GEO EXAM 2

Sedimentary rocks account for about what percentage of the Earth's outermost 10 kilometers of rock (first percentage). Also, what percentage of the Earth's continental area is covered by sedimentary rocks (second percentage)? 5%; 75% 3.5%; 100% 65%; 10% 85%; 100%

5%; 75%

Which of the following was the cause of the debris flow in Oso, Washington, in March 2014? A stream at the base of a slope eroded the toe of the slope away. Heavy rains saturated the surface materials on the slope. Volcanic eruptions generated a lahar. The slope was oversteepened during construction.

A stream at the base of a slope eroded the toe of the slope away.

What kind(s) of lava are most closely associated with composite cones? Basalt Andesite Rhyolite Rhyolite and basalt

Andesite

________ is named for a prominent, volcanic mountain range in western South America. Pegmatite Basalt Andesite Peridotite

Andesite

A magnifying glass or microscope is needed to see individual mineral grains (crystals). The resulting igneous texture is called: Porphyritic Glassy Phaneritic Aphanitic

Aphanitic

Which of these textures help geologists determine if a rock is volcanic in origin? Phaneritic Pegmatitic Porphyritic Aphanitic

Aphanitic

________ sandstone contains abundant feldspar, suggesting that the sand was derived by weathering and erosion of granitic bedrock. Quartz-rich Lignitic Arkosic Oolitic

Arkosic

What kind(s) of lava generate a cinder cone? Andesite Andesite and rhyolite Basalt and andesite Andesite, basalt, and rhyolite Basalt

Basalt

What type of lava is produced at a divergent plate boundary? Rhyolitic Andesitic Basaltic

Basaltic

Which of the following lavas make up 90 percent of the total volume of lava on Earth? Basaltic Rhyolitic Andesitic

Basaltic

________ magma is the most abundant type of erupted at oceanic spreading centers (mid-oceanic ridges). Pegmatitic Granitic Basaltic Andesitic

Basaltic

Which type of magma(s) will produce scoria? Rhyolitic Andesitic Andesitic and rhyolitic Basaltic and andesitic Basaltic

Basaltic and andesitic

________ describes how an entire suite of silicate minerals can form from a single basaltic magma as it cools and crystallizes. The geologic rock cycle The theory of plate tectonics Moh's hardness scale Bowen's reaction series

Bowen's reaction series

What is the main difference between a conglomerate and a sedimentary breccia? Breccia clasts are angular; conglomerate clasts are rounded. A breccia is well stratified; a conglomerate is poorly stratified. Breccia clasts are the size of baseballs; conglomerate clasts are larger. Breccia has a compacted, clay-rich matrix; conglomerate has no matrix.

Breccia clasts are angular; conglomerate clasts are rounded.

What is the name of this sedimentary rock exposed on the coastal cliffs in England below? Oolitic Limestone Coquina Sandstone Chalk

Chalk

These volcanoes consist of small basaltic cones built up during one, short, eruptive episode: Cinder Cones Shield Volcanoes Composite/Stratovolcanoes

Cinder Cones

These volcanoes are same type as the volcanoes of southwestern Alaska and the Aleutian Islands: Cinder Cones Shield Volcanoes Composite/Stratovolcanoes

Composite/Stratovolcanoes

These volcanoes consist of large, fairly steep-sided cones composed of alternating layers of lava flows and pyroclastics: Composite/Stratovolcanoes Cinder Cones Shield Volcanoes

Composite/Stratovolcanoes

Which of the following scenarios would lead to a mass wasting event due to an oversteepened slope? Trees are planted on a slope Construction of buildings on slopes Heavy rains saturate slope materials Baking of surface materials during a wildfire

Construction of buildings on slopes

Along which tectonic boundary will chains of composite cone volcanoes be located? Mantle plumes Divergent boundary Transform boundary Convergent boundary

Convergent boundary

What is the slowest form of mass wasting? Creep Earthflow Debris flow Slump

Creep

________ weathering occurs when differences in resistance or environmental factors produce uneven surfaces on rocks. Chemical Differential Spheroidal Mechanical

