Geog exam 3 long answers
Distinguish between the endogenic and exogenic systems and processes that shape Earth. Know the main energy sources for both systems
Exogenic processes are those driven by exogenic forces that primarily derive their energy from solar radiation. For instance, soil erosion is caused by the force of wind acting on bare ground. Endogenic processes are those that get their energy from endogenic forces originating deep within the Earth
Inner core
is solid iron at 6000°C (10,800°F)
Asthenosphere
a liquid layer below crust
Earth's interior in cross section, and describe each distinct layer
layer The outer crust that we live on. The plastic-like mantle. The liquid outer core. .The solid inner core.
Continental crust is made of
made of silica and aluminum
Oceanic crust is made of
made of silica and magnesium
Rock
an assemblage of minerals bound together, or a mass of a single mineral or undifferentiated material, or even solid organic material (such as coal).
Mineral
an inorganic (nonliving) natural compound having a specific chemical formula and possessing a crystalline structure.
The Geologic cycle is composed of what 3 cycles?
composed of hydrologic cycle, rock cycle and tectonic cycle
Foliation
develops through converging plates.
Seismic waves
from earthquakes pass through different layers differently
Contact metamorphism
heat from the magma occurs in the upper crust where the heat "bakes" the adjoining rocks
Exogenic system
involves external processes
Endogenic system
involves internal processes
Name 3 rock types
o Igneous (was molten) o Sedimentary (from sediment) o Metamorphic (changed by heat/pressure)
Regional Metamorphism
occurs deep beneath mountain belt or vast sedimentary plain, under conditions of extreme heat and pressure
Subduction
older rock going below the surface
Convergent boundary
one plate goes under another
Transform boundary
plates are sliding past each other along a transform fault
Divergent boundary
plates move apart
Lithosphere
rocky layer made up of the crust and uppermost mantle
Geological time and change
shows the ages before earth up until today.
Seafloor Spreading
upwelling occurs and new sea floor moves outward as the plates move apart
Banding
when all the pressure pushes minerals to point in one direction.
Principle of Superposition
youngest bed is at the top of a rock formation and the oldest at the base
Uniformitarism
·The present is the key to the past
Metamorphic Rock
• Igneous or sedimentary rock may be transformed to metamorphic rock through high pressure and or heating • Contact metamorphism occurs in the upper crust when rising magma cooks adjacent rock • Regional metamorphism occurs deep in the lithosphere
Sedimentary Rock
• Weathering disintegrates and dissolves rock into grains or fragment called clasts • Erosion by gravi
The youngest Ocean crust is found?
At spreading centers
Gutenberg discontinuity
Boundary between core and mantle
Mohorovičić (Moho) discontinuity
Boundary between mantle and crust is the
Know the basic meaning of chemical weathering processes. When does the chemical structure of material change?
Chemical weathering changes the molecular structure of rocks and soil. For instance, carbon dioxide from the air or soil sometimes combines with water in a process called carbonation. This produces a weak acid, called carbonic acid, that can dissolve rock.
Sedimentary rocks are classified into what 2 categories
Clastic and chemical
Name the 3 boundaries
Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Transform boundary
Igneous Rock
Cools and solidifies from magma • Magma at the surface is lava • Intrusive igneous rock cools below the surface o Cools slowly o Smaller or large crystals • Extrusive igneous rock cools on the surface o Cools quickly o Smaller or no crystals • Intrusions- solidified magma bodies (plutons) which can create dikes (weak area where magma intruded), volcanos, and laccoliths • Sequence goes: o Sedimentation o Magma pushes sedimentation o Erosion occurs • Multiple plutons form a batholith which is a moutain range
Earth's structure
Core at center, mantle in middle, crust at surface
Explain stream gradient and stream discharge. What are the components of discharge?
Discharge increases, because water is added to the stream from tributary streams and groundwater. As discharge increases, the width, depth, and average velocity of the stream increase. The gradient of the stream, however, will decrease. The components of discharge are reason for hospitalization, significant findings, procedures and treatment provided, patient's discharge condition, patient and family instructions, and attending physician's signature.
