Geo Midterm
Foliated metamorphic rock
Exfoliation is most common in
Composite volcanoes
Explosive eruptions tend to build up
karst topography
Extensive landscapes formed by the dissolution of limestone and other carbonate rock and characterized by pitted, bumpy surface topography, poor surface drainage, and well developed solutions channels are known as
Rock composition and structure, climate, organic processes, and subsurface water
Factors influencing the weathering process include
The tilt and orientation of the fault plane
Fault types are differentiated by
a slurry of unconsolidated materials moving downslope.
Flows involve
An anticline
Folded layers of rock can form a wavelike pattern of troughs and crests. The layers near the crest form
A syncline
Folded layers of rock can form a wavelike pattern of troughs and crests. The layers near the trough form
Only physical
Frost wedging is an example of ________ weathering processes
The addition of water with little chemical change
Hydration involves
The chemical reaction of water
Hyrdolysis involves
Both friction and inertial resistance
If material is to move downslope, it must overcome the force of
Injection wells associated with hydraulic fracturing
Increased seismicity in Colorado, New Mexico, and Oklahoma has been linked to
Craters
Small, circular surface depressions usually found at or near the summit of a volcano are known as
Folding or faulting
Strain, the amount of deformation undergone by an object, is expressed in rocks by
Normal fault
Tensional stress along a fault can result in a dropped hanging-wall block relative to the footwall side, producing a
Fragmented crustal material from one plated and accreted to another plate
Terranes refer to
Oceanic plate-oceanic plate
The "ring of fire" is a volcanic island arc extending from the southwestern Pacific through Indonesia. This island arc formed as a result of _________ collision.
Oceanic plate-continental plate
The Andes of South America formed as a result of the Nazca plate subducting beneath the South American Plate. This is an example of __________ collision.
Continental plate-continental plate
The Himalayas formed as a result of the ongoing collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. This is an example of _______ collision.
Both a strike-slip and transform fault
The San Andreas system in California is an example of
Modified Mercalli Intensity
The _____ scale would use Roman numerals to qualitatively describe an earthquake based on actual effects experienced at the exact time and location of the quake.
Parent material
The consolidated or unconsolidated materials from which soils develop is known as
Mass movement
The downslope movement of a body of material made up of soil, sediment, or rock propelled by the force of gravity is known as
A balancing act between tectonic uplift and rates of denudation by weathering and erosion in a given landscape
The dynamic equilibrium model refers to
992
The energy released by a magnitude 8 earthquake on the Richter scale is how many times greater than that of a magnitude 6 quake?
Frost wedging
The fact that water expands as much as 9% of its volume as it freezes is the basis of
Angle of response
The maximum incline at which sediments on a slope can remain at rest before pulled downward by gravity is known as
Craton
The nucleus of old crystalline rock in each of the principal continental masses is called a
Rockfall
The presence of talus slopes indicates the occurrence of
The dynamic equilibrium model
The principle that landscape formation is balance between endogenic and exogenic processes is called
Weathering
The process that breaks down rock at the Earth's surface through disintegration of rocks into mineral particles or dissolving it into water is known as
Liquefication
The process whereby ground shaking disrupts and loosens the structure of the soil causing it to flow is known as
Paleoseismology
The study of plate boundaries and the frequency of past earthquakes in order to forecast earthquakes is known as
Focus, or hypocenter
The subsurface area where the motion of seismic waves is initiated along the fault plane is called
Slides
The type of mass movement in which material moves in a unit along a zone of weakness is
Endogenic processes
The uplift of mountains is caused by
Sinkholes
The weathering of limestone can create circular depressions known as
The elastic-rebound theory
Under pressure, rocks can bend and deform, and then spring back to their initial shape after pressure is released. This is known as
1
What is the expected number of M 8.0 earthquakes per year worldwide?
Strike-slip fault
When lateral shear causes horizontal movement along a fault plane, the resulting fault is called a
Exfoliation
When pressure is removed from overlying rock, the pressure of deep burial is relieved, initiating pressure-release jointing. The joints then separate into curved slabs. This is known as
Chemical weathering
When rock is broken down and disintegrated in the presence of water and with chemical alterations to the rock, the process in operation is
Physical weathering
When rock is broken down and disintegrated without any chemical alterations, the process in operation is
Faulting
When rock strata are strained beyond their ability to remain an intact unit, displacement occurs in a process known as
Regolith
When the upper surface of consolidated rock undergoes constant weathering, it creates broken-up rock called
Stalactites
Which of the following are examples of dripstones?
saturation, oversteepening of slopes, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions.
Which of the following can lead to the slope failure that causes mass movement?
any human disturbance of a slope, including road cuts, surface mining, and development
Which of the following human activities can contribute to mass movement?