Differential

________ has the same mineral composition as andesite? Diorite Gabbro Basalt Granite

Diorite

Along which tectonic boundary would the greatest amount of magma be generated every year? Why? Convergent boundaries: magma produced by dehydration of plate water and partial melting Divergent boundaries: magma produced by decompression melting Transform boundaries: magma produced from friction

Divergent boundaries: magma produced by decompression melting

Which rapid form of mass wasting is found at the base of slump blocks? Debris flow Earthflow Lahar Rockslide

Earthflow

Which kind of eruptive activity is most likely to be highly explosive in nature? Eruptions of big, continental margin, composite cones or stratovolcanoes. Lava flows from a large shield volcano on an oceanic island. Lava flows from a large cinder cone complex. Fissure eruptions feeding lava to flood basalt accumulations.

Eruptions of big, continental margin, composite cones or stratovolcanoes.

What was the rate of cooling and the environment of formation for an extrusive igneous rock and why? Fast because it cooled 6 kilometers below the surface Fast because it was erupted from a volcano Slow because the magma was insulated below the surface Slow because it cooled in a volcanic lava flow far from the vent

Fast because it was erupted from a volcano

How is magma generated along subduction zones? Fluids are dehydrated out of the descending plate, which lowers the melting point of the surrounding mantle. Friction from colliding plates melts mantle material. Radioactive decay melts mantle material. Decompression melting of the mantle from weight reduction.

Fluids are dehydrated out of the descending plate, which lowers the melting point of the surrounding mantle.

________ is not a common cementing agent for sandstones. Quartz Calcite Fluorite Iron oxides

Fluorite

What is a volatile? Gases dissolved in a magma Solid mineral crystals in a melt A hostile person The liquid portion of a magma

Gases dissolved in a magma

Which of the following factors does not influence mass wasting? Water Gravity Vegetation Geologic age

Geologic age

What is the term used to describe increased temperature with depth in the Earth? Geothermal gradient Hydrothermal alteration Decompression melting Convection cells

Geothermal gradient

________ is characterized by the segregation of light- and dark-colored minerals into thin layers or bands. Garnet hornfels Granitic gneiss Slate Quartzite

Granitic gneiss

What is the controlling force of mass wasting? Gravity Water Friction Hydration

Gravity

Which process is thought to generate most felsic magmas? Crystal settling during magmatic differentiation Heat from basaltic magma partially melting overlying crust Friction along the crust in a convergent plate boundary Decompression melting in a continental rift zone

Heat from basaltic magma partially melting overlying crust

________ tend to increase the explosive potential of a magma body beneath a volcano. High viscosity and dissolved gas High viscosity; low dissolved gas content Low viscosity; low dissolved gas content Low silica content, low viscosity

High viscosity and dissolved gas

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between pressure and melting point in the Earth's Interior? Higher pressure leads to lower melting points. Higher melting points are determined by higher pressures. Melting points of rocks are not dependent on changes in pressure.

Higher melting points are determined by higher pressures.

________ is a nonfoliated rock formed by contact metamorphism of a shale or mudstone. Schist Marble Gneiss Hornfels

Hornfels

A type of chemical weathering process which converts potassium feldspars into clay minerals is known as: Dissolution Sheeting Frost Wedging Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis

Which would be the most likely location for a rockslide to occur? A soil-covered slope with a stream flowing at the base Inclined strata with joints and fractures parallel to the slope face. Rock cliff with no fractures or voids Bottom of a stream valley with a highly meandering stream

Inclined strata with joints and fractures parallel to the slope face.

