GEOG Exam 4
T or F. Winter waves normally deposit sand on the beach
False
T or F. the dissolved salts in ocean water raise the freezing temperature
False
T or F. In North America at the maximum extent of glaciation during the Pleistocene, Canada and Alaska were entirely covered with ice
Flase
Plant vegetation (with fibrous roots) windbreaks
How do you reduce wind erosion?
the side not facing the wind
IN a sand dune which side is more steep
Which country is likely to generate a high percentage of its energy from geothermal sources?
Iceland
ephemeral
If a stream contains water only during or immediately after a rain, it is considered to be a(an) __________ stream. A stream that only runs during or immediately after a rain is called a/an _______ stream.
Bajada
If alluvial fans coalesce to form a sloping fringe of sediment all along the base of a desert mountain range, this would be called a/an ______.
The side facing the wind
In a sand dune which side is less steep or has a gradual slope
Decreases
In the Basin and Range landscape, when streams come out of the mountains into the basin, the velocity of the stream __________ (decreases/increases), and the stream deposits material.
Resistant
In the Grand Canyon, if you see a cliff, the rock that forms it is likely to be composed of ______ (weak/resistant) rock
Carbon dioxide
In the process of carbonation, ____ _______ dissolved in rain water produces weak carbonic acid, that can react with certain types of rock, such as limestone
Fumarole
A vent in the ground from which steam or other gasses escape is a _________.
Aquifer
A zone of permeable rock that contains water, and releases it readily to a well is called a(an) __________________.
Bay Point
According to the coastal "field trip", which is the more prone to erosion, the Bay Point Formation, or the Torrey Sandstone?
perched water table
a localized water table that lies above the regional water table
knickpoint
a location where there is an abrupt increase in stream gradient over a short distance
escarpment
a long cliff face or steep slope
meander
a looping bend in a stream channel on a floodplain
spring
a naturally occurring discharge of groundwater that is pushed to the ground surface by hydraulic pressure
stream order
a numerical system used to rank stream size based on the number of tributaries flowing into a stream
dendritic drainage
a patterns of streams within a drainage basin that resembles the branching of a tree
saline lake
a permanent body of salty water occupying a playa
exotic stream
a permanent stream that originates in a humid region and flows through an arid region
exfoliation
a physical weathering process in which joints form parallel to a rock surface, creating sheetlike slabs of rock
root wedging
a physical weathering process in which plant roots break rocks apart
salt wedging
a physical weathering process in which salt crystals grow in pore spaces on a rock's surface and dislodge individual mineral grains within the rock
frost wedging
a physical weathering process in which water trapped in an opening in a rock freezes and expands, causing the opening to grow
seasonal flood
a predictable period of flooding that occurs with seasonally heavy rain or snowmelt
stream rejuvenation
a process by which a steam gains downcutting energy as its base level is lowered relative to its drainage basin
chemical weathering
a process that changes the minerals in a rock through chemical reaction involving water
drought
a prolonged period of water shortage
desert pavement
a reg composed of tightly interlocked rocks that resembles a cobblestone street
lag deposit
a reg that results from the removal of smaller particles, such as clay and silt, by deflation
pedestal rock
a remnant layer of erosion-resistant rock supported by a column of less resistant rock
drainage divide
a ridge or highland that separates drainage basins and defines their boundaries
continental divide
a ridge or highland that separates drainage systems that empty into different ocean basins
headland
a rock prominence of coastal land
When a wave moves into shallow water, the wave velocity ________ (decreases/increases)
decreases
Wave refraction is likely to result in increased ____ (erosion/deposition) in a cove
deposition
Loess, dunes
deposition by wind creates
mass movement
downslope movement of rock, soil, snow, or ice caused by gravity
latent heat
energy that is absorbed or released during a change in the state of a substance, such as during evaporation or condensation of water
fluvial erosion
erosion by running water
Suspension
find dust particles carried high above the ground for long distances
Hot spring
ground water has come into contact with hot rocks and risen to the surface
At a depth that is below about _________, the motion of the wave can no longer be felt
half the wavelength
The accumulation zone of a glacier is most likely to be found
in the upper portion of the glacier
One of the factors that will lead to the growth of glaciers is a/an _________ (increase/decrease) in precipitation
increase
flood
inundation by water in a region not normally covered by water, which results when stream discharge exceeds stream channel capacity
an artesian well
is a well in which the water rises under pressure without pumping
A yazoo stream is prevented from joining a major river because
it is blocked by high natural levees
In the video, Beach, a River of Sand, there was a demonstration showing what happened to some dye placed in the water in the surf zone and outside the surf zone. What happened to the dye placed in shallower water in the surf zone?
it moved down the coast with the longshore current
The distance from the crest of one wave to the crest of the next is the wave _______
length
Dust storms
lifting of silt and clay particles and soil into the air. Needs a fast wind, but can lift them high and travel great distances.
