GEOG 1414 Final UMD-Duluth

alluvial terraces

Abandoned floodplain, left by stream down-cutting

metamorphic rock

forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.

drainage basin

the area enclosed within a drainage boundary

drainage density

the length of all the stream channels to the area of their drainage basin

Outer Core

the liquid layer of the Earth's core that lies beneath the mantle and surrounds the inner core. composed of iron and nickel

outter core

A layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of Earth

convergent boundary

A plate boundary where two plates move toward each other.

kettle

A small depression that forms when a chunk of ice is left in glacial till

sedimentary rock

a rock that forms from compressed or cemented layers of sediment

stalactite

A calcite deposit that hangs from the roof of a cave

stalagmite

A cone-shaped calcite deposit that builds up from the floor of a cave

inner core

A dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of Earth

sinkhole

A depression produced in a region where soluble rock has been removed by groundwater

Arête

A jagged, narrow ridge that separates two adjacent glacier valleys or cirques.

Continental Drift Theory

Alfred Wegener believed landmasses of Earth once fit together to form single landmass called "Pangaea"; landmasses "drifted" to where they are today; theory disregarded due to lack of evidence

transport

All sizes

physical weathering

Any process that breaks rock down into smaller pieces without changing the chemistry of the rock; typically wind and water.

flood plains

Flat land near the edges of rivers formed by mud and silt deposited by floods

What causes streamflow erosion

Gravity causes the water to flow from higher to lower ground

meandering channels

Highly twisting or looped stream channel pattern

braided channel

a stream that consists of numerous intertwining channels

Outwash

Layered sediment deposited by streams of water that flow from a melting glacier

Deposition

Process in which sediment is laid down in new locations.

Karst Landforms

Sinkholes, disappearing streams, caverns.

divergent boundary

The boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other

core

The central part of the earth below the mantle

Mantle

The layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core.

Plucking

The process by which a glacier picks up rocks as it flows over the land

Erosion

The process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another

chemical weathering

The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes

igneous rock

a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface

Asthenosphere

The soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats.

Mesosphere

The strong, lower part of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer core

Laws of Superposition

The top rock layer and its fossils is the youngest and the bottom is the oldest.

Continental curst

Thick, less dense , made of granite, forms the continents

hanging valley

a valley that is cut across by a deeper valley or a cliff.

Abration

Type of weathering that happens with saltation

relation between ice sheet and sea level

When ice sheets melt the sea level gets higher

What is a river delta?

a landform that is created at the mouth of a river where that river flows into an ocean. formed from the deposition of the sediment carried by the river flows.

cavern

a large cave

Drainage boundary

a line of defined topographically which separates distinct areas of land drainage

Esker

a long ridge of gravel and other sediment, typically having a winding course, deposited by meltwater from a retreating glacier or ice sheet.

Volcano Distribution

along plate boundaries and over mantle hot spots

What streamflow transport load include

bed load, dissolved load, suspended load

Saline Lakes

caspian sea, aral sea, dead sea, great salt lake

lateral boundary

deep water or barren areas of rock, ice, salt, or shifting desert sand dunes

Glacial Landforms

develop because of erosion and a glacier's great weight; different types of glaciers erode differently

boundaries that exist between plates

divergence, convergence, lateral

What could cause physical weathering?

freezing, exfoliation, biological actions

What causes glacier flow

gravity

stream order

horton stream ordering method

What chemical weathering include?

hydrolysis, oxidation and carbonation

3 types of rocks

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

What are the landscapes developed by glaciation?

kettle, arête, horn, moraine types, esker

Fresh water lakes

lake baikal, the great lakes

Moraine types

lateral, medial, terminal

evidence that support the tectonic theory

shapes, sedimentary rock, gracial scouring marks, rare fossils

Types of volcanoes

shield, cinder cone, composite

topographic features

structures formed on surface ex: canyon = erosion

Lithosphere

the solid, outer layer of the earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle

Oceanic Crust

thinner, more dense, younger crust making ocean floor

Water in the atmosphere

total volume 3200 mi3

water in oceans

total volume 330,000,000 mi3

Curst

very thin, outmost layer of earth

nickpoint

when the stream gradient experiences an abrupt change over very short distance. the point of interruption