The partial melting of mafic rocks would produce what composition of magma? Mafic Intermediate Ultramafic Felsic

Intermediate

Under most weathering conditions, which mineral component of granites and rhyolites would be most resistant to chemical decomposition? K-Feldspar Hornblende Quartz Muscovite

K-Feldspar

round which volcano is a scientist likely find pillow basalts? Fujiyama Mount St. Helens Parícutin Kilauea

Kilauea

Which mass wasting process involved volcanically derived material from the eruption of Nevado del Ruiz and destroyed the city of Armero in 1985? Lahar Rockfall You Answered Debris flow Solifluction

Lahar

Which of the following best describes a pegmatitic texture? Porous texture resulting from escaping volatiles Fine-grained texture composed of microscopic crystals Large crystals that form in a fluid-rich environment late in crystallization Several large crystals surrounded by a fine-grained matrix

Large crystals that form in a fluid-rich environment late in crystallization

________ is the most common type of chemical sedimentary rock. Limestone Chert Phosphate rock Quartz sandstone

Limestone

What three components make up most magmas? Lava, ash, and gas Liquid portion, solid portion, gaseous portion Water, melted rock, and solid crystals Silicon, potassium feldspar, and muscovite

Liquid portion, solid portion, gaseous portion

ow is it possible for a landslide to occur without a trigger? Heating from geothermal processes weakens the rock. Long-term weathering weakens the rock past the strength necessary to maintain stability. Water migrates along the sediment particles, reducing friction between them. Slopes are shaken by earthquakes and the materials are loosened.

Long-term weathering weakens the rock past the strength necessary to maintain stability.

________ is molten rock that is below the Earth's surface and retains most of its volcanic gases. Lava Volatiles Magma Pumice

Magma

Why do magmas rise toward Earth's surface? Most magmas are richer in silica than most crustal and upper mantle rocks. Magmas are more viscous than solid rocks in the crust and upper mantle. Magmas are mainly liquid and contain dissolved fluids such as water; most are less dense than the adjacent solid rock. all of the above

Magmas are mainly liquid and contain dissolved fluids such as water; most are less dense than the adjacent solid rock.

________ describes the formation of one or more secondary magmas from a single parent magma. Decompression melting Partial melting Hydrothermal alteration Magmatic differentiation

Magmatic differentiation

________ is the downslope movement of rock, regolith, or soil under the direct influence of gravity. Mass wasting Dissolution Weathering Erosion

Mass wasting

What kind of weathering involves only a reduction in the sizes of bedrock, regolith, and mineral particles: Chemical Mechanical

Mechanical

Southern California is famous for its wildfires, which are often exacerbated by the Santa Ana winds blowing through the canyons. What mass wasting event will later devastate the same fire-affected areas? Rockslides Solifluction Mudflows Slumps

Mudflows

Which of the following substances is not a volatile found in magma? CO2 O2 H2O SO2

O2

If an igneous rock is heated, which mineral will be the very last mineral left to melt according to the Bowen's reaction series? Quartz Potassium feldspar Pyroxene Olivine

Olivine

The ring of fire is a narrow zone of composite cone volcanoes rimming the ________ Ocean. Atlantic Indian Arctic Pacific

Pacific

________ is composed mainly of ferromagnesian minerals. Peridotite Andesite Granite Rhyolite

Peridotite

Mineral grains are of roughly equal size and coarse (large) enough to be seen without a microscope or magnifying glass. The resulting igneous texture is called: Aphanitic Phaneritic Glassy Porphyritic

Phaneritic

Which of these textures help geologists determine if a rock is of intrusive origin? Pyroclastic Aphanitic Porphyritic Phaneritic

Phaneritic

Rock has two or more, distinctly different-sized populations of mineral grains (crystals). The resulting igneous texture is called: Aphanitic Phaneritic Porphyritic Glassy

Porphyritic

Which of the following minerals is not a ferromagnesian mineral? Biotite mica Olivine Pyroxene Potassium feldspar

Potassium feldspar

What environmental condition is reduced on a batholith in order to generate weathering via sheeting? Pressure Mineral content Moisture Heat

Pressure

Which of the following best describes the conditions of contact metamorphism? Pressures are very high, the rock is deeply buried, and temperatures are raised by the Earth's internal heat. Pressures are fairly low, the rock is in the upper part of the crust, and heat is supplied from a nearby magma body. Heat is generated by shearing and mechanical movements along faults. Depths are fairly shallow, but temperatures and pressures are so high that the rocks begin to partially melt.