Fine-grained, wind-blown silt is called _____
loess
A current that flows parallel to the shore is called a _________ current The ______ current moves sand along the coast, parallel to the shoreline.
longshore
subsidence
lowering of land elevation through compaction of sediments
base level
lowest point to which a stream can erode
bed load
material in a stream channel such as sand, gravel, and rocks that is too heavy to become suspended in the current
Which of the following is the result of the deposition of calcium carbonate, rather than solution?
stalactites
an emergent coast
steep cliffs along a shoreline often indicate
gradient
steepness of a stream channel
water footprint
the amount of water required to produce a specific item, food, or service
humidity
the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere
floodplain
the area of flat land near a stream that experiences flooding on a regular basis
porosity
the available air space within sediments or rocks
physical weathering
the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces, or clasts, without altering the chemical makeup of the rock
aggradation
the buildup of sediments in a streambed
contaminant plume
the cloud of pollution that migrates through an aquifer away from its source
evapotranspiration
the combines processes of evaporation and transpiration
cone of depression
the cone-shaped lowering of the water table resulting from groundwater overdraft
saltwater intrusion
the contamination of a well by salt water as a result of groundwater overdraft
weathering
the disintegration of rocks
fetch
the distance of open water over which wind blows
stream piracy
the diversion of one stream into another as headward erosion merges the two streams
mass wasting
the downslope movement of broke rock material
traction
the dragging and tumbling of large rocks in a stream channel
permeability
the ease with which water can flow through soil, sediments, or rocks
potentiometric surface
the elevation to which hydraulic pressure will push water in pipes or wells
backwash
the flow of water from breakers down the slope of a beach back toward the ocean
When the ice at the base of a glacier begins to melt under pressure
the glacier begins to move by basal sliding
isostacy
the gravitation equilibrium between the lithosphere and the support of the asthenosphere below
Abrasion
the grinding of rock surfaces by windblown sand The sandblasting action of windblown sand particles is called
soil creep
the imperceptible downslope movement of soil and regolith as their volume changes in seasonal expansion-contraction cycles
zone of aeration
the layer of the ground not permanently saturated with water
zone of saturation
the layer of the ground that is usually saturated with water
Deflation
the lifting and removal of individual loose particles by wind lifting and removal of sand particles
transpiration
the loss of water to the atmosphere by plants
denudation
the lowering and wearing away of earth's surface
denudation
the lowering of the land surface
cone of depression
the lowering of the water table around an active well is called a _____ ____ __________.
base level
the lowest level a stream can reach, usually sea level; a stream becomes standing water at base level
groundwater recharge
the movement of water into an aquifer
groundwater discharge
the movement of water out of an aquifer
hydrologic cycle
the movement of water within the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere
cut bank
the outside edge of a meander, where erosion exceeds deposition
What is exfoliation?
the peeling off of curved layers of rock
saturation
the point at which an air parcel's water vapor content is equal to its water vapor capacity
headwater erosion
the process by which a steam channel migrates upslope by forming new rills through fluvial erosion
abrasion
the process by which movement of one material wears away another material
percolation
the process by which rainwater moves through the soil through narrow, meandering channels
longshore drift
the process by which sediment on a beach is moved down the length of the beach in the direction of wave movement
weathering
the process by which solid rock is dissolved and broken apart into smaller fragments
infiltration
the process by which water seeps into the ground through the force of gravity
wave refraction
the process in which waves approaching the shoreline bend and maintain a nearly parallel orientation to the shore
groundwater remediation
the process of cleaning a contaminated aquifer
groundwater mining
the process of extracting groundwater where there is little to no groundwater recharge
capillary fringe
the region of transition between the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation
headwaters
the region where a stream originates
erosion
the removal and transport of fragmented rock material
deflation
the removal of sediments and lowering of the land surface by wind erosion
tide
the rise and fall of sea level caused by the gravitational effects of the moon and sun
swash
the rush of water up a beach following the collapse of a breaker wave
According to the video, why doesn't the sand pile up at the mouths of the rivers?