It considers the amount of fault slippage produced by the quake, the size of the surface (and subsurface) area that ruptured, and the nature of the materials that faulted
Which of the following is correct regarding the moment magnitude scale- a scale which quantifies the amount of energy released by an earthquake?
shearing- stretching or faulting
Which of the following is incorrectly matched?
Slip
Which of the following is not a class of mass movement?
Cratons
Which of the following is not a location in which volcanoes typically occur?
Hydrolysis
Which of the following is not a type of physical weathering process
They are very similar in composition to the continents to which they attach.
Which of the following is not correct regarding terranes?
Tectonic uplift
Which of the following is not exogenic in nature?
Arid conditions
Which of the following is not necessary for well-developed karst to develop?
Reliable indications usually precede volcanic eruptions
Which of the following most accurately describes the current status of volcano forecasting?
The formation of continental crust involves the entire sequence of seafloor spreading, subduction, remelting of oceanic crust, and subsequent rise of the remelted material
Which of the following properly describes the formation of continental crust?
West Coast
Within the US, which area has the highest earthquake hazards?
Sinkholes
________ may form at the bottom of cockpits and may even be an important cause of cockpit karst topography.
Thermal expansion
________ occurs as rock surfaces heated by the Sun during the day expand slightly, and then contract with nighttime cooling.
Oceanic plate-continental plate
At this convergent boundary, a subduction zone forms as the result density differences of the converging plates
Oceanic plate-oceanic plate
At this convergent boundary, volcanic island arcs form where one plate is subducted under another.
Water vapor dissolves carbon dioxide, yielding precipitation that contains carbonic acid
Carbonation, in terms of chemical weathering, occurs when
Higher rainfall and temperatures
Chemical weathering is greatest under conditions of
Spherodial weathering
Chemical weathering that softens and rounds the sharp edges and corners of jointed rock is known as
Wet tropical areas
Cones and cockpit karst develop in
Karst valley
Continuing dissolution and collapse may lead the coalescing of sinkholes to form a
Magma rich in silica and aluminum
Effusive eruptions are not related to which of the following?
Thrust fault
A _____ occurs when the fault plane forms a low angle relative to the horizontal, resulting in the overlying block being shifted over the underlying.
Reverse fault
A _______ occurs when convergent motion forces rocks to move upward along the fault plane
Lahar
A ________ is a type of debris flow associated with volcanic activity.
Basin
A _________ forms when an area resembling a syncline is uplifted and then eroded over time
Shield volcano
A gently sloping mountain landform built from effusive eruption is known as a
Continental shield
A large region where a craton is exposed at the surface is known as a
Stable; unstable
A slope is ____ if its strength exceed denundation processes and ____ if its materials are weaker than denundation processes
Soil creep
A slow persistent mass movement of surface soil is called
movement of surface material along a planar surface.
A translational slide involves
Escarpment
A(n) _________ is displacement of the ground surface caused by faulting
Denudation
All processes that cause reduction and rearrangement of landforms are included in the term of
Has erupted at least once within recorded history
An active volcano is defined as
Dome
An area of uplifted rock strata resembling an anticline that have been heavily eroded overtime is known as a
The sharp release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves.
An earthquake is best described as
Induced seismicity
An earthquake that occurs in association with anthropogenic activity, such as waster water injection wells, is known as
Is an outpouring of low-viscosity magma onto the ground; is a violent explosion of magma, gas, and pyroclastics
An effusive eruption _________, whereas an explosive eruption _____________.
Seismograph
An instrument used to record vibrations in the crust is the
Cavern
Any large cave formed by chemical processes is a
Dynamic equilibrium with threshold
Landscape formation is a balancing act between tectonic uplift and denudation. This figure depicts which of the following?
Calderas
Large, basin-shaped depressions that form when summit materials on a volcanic mountain collapse inward after an eruption or loss of magma are known as
Pahoehoe
Lava that forms ropy cords in twisted folds is called
Lava
Molten rock that pours forth on Earth's surface is called
A general term for a mountain-building episode that thickens continental crust
Orogenesis refers to
Water
Other than the rock itself, the most important chemical substance needed for the majority of weathering processes is
Salt-crystal growth
Pitted rock surfaces known as tafoni, or honeycomb weathering, result from ________ weathering.
they supply organic acids that enhance the dissolution process.
Plants are important to the development of karst primarily because
Tephra, or pyroclastics
Pulverized rock and clastic materials ejected violently during an eruption are called
Differential weathering
Rocks of the same composition and structure found in the same area may have weathered at uneven rates due to a variety of factors. This is known as
Oxidation
Rust, formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of water, is an example of
Arid
Salt-crystal growth (salt weathering) is prevalent in which climate type?