pupils of the eyes B) Contraction of the urinary bladder C) Decreased heart rate D) Increased gastric secretions E) Dilation of the bronchioles in the lungs

dilation of bronchioles in the lungs (easier to breathe!)

An injection of epinephrine would: A) Increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, and increase gastric tract motility B) Decrease heart rate, decrease blood pressure, and increase gastric tract motility C) Increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, and decrease gastric tract motility D) Decrease heart rate, decrease gastric motility, and increase blood pressure E) have no effect on the heart or GI tract

increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, decrease gastric motility (remember: epinephrine is adrenaline)

What does norepinephrine binding of Beta 1 receptors cause? A) Increased sweating B) Increased heart rate C) Pupil dilation D) Bronchiole constriction E) Increased GI tract motility and bowel sounds

increased heart rate (note: alpha 1 receptors cause pupil dilation and vasoconstriction; beta 1 receptors are responsible for increasing the heart rate and strength)

The sympathetic nervous system uses what neurotransmitter to cause responses in organs and tissues? A) Acetylcholine B) Norepinephrine C) Dopamine D) Cortisol E) Aldosterone

norepinephrine (adrenaline)

Adrenal Corticotropic Hormone (ACTH) is released from the ____ in response to increased CRH A) Thyroid gland B) Pituitary C) Adrenal cortex D) Adrenal medulla E) None of these

pituitary (remember: CRH are secreted by the hypothalamus into a tiny network of blood vessels that run into the pituitary) (In the SNS, the adrenal medulla releases epinephrine into the blood)

What stimulus is most likely to turn on both the SNS and RAAS pathway? A) Infection B) Cold C) Stress D) Strong emotions (love or anger) E) Severe blood loss

severe blood loss

Cortisol releasing hormone (CRH) is secreted by the hypothalamus after what kind of stimulus? A) Increased blood pressure B) Stress C) Increased blood carbon dioxide D) Increased body temperature

stress