the sand is carried out to sea by moderate waves
Saltation
the skipping and bouncing action of particles moved by water or wind currents bouncing action of individual sand grains along the desert floor
Traction
the sliding and rolling of large particles moved by wind rolling or pushing along of particles by wind along the desert floor
Why does building a dam on a river sometimes contribute to coastal erosion?
the supply of sediment to beaches is cut off
water table
the top surface of an aquifer's zone of saturation
erosion
the transport of rock fragments by moving water, ice, or air
virtual water
the unseen water required to produce a manufactured item or good
stream discharge
the volume of water flowing past a fixed point within a stream channel; expressed in cubic meters of cubic feet per second
What adverse effect do groins and jetties both have on coastal erosion?
they stop transport of sand along the coast, and deprive areas down current of sand
water table
top of the ground water zone
A seismic sea wave is called a ________
tsunami
zone of saturation
underground zone in which all pore spaces are full of water
Zone of aeration
underground zone in which pore spaces may have water or air
differential weathering
unequal weathering across a rock surface
groundwater
water found beneath earth's surface in sediments and rocks
fossil groundwater
water that entered an aquifer long ago and is no longer being replenished
waves of oscillation
waves in which water moves in a circular path
Sand storms
wind blown forcefully in the sandy parts of deserts, sand grains bounce along and hit other sand grains causing more and more grains to rise into the air. (sand does not raise high like soil or dust)
Loess
windblown deposit of tightly packed, fine grained sediments.
At what time of year do beaches get smaller?
winter
groundwater overdraft
withdrawal of water from an aquifer faster than the aquifer is recharged at the site of a well
aquifer
zone of permeable rock that contains water, and releases it easily to a well
During the Pleistocene, about _____ of the land area of the earth was covered with ice.
1/3
At the present time, about ______ of the land area of the earth is covered with ice
10%
Braided
A ______ stream has many interconnected channels
Yazoo
A ______ stream runs parallel to the main river for a while, since it can't flow into the main river because there are natural levees in the way
Barchan
A crescent shaped dune.
Playa
A dry lake in the desert is called a/an ______
dunes
A mound of sediment drifted by the wind. Common is desert areas. Mound formed when windblown sediments pile up behind an obstacle.
Travertine
A rock type commonly associated with hot springs is massive deposits of calcium carbonate around a hot spring
What would you expect to find in the upper reach of a stream?
A steep gradient Waterfalls Rapids V-shaped valleys
a translational slide
A type of landslide in which the material moves downslope as a fairly coherent block of material, along a straight slip plane parallel to the ground surface, is called _______________.
Flow
A type of landslide in which the material moves downslope as a fluid, not holding together in a coherent mass, is called a
Unloading
Another term for pressure release with regard to rocks is
warm
Coral lives in ____ (warm/cold), clear water
Yes
Do dunes move away from the direction of the wind
Outside
Erosion in a meandering stream normally takes place on the _______ (outside/inside) bank of a curve
F or F. Salt wedging is a form of weathering that is especially important in the humid tropics
False
T or F. According to the video, Beach, a River of Sand, the beaches in Southern California are composed of small bits of seashells
False
T or F. All deltas have a triangular shape
False
T or F. All parts of a glacier move at the same rate
False
T or F. Because it is constantly present, blowing sand in an arid region can bring about more erosion than water can in a humid region
False
T or F. Chemical weathering is the most important type of weathering in a desert
False
T or F. Desert pavement is mainly the result of wind abrasion polishing the rock surfaces
False
T or F. Glaciers form where less snow falls in winter than melts in summer
False
T or F. Ice plant is always good for stabilizing slopes
False
T or F. In North America during the height of glaciation 18,000 years ago, half of the United States were covered with ice
False
T or F. Low rainfall is sufficient to classify a place as desert
False
T or F. Weathering and mass wasting are synonymous terms.
False
T or F. Wind is the most important agent of erosion in a desert
False
At the height of glaciation during the Pleistocene, sea level were _______ (lower/higher) than they are now
Lower
Wave-cut platform
a horizontal bench on the shore resulting from wave erosion
Transverse dunes
The long directions of these dunes are perpendicular to the general wind direction. Forms where sand is abundant.
ablation
The loss of glacial ice through melting or sublimation is called ______. The lower part of a glacier, where there is a loss of ice from melting and sublimation, is the zone of _______
Base level
The lower limit that a stream can erode to is the stream's _______ _______.