Pressures are fairly low, the rock is in the upper part of the crust, and heat is supplied from a nearby magma body.

________ has a large percentage of voids and is lightweight, so therefore has the ability to float in water. Pegmatite Scoria Pumice Basalt

Pumice

________ is a felsic igneous rock with a meringuelike vesicular texture, consisting of very small holes, created by small shards of volcanic glass. Granite Pumice Scoria Obsidian

Pumice

________ is a volcanic rock that is extremely vesicular and glassy. Pegmatite Tuff Pumice Obsidian

Pumice

________ is pulverized rock, lava fragments, and ash erupted from a volcano. Pahoehoe Basalt Pyroclastic material Lapilli

Pyroclastic material

If an igneous rock is heated, which mineral melts first according to Bowen's reaction series? Potassium feldspar Olivine Quartz Pyroxene

Quartz

________, a common mineral found in igneous rocks, is the most abundant mineral in detrital sedimentary rocks. Calcite Orthoclase Quartz Biotite

Quartz

Which two minerals define a felsic composition? Pyroxene and amphibole Muscovite and biotite micas Quartz and potassium feldspar Plagioclase feldspar and biotite mica

Quartz and potassium feldspar

________ is typically formed by metamorphism of a sandstone. Marble Slate Amphibolite Quartzite

Quartzite

What is the fastest form of mass wasting? You Answered Slide Rock avalanche Slump Creep

Rock avalanche

What is the crescent-shaped mark found at the top of a slump block? Earthflow Ditch Overburden Scarp

Scarp

Half Dome in Yosemite National Park, California, and Stone Mountain in Georgia, are shaped mainly by what mechanical weathering process: Salt Crystal Growth Thermal Expansion Sheeting Frost Wedging

Sheeting

These volcanoes are same type as the volcanoes of Hawaii: Shield Volcanoes Composite/Stratovolcanoes Cinder Cones

Shield Volcanoes

Which mineral group makes up most igneous rocks? Silicates Carbonates Halides Sulfides

Silicates

What is the geologic definition of texture? How the sample feels to the touch The mineral content of the sample Size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains in the sample The percentage of silica in a sample

Size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains in the sample

Which of the following rocks will be most resistant to weathering? Solid bedrock Bedrock with sheeting Bedrock with solution weathering Jointed bedrock

Solid bedrock

Which slope composition is the most stable? Rock layers inclined parallel to the slope Unconsolidated sediments Solid bedrock Carbonate rock affected by dissolution

Solid bedrock

Which region would be most likely to produce a catastrophic landslide? Flat-lying floodplains along a stream Old, eroded, worn-down mountains Steep, geologically young mountains V-shaped stream valley with gentle slopes

Steep, geologically young mountains

Which of the following regions has the least likelihood of experiencing weathering via salt crystal growth? Arid deserts Subterranean cave passages Rocky shorelines along the ocean Roadways cleared of snow by the spread of halite

Subterranean cave passages

Lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks because: The extrusive magma, because it is deep below the surface, cools very slowly producing very small mineral grains. Intrusive magma flows onto the Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral grains to grow. The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow. Intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock.

The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow.

Which statement concerning sedimentary rocks is NOT true? They may contain fossils that provide clues about ancient life forms. They probably show some evidence of stratification. They were originally deposited at depth below the bottom of the sea. They are composed of particles and constituents derived from weathering and erosion of other rocks.

They were originally deposited at depth below the bottom of the sea.

Peridotite is the main constituent of which part of the Earth? Upper mantle Magma chambers Crust Rift zones

Upper mantle

________ is a material's resistance to flowing. Viscosity Quiescent Volatiles Composition

Viscosity

What creates the small holes found in a vesicular texture? Liquid water Soluble minerals Volatiles Weathering

Volatiles

________ are usually the most abundant gases emitted during basaltic volcanism. Oxygen and nitrogen Neon and ammonia Chlorine and sodium Water and carbon dioxide

Water and carbon dioxide

Which factor exerts the greatest control over the velocity of debris flows and the distance they will travel? Water content Debris content Slope angle Vegetation

Water content

What role does water play in generating magma? Water lowers the density of the rock, allowing it to melt. Water lowers the melting temperature of the rock, allowing it to melt. Water cools the rock, preventing melting. Water lubricates the path for subducting plates, allowing them to subduct deeper.

