Geo Midterm

Foliated metamorphic rock

Exfoliation is most common in

Composite volcanoes

Explosive eruptions tend to build up

karst topography

Extensive landscapes formed by the dissolution of limestone and other carbonate rock and characterized by pitted, bumpy surface topography, poor surface drainage, and well developed solutions channels are known as

Rock composition and structure, climate, organic processes, and subsurface water

Factors influencing the weathering process include

The tilt and orientation of the fault plane

Fault types are differentiated by

a slurry of unconsolidated materials moving downslope.

Flows involve

An anticline

Folded layers of rock can form a wavelike pattern of troughs and crests. The layers near the crest form

A syncline

Folded layers of rock can form a wavelike pattern of troughs and crests. The layers near the trough form

Only physical

Frost wedging is an example of ________ weathering processes

The addition of water with little chemical change

Hydration involves

The chemical reaction of water

Hyrdolysis involves

Both friction and inertial resistance

If material is to move downslope, it must overcome the force of

Injection wells associated with hydraulic fracturing

Increased seismicity in Colorado, New Mexico, and Oklahoma has been linked to

Craters

Small, circular surface depressions usually found at or near the summit of a volcano are known as

Folding or faulting

Strain, the amount of deformation undergone by an object, is expressed in rocks by

Normal fault

Tensional stress along a fault can result in a dropped hanging-wall block relative to the footwall side, producing a

Fragmented crustal material from one plated and accreted to another plate

Terranes refer to

Oceanic plate-oceanic plate

The "ring of fire" is a volcanic island arc extending from the southwestern Pacific through Indonesia. This island arc formed as a result of _________ collision.

Oceanic plate-continental plate

The Andes of South America formed as a result of the Nazca plate subducting beneath the South American Plate. This is an example of __________ collision.

Continental plate-continental plate

The Himalayas formed as a result of the ongoing collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. This is an example of _______ collision.

Both a strike-slip and transform fault

The San Andreas system in California is an example of

Modified Mercalli Intensity

The _____ scale would use Roman numerals to qualitatively describe an earthquake based on actual effects experienced at the exact time and location of the quake.

Parent material

The consolidated or unconsolidated materials from which soils develop is known as

Mass movement

The downslope movement of a body of material made up of soil, sediment, or rock propelled by the force of gravity is known as

A balancing act between tectonic uplift and rates of denudation by weathering and erosion in a given landscape

The dynamic equilibrium model refers to

992

The energy released by a magnitude 8 earthquake on the Richter scale is how many times greater than that of a magnitude 6 quake?

Frost wedging

The fact that water expands as much as 9% of its volume as it freezes is the basis of

Angle of response

The maximum incline at which sediments on a slope can remain at rest before pulled downward by gravity is known as

Craton

The nucleus of old crystalline rock in each of the principal continental masses is called a

Rockfall

The presence of talus slopes indicates the occurrence of

The dynamic equilibrium model

The principle that landscape formation is balance between endogenic and exogenic processes is called

Weathering

The process that breaks down rock at the Earth's surface through disintegration of rocks into mineral particles or dissolving it into water is known as

Liquefication

The process whereby ground shaking disrupts and loosens the structure of the soil causing it to flow is known as

Paleoseismology

The study of plate boundaries and the frequency of past earthquakes in order to forecast earthquakes is known as

Focus, or hypocenter

The subsurface area where the motion of seismic waves is initiated along the fault plane is called

Slides

The type of mass movement in which material moves in a unit along a zone of weakness is

Endogenic processes

The uplift of mountains is caused by

Sinkholes

The weathering of limestone can create circular depressions known as

The elastic-rebound theory

Under pressure, rocks can bend and deform, and then spring back to their initial shape after pressure is released. This is known as

1

What is the expected number of M 8.0 earthquakes per year worldwide?

Strike-slip fault

When lateral shear causes horizontal movement along a fault plane, the resulting fault is called a

Exfoliation

When pressure is removed from overlying rock, the pressure of deep burial is relieved, initiating pressure-release jointing. The joints then separate into curved slabs. This is known as

Chemical weathering

When rock is broken down and disintegrated in the presence of water and with chemical alterations to the rock, the process in operation is

Physical weathering

When rock is broken down and disintegrated without any chemical alterations, the process in operation is

Faulting

When rock strata are strained beyond their ability to remain an intact unit, displacement occurs in a process known as

Regolith

When the upper surface of consolidated rock undergoes constant weathering, it creates broken-up rock called

Stalactites

Which of the following are examples of dripstones?

saturation, oversteepening of slopes, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions.

Which of the following can lead to the slope failure that causes mass movement?

any human disturbance of a slope, including road cuts, surface mining, and development

Which of the following human activities can contribute to mass movement?