Basal slip
The movement of a glacier along its base, lubrication by meltwater, is known as _______
soil creep
The slow downslope movement of individual particles of soil, under the influence of gravity, is called ______ ______. _____ _______ is a very slow type of mass wasting, in which just the surface layer of soil moves downhill.
More
The top of a mesa is likely to be composed of rock which is ______ (more/less) resistant to weathering than the rock below.
Water table
The top of the saturated zone is the __________ __________.
Periglacial
The zone not directly covered by an ice sheet, but influenced by it, is called the ______ zone
T or F. A glacier grows when accumulation is greater than ablation
True
T or F. A longitudinal dune system has ridges of sand parallel to the average wind direction
True
T or F. According to the video, beaches are made up of whatever loose material is available
True
T or F. An iceberg on the ocean is composed of fresh water
True
T or F. As an agent of erosion, wind is more important in desert regions than in any other landscape, except beaches
True
T or F. Caverns can form in marble bedrock
True
T or F. Crevasses in a glacier are most likely to form on the outside of a curve
True
T or F. Exfoliation appears to involve both mechanical and chemical weathering processes.
True
T or F. Firm is another term for neve
True
T or F. Ice deep within glacier is capable of bending rather than breaking
True
T or F. Most of the water on the Earth is in the oceans
True
T or F. Summer waves normally deposit sand on the beach
True
T or F. The Great Salt Lake in Utah is a remnant of a much larger lake that existed during the Ice Ages
True
T or F. The basin and range landscape in the western United States is characterized by horsts and grabens formed by normal faulting
True
T or F. The most important agent of erosion in a desert is running water
True
T or F. Wildfires may speed up the process of physical weathering
True
Oxbow
When a meander on a stream is cut off, a/an _______ lake may form
People were able to walk from Asia to North America over the Bering land bridge
When much of the earth was covered with glaciers, because sea levels were lower
debris slide
a landslide that consists of a mixture of rocks, soil, and vegetation
rock slide
a landslide that consists of rocks and broken rock fragments
deflation,
When wind erodes by deflation, it blows across loose sediment, removing small particles such as silt and sand.
Abrasion
When windblown sediment strikes rock, the surface of the rock gets scraped and worn away by a process called abrasion
the Mediterranean Sea
Which body of water would have the highest salinity?
hydrolysis oxidation carbonation
Which of the following are examples of chemical weathering?
dipping layers of sedimentary rocks excessive water in the slope over steepening of the slope
Which of the following factors would make mass wasting on a slope more likely?
Sand dunes are primarily the result of
Wind deposition
Tower Karst
_______ ______ is a landscape with tall, steep-sided hills of limestone
neve
________ is granular snow which is beginning to coalesce into glacial ice
saltation
a bouncing or hopping motion of sediment in moving water or air
plunge pool
a bowl at the base of a waterfall created by abrasion from circulating rocks
bajada
a broad, sloping plain formed from merged alluvial fans
speleothem
a cavern formation that forms by precipitation of calcium carbonate
eustasy
a change in global sea level as a result of change in the amount of water in the oceans
stream
a channel in which water flows downhill by the force of gravity
atoll
a circular coral island enclosing a lagoon a/an ______ is a circular structure of coral islets, enclosing a lagoon, with no land within the lagoon
Emergent coast
a coast that has risen
emergent coast
a coast where sea level is dropping or the land is rising
submergent coast
a coast where sea level is rising or the land is sinking
tectonic
a coastline becomes an emergent coast as a result of ______ processes
embayment
a concave sandy beach between headlands
longshore current
a current that flows parallel to the beach in the direction of wave movement
limestone column
a cylindrical speleothem resulting when a stalactite joins with a stalagmite
Which of the following drainage pattern is the most common throughout the world?
a dendritic pattern
Which of the following drainage patterns is the most common throughout the world?