What is weathering? Explain the factors that influence weathering processes
Two factors that influence weathering processes are temperature and precipitation. Warm climates affect by chemical weathering while cold climates affect by physical weathering (particularly by frost action). In either case the weathering is more pronounced with more moisture content.
How would metamorphic become sediment?
Weathering and deposition
What are the 5 steps to Subduction and plate movement
1. Material from the asthenosphere upwells a long seafloor spreading centers 2. "Ridge push" occurs as new rock formed a long mid-ocean ridges moves downward with gravity, pushing plates apart 3. "Slab pull" occurs as the moving plates cools, becomes denser, and sinks into mantle with gravity 4. Subduction occurs as basaltic oceanic crust descends beneath lighter continental crust 5. Melting of oceanic crust generates magma, which makes its way up through the continental crust to form igneous intrusions and extrusive eruptions
Regional Metamorphism
: occurs deep beneath mountain belt or vast sedimentary plain, under conditions of extreme heat and pressure
Describe wave motion at sea and near shore (including tsunamis), explain coastal straightening, and know the difference between coastal landforms (erosional and depositional coasts)
A wave will begin to break as it moves over a shallow bottom. Waves break when they reach a shallow coastline where the water is half as deep as the wave is tall. The coast is the strip of land near the ocean that includes the beach and the immediate inland area beside it. Coasts can be rocky and rugged or gently sloped. An irregular coast has many coves separated by irregular rocky points called headlands. Wave action eventually straightens and smoothes the coastline.
Discuss the time spans into which Earth's geologic history is divided (you will be provided a geologic timescale) and know the principles geologic science is based on.
Geologic time is divided into four large segments called Eons: Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic. The Phanerozoic Eon is divided into Eras: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. The divisions among Eras reflect major changes in the fossil record, including the extinction and appearance of new life forms.
Core
Hottest layer. makes up 1/3 Earth's mass, 1/6 volume
What is the rock cycle
Igneous formed by magma---breaks down into sediment---lithifies into sedimentary rock---may become buried and exposed to heat/pressure in earth---forms metamorphic rock---can break down into sediment rock
What is the process where sediment becomes magma?
Melting
Outer core
Morton liquid iron
Explain earthquake characteristics (where and why do earthquakes occur?), and discuss the status of earthquake forecasting. How precise can forecasting be?
Most earthquakes occur along the edge of the oceanic and continental plates. The earth's crust (the outer layer of the planet) is made up of several pieces, called plates. Neither the USGS nor any other scientists have ever predicted a major earthquake. We do not know how, and we do not expect to know how any time in the foreseeable future. USGS scientists can only calculate the probability that a significant earthquake will occur in a specific area within a certain number of years
List the three types of plate collisions associated with mountain building and identify examples of each.
Natural phenomena such as earthquakes, mountain formation, and volcanoes occur at plate boundaries. Mountains are usually formed at what are called convergent plate boundaries, meaning a boundary at which two plates are moving towards one another. This type of boundary eventually results in a collision.
Crust
Outer layer
Describe Pangaea and its breakup, and explain the physical evidence that crustal drifting is continuing today.
Pangea is the supercontinent that existed at the end of the Perm and Trias, 250 to 210 million years ago, from which all current continents originated. It was surrounded by one ocean, Panthalassa. Pangea was one large land mass that eventually broke through the plate tectonics. Pangea began to fall apart during the Jurassic. First, a three-armed rift formed between what would become the continents of Africa, South America, and North America. Volcanic activity created a basin that would later become the Atlantic Ocean. Pangea was first split into two paleocontinents, Laurazia and Gondwana (South America remained part of Gondwana for some time). Then both paleocontinents split further into the continents of today. The process of crustal drift continues its course today, that is, the continents continue to move. As proof of this we have the constant distance from the American and African coasts, which result in an annual expansion of the Atlantic Ocean of 1 cm. Read more on Brainly.com - https://brainly.com/question/13015634#readmore
Describe volcanic landforms (slope steepness) and distinguish between an effusive anda explosive volcanic eruption. Where are volcanoes located (at which plate boundaries and where else)? Distinguish Hot Spot processes from other volcanic formation.