It considers the amount of fault slippage produced by the quake, the size of the surface (and subsurface) area that ruptured, and the nature of the materials that faulted

Which of the following is correct regarding the moment magnitude scale- a scale which quantifies the amount of energy released by an earthquake?

shearing- stretching or faulting

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

Slip

Which of the following is not a class of mass movement?

Cratons

Which of the following is not a location in which volcanoes typically occur?

Hydrolysis

Which of the following is not a type of physical weathering process

They are very similar in composition to the continents to which they attach.

Which of the following is not correct regarding terranes?

Tectonic uplift

Which of the following is not exogenic in nature?

Arid conditions

Which of the following is not necessary for well-developed karst to develop?

Reliable indications usually precede volcanic eruptions

Which of the following most accurately describes the current status of volcano forecasting?

The formation of continental crust involves the entire sequence of seafloor spreading, subduction, remelting of oceanic crust, and subsequent rise of the remelted material

Which of the following properly describes the formation of continental crust?

West Coast

Within the US, which area has the highest earthquake hazards?

Sinkholes

________ may form at the bottom of cockpits and may even be an important cause of cockpit karst topography.

Thermal expansion

________ occurs as rock surfaces heated by the Sun during the day expand slightly, and then contract with nighttime cooling.

Oceanic plate-continental plate

At this convergent boundary, a subduction zone forms as the result density differences of the converging plates

Oceanic plate-oceanic plate

At this convergent boundary, volcanic island arcs form where one plate is subducted under another.

Water vapor dissolves carbon dioxide, yielding precipitation that contains carbonic acid

Carbonation, in terms of chemical weathering, occurs when

Higher rainfall and temperatures

Chemical weathering is greatest under conditions of

Spherodial weathering

Chemical weathering that softens and rounds the sharp edges and corners of jointed rock is known as

Wet tropical areas

Cones and cockpit karst develop in

Karst valley

Continuing dissolution and collapse may lead the coalescing of sinkholes to form a

Magma rich in silica and aluminum

Effusive eruptions are not related to which of the following?

Thrust fault

A _____ occurs when the fault plane forms a low angle relative to the horizontal, resulting in the overlying block being shifted over the underlying.

Reverse fault

A _______ occurs when convergent motion forces rocks to move upward along the fault plane

Lahar

A ________ is a type of debris flow associated with volcanic activity.

Basin

A _________ forms when an area resembling a syncline is uplifted and then eroded over time

Shield volcano

A gently sloping mountain landform built from effusive eruption is known as a

Continental shield

A large region where a craton is exposed at the surface is known as a

Stable; unstable

A slope is ____ if its strength exceed denundation processes and ____ if its materials are weaker than denundation processes

Soil creep

A slow persistent mass movement of surface soil is called

movement of surface material along a planar surface.

A translational slide involves

Escarpment

A(n) _________ is displacement of the ground surface caused by faulting

Denudation

All processes that cause reduction and rearrangement of landforms are included in the term of

Has erupted at least once within recorded history

An active volcano is defined as

Dome

An area of uplifted rock strata resembling an anticline that have been heavily eroded overtime is known as a

The sharp release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves.

An earthquake is best described as

Induced seismicity

An earthquake that occurs in association with anthropogenic activity, such as waster water injection wells, is known as

Is an outpouring of low-viscosity magma onto the ground; is a violent explosion of magma, gas, and pyroclastics

An effusive eruption _________, whereas an explosive eruption _____________.

Seismograph

An instrument used to record vibrations in the crust is the

Cavern

Any large cave formed by chemical processes is a

Dynamic equilibrium with threshold

Landscape formation is a balancing act between tectonic uplift and denudation. This figure depicts which of the following?

Calderas

Large, basin-shaped depressions that form when summit materials on a volcanic mountain collapse inward after an eruption or loss of magma are known as

Pahoehoe

Lava that forms ropy cords in twisted folds is called

Lava

Molten rock that pours forth on Earth's surface is called

A general term for a mountain-building episode that thickens continental crust

Orogenesis refers to

Water

Other than the rock itself, the most important chemical substance needed for the majority of weathering processes is

Salt-crystal growth

Pitted rock surfaces known as tafoni, or honeycomb weathering, result from ________ weathering.

they supply organic acids that enhance the dissolution process.

Plants are important to the development of karst primarily because

Tephra, or pyroclastics

Pulverized rock and clastic materials ejected violently during an eruption are called

Differential weathering

Rocks of the same composition and structure found in the same area may have weathered at uneven rates due to a variety of factors. This is known as

Oxidation

Rust, formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of water, is an example of

Arid

Salt-crystal growth (salt weathering) is prevalent in which climate type?