a dendritic pattern
sinkhole
a depression in earth's surface resulting from the weathering of carbonate rock underground
internal drainage
a drainage pattern in which streams terminate in a low-lying basin on land
debris flow
a fast-flowing slurry of mud mixed with large objects such as rocks and vegetation
mudflow
a fast-moving flow composed mostly of mud
reg
a flat stony plain
playa
a flat, dry lake bed in a desert valley in an internal drainage basin
flash flood
a flood that occurs with sudden, intense rainfall or dam collapse, often with little or no warning
artesian
a free-flowing well is a (an) _______ well
alluvial fan
a gently sloping accumulation of sediment deposited at the base of a mountain by an ephemeral stream in arid regions
drainage basin
a geographic region drained by a single trunk stream and the smaller tributaries that flow into it
well
a hole dug or drilled by people to gain access to groundwater
aquiclude
a sediment or rock layer that lacks pores and cannot contain water
aquifer
a sediment or rock layer with pores that contain water
playa lake
a shallow temporary lake that form in an internal drainage basin
a submergent coast
a shoreline with numerous estuaries is most likely to be
rip current
a short-lived jet of backwash formed as water from breaks flows back into the sea
trunk stream
a single large stream into which smaller tributaries merge
collapse sinkhole
a sinkhole formed where the ceiling of a cavern has collapsed
sinkhole lake
a sinkhole that has filled with water
stalactite
a speleothem that grows from the ceiling of a cavern downward
stalagmite
a speleothem that grows from the floor of a cavern upward
permanent stream
a stream that flows all year
ephemeral stream
a stream that flows briefly after heavy rainstorms
braided stream
a stream that forms intertwining channels around sediment in the streambed
perennial
a stream that has water running in it all year is a/an ______ stream.
tributary
a stream that joins with other streams to form a larger stream
disappearing stream
a stream that leaves the ground surface and flows into subterranean channels
intermittent stream
a stream that runs dry during part of most of the year
rock varnish
a thin, weathered, and darkened surface on exposed rock surfaces formed by the activities of bacteria and the accumulation of windblown clay particles
dendritic
a treelike, branching drainage pattern develops in a stream basin as shown. This type of pattern is called ______ drainage
avalanche
a turbulent cloud of rock debris or snow that is mixed with air and races quickly down a steep slope
slump
a type of mass movement in which regolith detaches and slides downslope along a spoon-shaped failure surface and comes to rest more or less as a unit
rockfall
a type of mass movement in which rocks tumble off of a vertical or nearly vertical cliff face
solifluction
a type of soil creep in which freeze-thaw cycles cause the soil to flow slowly downslope in overlapping sheets
oxbow lake
a water-filled abandoned channel that results when a meander is cut off from the stream channel
wave of translation
a wave in which water moves forward in the direction of wave movement
artesian well
a well that has been drilled through an aquaclude into a confined aquifer below and may gush water
ventifact
a wind-sculpted desert rock shaped by abrasion by saltating sand
delta
an accumulation of sediment formed where a stream reaches base level
point bar
an accumulation of silt, sand, and gravel that forms at the inside edge of a stream meander, where deposition exceeds erosion
karst
an area dominated by the weathering of carbonate rocks, usually limestone
reservoir
an artificial lake
yardang
an elongated ridge formed by deflation and sand abrasion in a desert; generally, two to three time longer than it is wide
Geyser
an eruption of hot water and steam
Along coastal cliffs, the most effective wave erosion takes place
at about sea level
Where is a glacier's equilibrium line located?
between the accumulation and ablation zones
According to the video, Beach, A River of Sand, which of the following materials is least likely to be found on a beach?
clay
Intermittent streams
contain water principally during the rainy season
fringing reef
coral growing on the shore of an island
Wave action on a cliff will most likely produce a ______ at the base of the cliff
notch
aeolian
of or relating to wind
distributary
one of a branching network of streams in a delta
talus
pieces of angular broken rock that accumulate at the base of a steep slope of vertical cliff
landslide
rapid movement of rock or debris down a steep slope
drainage basin
region drained by a single stream system
drainage divide
ridge separating drainage basins
If the glaciers on Antarctica and Greenland were to melt, sea levels around the world would _______
rise
alluvium
sediments deposited on a floodplain by a stream
continental divide
separates streams that flow into different oceans
suspended load
small particles such as clay and silt that remain suspended in flowing water or wind
In the open ocean, tsunamis have a ______ wave height and a ______ wavelength
small; long
Place the types of snow/ice in order as a glacier forms and grows, from fresh snow to glacial ice
snowflakes granular snow neve glacial ice
dissolved load
soluble materials that are carried in solution by a stream