Water lowers the melting temperature of the rock, allowing it to melt.

What is the definition of magma mixing? When one rising magma will overtake a second and the two intermix When rising magma melts surrounding country rock and incorporates it When magma incorporates more dissolved gases When magma mixes with fluids to become more dilute

When one rising magma will overtake a second and the two intermix

During metamorphism, what is the major effect of chemically active fluids? increase the pressures in deeply buried, regional-metamorphic zones aid in the movement of dissolved silicate constituents and facilitate growth of the mineral grains prevent partial melting so solid rocks can undergo very high temperature regional metamorphism facilitate the formation of schistosity and gneissic banding in hornfels and slates

aid in the movement of dissolved silicate constituents and facilitate growth of the mineral grains

Mount St. Helens is ________. a basaltic cinder cone a basaltic shield volcano an explosive stratovolcano a small, welded tuff cone

an explosive stratovolcano

Which of the following igneous rocks exhibit aphanitic texture? andesite; rhyolite granite; gabbro rhyolite; gabbro andesite; diorite

andesite; rhyolite

The average composition of rocks comprising a large composite cone or stratovolcano is similar to a (an) ________ magma. andesitic rhyolitic ultramafic basaltic

andesitic

Changing the composition of magma by incorporating surrounding host rock is known as ________. partial melting differentiation magma mixing assimilation

assimilation

In which setting would regional metamorphism be most likely? at shallow depths below an oceanic ridge or rift zone at shallow depths along major transform faults in the continental crust at great depths in the crust where two continents are colliding at shallow depths beneath the seafloor where water pressures are immense

at great depths in the crust where two continents are colliding

What term describes the zone of contact metamorphism surrounding an intrusive magma body? aura auricle oracle aureole

aureole

Kilauea and Mauna Loa are ________. explosive, rhyolitic volcanoes small, basaltic cinder cones andesitic stratovolcanoes basaltic shield volcanoes

basaltic shield volcanoes

A ________ is the largest, discordant body of intrusive, igneous rock. batholith lopolith laccolith pluton

batholith

A ________ forms at very high pressures but moderately low temperatures associated with subduction of oceanic crust and sediments. mylonite migmatite biotite marble blueschist

blueschist

Amphibolite is a foliated metamorphic rock composed principally of hornblende and plagioclase. How does it form? by contact metamorphism of sandstone along the contact with a granitic batholith by regional metamorphism of volcanic rocks such as andesite and basalt by gouging and crushing of limestone along a fault by the impact of an asteroid on interbedded sandstone and shale

by regional metamorphism of volcanic rocks such as andesite and basalt

Which of the following is/are most susceptible to chemical weathering by dissolution? quartz clay minerals iron oxides calcite

calcite

What major change occurs during metamorphism of limestone to marble? calcite grains grow larger and increase in size clays crystallize to micas, forming a highly foliated, mica-rich rock limestone grains react to form quartz and feldspars calcite grains are dissolved away leaving only marble crystals

calcite grains grow larger and increase in size

Which type of limestone consists mainly of shells of tiny, marine fossils like plankton composed of calcite? dolostone chert coquina chalk

chalk

Clay minerals formed from gabbro or diorite bedrock illustrate which kind of weathering? proactive mechanical chemical syntropical

chemical

All of the following are factors that affect the generation of magma except for ________. volatiles heat crystal size pressure

crystal size

The last minerals to crystallize on Bowen's Reaction Series result in igneous rocks with a ________ composition. ultramafic felsic mafic intermediate

felsic

Coal beds originate in ________. shallow lakes in a dry, desert region channels of fast-moving streams deep, marine basins below wave action freshwater coastal swamps and bogs