Some of the types of volcanic landforms are lava dome, volcanic plateau, fissure vent, volcanic crater, and caldera. Effusive eruptions force magma to rise through the surface and flow out of the volcano as a viscous liquid called lava. Explosive eruptions cause magma to tear apart as it rises and reaches the surface in pieces known as pyroclasts. Volcanoes are common along convergent and divergent plate boundaries. Volcanoes are also found within lithospheric plates away from plate boundaries. Wherever mantle is able melt, volcanoes may be the result.
Describe volcanic landforms (slope steepness) and distinguish between an effusive anda explosive volcanic eruption. Where are volcanoes located (at which plate boundaries and where else)? Distinguish Hot Spot processes from other volcanic formation.
Some of the types of volcanic landforms are lava dome, volcanic plateau, fissure vent, volcanic crater, and caldera. Effusive eruptions force magma to rise through the surface and flow out of the volcano as a viscous liquid called lava. Explosive eruptions cause magma to tear apart as it rises and reaches the surface in pieces known as pyroclasts. Volcanoes are common along convergent and divergent plate boundaries. Volcanoes are also found within lithospheric plates away from plate boundaries. Wherever mantle is able to melt, volcanoes may be the result.
Categorize the various types of mass movements. What factors influence the type of mass movement?
Some types of mass movements are Creep; Fall, Slip, Flow; Solifluction; Rock Glaciers; Slumping (Earthflow); Mudflow (lahar); Debris Flow, Debris Slide, Debris Avalanche. The factors that influence the types of mass movements are weathering or erosional debris cover on slopes which is usually liable to mass movement, the character and structure of rocks, such resistant permeable beds prone to sliding because of underlying impermeable rocks, and the removal of the vegetation cover, which increases the slope's susceptibility
What are typical land features associated with karst topography? Which type of weathering is dominant with karst? What type of material has to be present to develop a karst landscape?
Surface landforms commonly include enclosed depressions, sinkholes, sinking streams and springs. The most common types of karst landforms are: Enclosed depressions (including sinkholes and dolines) Sinking streams or swallow holes. Rain has a major impact on karst scenery through chemical weathering. 'Ordinary rain is naturally acidic because it contains dissolved carbon dioxide that forms weak carbonic acid. Karst is topography formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. is characterized by underground drainage systems with sinkholes and caves
Describe the chemical composition (salinity) and physical structure (temperature and mixing) of the ocean.
The chemical composition of salinity is smaller amounts of other substances, including dissolved inorganic and organic materials, particulates, and a few atmospheric gases. Seawater is a complex mixture of 96.5 percent water, 2.5 percent salts,
Describe the dynamic equilibrium approach to the study of landforms, and distinguish between holding and moving forces.
The dynamic equilibrium is relevant when the landscape reflects a balance between the resistance of the rocks to erosion and the processes that are operative upon them.
Explain the physical evidence that crustal drifting is continuing today
The process of crustal drift continues its course today, that is, the continents continue to move. As proof of this we have the constant distance from the American and African coasts, which result in an annual expansion of the Atlantic Ocean of 1 cm.
Describe the three main groups of rock and how they are formed, and be able to interpret the rock cycle diagram
The three main types, or classes, of rock are sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous and the differences among them have to do with how they are formed. Sedimentary rocks are formed from particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of material. Together, all these particles are called sediment. Metamorphic rocks are formed under the surface of the earth from the metamorphosis (change) that occurs due to intense heat and pressure (squeezing). Igneous rocks are formed when magma (molten rock deep within the earth) cools and hardens. Sometimes the magma cools inside the earth, and other times it erupts onto the surface from volcanoes (in this case, it is called Java)
Describe the physical weathering processes of frost action.
The weathering processes of frost action is when water gets into cracks and joints in bedrock.
How does a divergent boundary start to form?
There is tension over the continent and the stretching becomes thinner and thinner