GEOG 1414 Final UMD-Duluth
alluvial terraces
Abandoned floodplain, left by stream down-cutting
metamorphic rock
forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.
drainage basin
the area enclosed within a drainage boundary
drainage density
the length of all the stream channels to the area of their drainage basin
Outer Core
the liquid layer of the Earth's core that lies beneath the mantle and surrounds the inner core. composed of iron and nickel
outter core
A layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of Earth
convergent boundary
A plate boundary where two plates move toward each other.
kettle
A small depression that forms when a chunk of ice is left in glacial till
sedimentary rock
a rock that forms from compressed or cemented layers of sediment
stalactite
A calcite deposit that hangs from the roof of a cave
stalagmite
A cone-shaped calcite deposit that builds up from the floor of a cave
inner core
A dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of Earth
sinkhole
A depression produced in a region where soluble rock has been removed by groundwater
Arête
A jagged, narrow ridge that separates two adjacent glacier valleys or cirques.
Continental Drift Theory
Alfred Wegener believed landmasses of Earth once fit together to form single landmass called "Pangaea"; landmasses "drifted" to where they are today; theory disregarded due to lack of evidence
transport
All sizes
physical weathering
Any process that breaks rock down into smaller pieces without changing the chemistry of the rock; typically wind and water.
flood plains
Flat land near the edges of rivers formed by mud and silt deposited by floods
What causes streamflow erosion
Gravity causes the water to flow from higher to lower ground
meandering channels
Highly twisting or looped stream channel pattern
braided channel
a stream that consists of numerous intertwining channels
Outwash
Layered sediment deposited by streams of water that flow from a melting glacier
Deposition
Process in which sediment is laid down in new locations.
Karst Landforms
Sinkholes, disappearing streams, caverns.
divergent boundary
The boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other
core
The central part of the earth below the mantle
Mantle
The layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core.
Plucking
The process by which a glacier picks up rocks as it flows over the land
Erosion
The process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another
chemical weathering
The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes
igneous rock
a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface
Asthenosphere
The soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats.
Mesosphere
The strong, lower part of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer core
Laws of Superposition
The top rock layer and its fossils is the youngest and the bottom is the oldest.
Continental curst
Thick, less dense , made of granite, forms the continents
hanging valley
a valley that is cut across by a deeper valley or a cliff.
Abration
Type of weathering that happens with saltation
relation between ice sheet and sea level
When ice sheets melt the sea level gets higher
What is a river delta?
a landform that is created at the mouth of a river where that river flows into an ocean. formed from the deposition of the sediment carried by the river flows.
cavern
a large cave
Drainage boundary
a line of defined topographically which separates distinct areas of land drainage
Esker
a long ridge of gravel and other sediment, typically having a winding course, deposited by meltwater from a retreating glacier or ice sheet.
Volcano Distribution
along plate boundaries and over mantle hot spots
What streamflow transport load include
bed load, dissolved load, suspended load
Saline Lakes
caspian sea, aral sea, dead sea, great salt lake
lateral boundary
deep water or barren areas of rock, ice, salt, or shifting desert sand dunes
Glacial Landforms
develop because of erosion and a glacier's great weight; different types of glaciers erode differently
boundaries that exist between plates
divergence, convergence, lateral
What could cause physical weathering?
freezing, exfoliation, biological actions
What causes glacier flow
gravity
stream order
horton stream ordering method
What chemical weathering include?
hydrolysis, oxidation and carbonation
3 types of rocks
igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
What are the landscapes developed by glaciation?
kettle, arête, horn, moraine types, esker
Fresh water lakes
lake baikal, the great lakes
Moraine types
lateral, medial, terminal
evidence that support the tectonic theory
shapes, sedimentary rock, gracial scouring marks, rare fossils
Types of volcanoes
shield, cinder cone, composite
topographic features
structures formed on surface ex: canyon = erosion
Lithosphere
the solid, outer layer of the earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle
Oceanic Crust
thinner, more dense, younger crust making ocean floor
Water in the atmosphere
total volume 3200 mi3
water in oceans
total volume 330,000,000 mi3
Curst
very thin, outmost layer of earth
nickpoint
when the stream gradient experiences an abrupt change over very short distance. the point of interruption