freshwater coastal swamps and bogs

Which one of the following is an important, mechanical weathering process for enlarging fractures and extending them deeper into large boulders and bedrock? hydrologic cycling frost wedging oxidation eluviation

frost wedging

Magma cools and consolidates without growth of mineral grains (crystals). The resulting igneous texture is called: You Answered Porphyritic Correct Answer Glassy Phaneritic Aphanitic

glassy

What do pumice and obsidian have in common? basaltic composition glassy nature phaneritic texture ultramafic composition

glassy nature

Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified (named) based on the ________. colors of the cementing minerals grain sizes of the detrital particles compositions of soluble minerals degree of compaction and lithification

grain sizes of the detrital particles

Visible quartz and potassium feldspar grains are the main constituents in a ________. basalt rhyolite granite gabbro

granite

What is the major source of heat for contact metamorphism? deep burial and heat from the Earth's interior heat from grinding and shearing on faults heat from the spontaneous decomposition of micas and feldspars heat from a nearby magma body

heat from a nearby magma body

The granitic igneous rocks that make up the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California and Nevada are ________. extrusive metamorphic intrusive

intrusive

Which one of the following statements concerning mechanical weathering is not true? involves a major change in the mineral composition of the weathered material allows for faster rates of chemical weathering reduces grain sizes of rock particles is important in the formation of talus slopes

involves a major change in the mineral composition of the weathered material

Match the metamorphic rock Name on Column 1 with the appropriate description on Column 2

marble non-foliated metamorphic rock consisting mostly of calcite gneiss coarse-grained metamorphic rock with alternating bands or stringers of light- and dark-colored minerals hornfels non-foliated metamorphic rock formed by contact metamorphism of mudstone and shale. phyllite foliated, fine-grained metamorphic rock with glossy sheen and wavy surface formed from mudstone and shale. garnet-mica schist strongly-foliated metamorphic rock with porphyroblastic texture formed from shale, mudstone or siltstone.

What two, metamorphic rocks are composed predominantly of single minerals? mica schist and granitic gneiss fault breccia and graphitic schist garnet schist and hornfels marble and quartzite

marble and quartzite

Consider the Bowen's reaction series. Which mineral would you expect to see as a phenocryst in a porphyritic basalt? olivine orthoclase quartz sodium-rich plagioclase

olivine

Which of the following minerals crystallize early in Bowen's reaction series? muscovite olivine biotite quartz

olivine

Which igneous rock or magma has the lowest silica (SiO2) content? granite andesite peridotite basalt

peridotite

A (an) ________ texture represents a single, long period of cooling and crystallization. glassy pyroclastic phaneritic aphanitic

phaneritic

What foliated, metamorphic rock is texturally intermediate between slate and schist? fault breccia phyllite quartzite gneiss

phyllite

A ________ texture includes coarse phenocrysts surrounded by a phaneritic groundmass. glassy aphanitic porphyritic pegmatitic

porphyritic

The recent (geologically) volcanic activity in Yellowstone National Park is ________. related to plate subduction related to intraplate, hot spot volcanism related to a divergent plate boundary related to a transform plate boundary

related to intraplate, hot spot volcanism

Which one of the following best describes volcanism in the Cascade Range, northwestern United States? related to a mid-oceanic ridge system related to a mantle hot spot related to plate subduction related to deep, transform faults

related to plate subduction

Which one of the following shows the correct order (left to right) of decreasing magma viscosity? andesite, rhyolite, basalt basalt, andesite, rhyolite basalt, rhyolite, andesite rhyolite, andesite, basalt

rhyolite, andesite, basalt

Which of the following sedimentary features can each be used to determine paleocurrent directions? mud cracks and ripple marks ripple marks and cross stratification fossils and mud cracks grain size sorting and ripple marks

ripple marks and cross stratification

A ________ is an example of a translational slide. creep mudflow rockslide slump

rockslide

A ________ slide is type of mass wasting process where the surface of rupture is a concave-upward curve and descending material exhibits downward and outward motion. rotational horizontal translational fall

rotational

Match the sediment type on Column 1 with the appropriate detrital sedimentary rock name on Column 2.

sand - sandstone clay and fine silt - shale gravel(rounded) - conglomerate gravel(angular) - breccia all clay sediment - mudstone

Which of the following forms at the highest grade of regional metamorphism? hornfels schist slate phyllite

schist

What type of foliation results from the parallel alignment of abundant, coarse-grained, mica flakes in a metamorphic rock? schistosity gneissic banding slaty cleavage phyllitic structure

schistosity

A ________ is a submarine volcano. dome caldera seamount scoria cone

seamount

Which one of the following is NOT a chemical sedimentary rock or evaporite? shale bedded gypsum cherty dolostone oolitic limestone

shale

A ________ volcano is a very large, gently sloping mound composed mainly of basaltic lava flows. cinder cone stratospheric shield composite

shield

With the exception of volcanoes associated with a subduction zone, most volcanic islands are ________ volcanoes. cinder cone shield composite cone caldera

shield

Lavas erupting from composite cones are generally ________-rich, making them very viscous. silica iron aluminum magnesium

silica

A ________ is a tabular, concordant pluton that is nearly horizontal and forms when magma exploits a weakness between sedimentary layers. batholith laccolith dike sill

sill

Which low-grade metamorphic rock, composed of extremely fine-sized mica and other mineral grains, typically exhibits well-developed rock cleavage? schist hornfels quartzite slate

slate

Which of the following lists the rocks in the order of increasing grain size and increasing grade of metamorphism? phyllite, slate, schist schist, slate, phyllite slate, phyllite, schist slate, schist, phyllite

slate, phyllite, schist

A ________ is an example of a rotational slide. slump mudflow rockslide fall

slump

Plutonic bodies that have a surface exposure less than 100 km2 are called ________. batholiths stocks swarms dikes

stocks

Which kind of volcanism is typical of mid-oceanic ridge systems? explosive; composite cones fissure eruptions; flood basalts fields submarine; basaltic lava flows explosive; rhyolitic, pyroclastic flows

submarine; basaltic lava flows

Frost wedging is the major weathering process contributing to the formation of which regolith material? C soil horizons talus slopes tropical laterites mature pedalfers

talus slopes

The sizes, shapes, and arrangements of mineral grains in an igneous rock is known as ________. silica content texture Bowen's reaction series mineral content

texture

Which region has the greatest concentration of currently active volcanoes? the area surrounding the Red Sea European Russia and Siberia the circum-Pacific area the coastal plain of western Africa

the circum-Pacific area

Which of the following is associated with deep mantle hot spots? Mt. St. Helens and other volcanoes of the Cascade Mountains the volcanoes of Hawaii and the Quaternary activity in Yellowstone National Park the very young cinder cones scattered across the southwestern United States Vesuvius and the other volcanoes of Italy

the volcanoes of Hawaii and the Quaternary activity in Yellowstone National Park

A ________ is not the sole cause of a mass wasting event, but the last of many causes that initiate the downslope movement of materials. repose angle debris flow slide trigger

trigger

Which of the following would retain the most detailed impressions of fossilized organisms? very fine-grained volcanic ash deposited in an ancient lake an ancient, rainforest lateritic soil buried by basalt lava flows quartz-rich sand deposited in shallow, beachfront environment gravel and sand stream deposits laid down during flash floods

very fine-grained volcanic ash deposited in an ancient lake

A ________ is a cone-shaped structure created by successive eruptions of volcanic materials such as lava or pyroclastic materials. volcanic cone crater fumarole caldera

volcanic cone

What two factors speed up rates of chemical reaction and weathering in rocks and soils? low temperatures; very moist low temperatures; very dry warm temperatures; very moist high temperatures; very dry

warm temperatures; very moist

Which of the following methods of transportation will result in the best degree of sorting, with all the particles being roughly the same size? wind waves on a beach glaciers streams

wind